“Delendum est Imperium Ottomanorum“: War Crimes, Crimes against Humanity and the End of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire’s status as a full member of the international community of civilized states, which was bound by the rules of international law, had been challenged again and again during the formative period of the international law in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. When the First World War began, it was the first global military conflict, in which these rules of international law were put to the test. In the case of the Ottoman Empire quite a few questions were not yet settled, not least because the country was still bound by unequal treaties and because it had never ratified the renewed Hague Rules of Land Warfare of 1907, which it had only signed under reservations. Against this background the contribution will therefore focus on the debate amongst legal scholars on violations of the laws of war (and humanity) in regard to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War.

Pharmacological modulation of heat shock factor 1 by antiinflammatory drugs results in protection against stress-induced cellular damage.

The activation of heat shock genes by diverse forms of environmental and physiological stress has been implicated in a number of human diseases, including ischemic damage, reperfusion injury, infection, neurodegeneration, and inflammation. The enhanced levels of heat shock proteins and molecular chaperones have broad cytoprotective effects against acute lethal exposures to stress. Here, we show that the potent antiinflammatory drug indomethacin activates the DNA-binding activity of human heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1). Perhaps relevant to its pharmacological use, indomethacin pretreatment lowers the temperature threshold of HSF1 activation, such that a complete heat shock response can be attained at temperatures that are by themselves insufficient. The synergistic effect of indomethacin and elevated temperature is biologically relevant and results in the protection of cells against exposure to cytotoxic conditions.

Protest against the cruel war, or, Propaganda to create a strong public sentiment against the war,

Cover title.

The grand question, whether war or no war with Spain, impartially consider'd : in defence of the present measures against those that delight in war.

Mode of access: Internet.

Memoirs of Count Lally, from his embarking for the East Indies, as Commander in Chief of the French forces in that country, to his being sent prisoner of war to England, after the surrender of Pondichery : consisting of pieces written by himself and addressed to his judges, in answer to the charges brought against him by the attorney general of his Most Christian Majesty ... to which are added accounts of the prior part of his life, his condemnation, and execution; with such other pieces, (most of them produced on his trial) as were thought most necessary to illustrate his civil and military character.

Mode of access: Internet.

Authentic papers relating to the expedition against Carthagena : being the resolutions of the Councils of War, both of sea and land-officers respectively, at sea and on shore ; also the resolutions of the General Council of War, composed of both sea and land-officers, held on board the Princess Carolina, &c. ; with copies of letters that passed between Admiral Vernon and General Whitworth ; and also between the Governor of Carthagena and the Admiral.

Mode of access: Internet.

The War on the Bank of the United States : or, A review of the measures of the Administration against that institution and the prosperity of the country.

Cover title.

Narratives of the sufferings of Richard Seller, a member of the Religious Society of Friends, in support of their testimony against war and of William Moore and John Philly, members of the same society, in the inquisition of Hungary /

Mode of access: Internet.

The complaint of peace : to which is added Antipolemus ; or the plea of reason, religion, and humanity, against war /

Translated by Vicesimus Knox.

Campaigns of the war of 1812-15, against Great Britain, sketched and criticised; with brief biographies of the American engineers,

"Journal of the northwestern campaign of 1812-13 under Major-General W. H. Harrison; by E. D. Wood": p. 362-412.

Seventeen hundred and seventy-six; or, The war of independence; a history of the Anglo-Americans, from the period of the union of the colonies against the French, to the inauguration of Washington ...

First edition, 1847.

Pictorial history of our war with Spain for Cuba's freedom : a thrilling account of the land and naval operations of American soldiers and sailors in our war with Spain, and the heroic struggles of Cuban patriots against Spanish tyranny, including a description and history of Cuba, Spain, Philippine Islands, our army and navy, fighting strength, coast defenses, and our relations with other nations, etc., etc. /

Mode of access: Internet.

Women against the war in Vietnam and in support of Vietnamese women

General note: Title and date provided by Bettye Lane.