Effects of landscape gradients on wetland vegetation communities: information for large-scale restoration

Projects of the scope of the restoration of the Florida Everglades require substantial information regarding ecological mechanisms, and these are often poorly understood. We provide critical base knowledge for Everglades restoration by characterizing the existing vegetation communities of an Everglades remnant, describing how present and historic hydrology affect wetland vegetation community composition, and documenting change from communities described in previous studies. Vegetation biomass samples were collected along transects across Water Conservation Area 3A South (3AS).

Rapid changes in the vegetation of a shallow pond in Epping Forest, related to recent droughts

Over much of Britain, 1995 and 1996 have been perceived as drought years. To evaluate the impact that local climatic conditions are having upon successional changes in higher vegetation (macrophytes), Speakmans Pond in Epping Forest was surveyed and mapped in 1996. The results are related to previous vegetation surveys carried out in 1989 and 1991. In 1989 the dominant marginal vegetation was floating sweet-grass Glyceria fluitans, which also covered a major part of the main body of the pond. Other abundant species included soft rush Juncus effusus, reed mace Typha latifolia and yellow flag Iris pseudocorus. A small (central) area of open water contained bladderwort Utricularia vulgaris and white water-lily Nymphaea alba. A similar plant coverage was found in 1991, with a dominance of floating sweet-grass along the shallow eastern edge. A marked change in the pond was found during the 1996 survey of vegetation in July, when the pool was dry. The major plant cover now consisted of creeping bent Agrostis stolonifera, with isolated clumps of Yorkshire fog Holcus lanatus around the edges; both are terrestrial grasses found on land surrounding the pond. Rushes (Juncus) had increased their distribution round the margins of the pond, and the patch of yellow flag noted in 1989 and 1991 was not found in 1996. The deeper trenches were also dry, but a small patch of white water-lily remained adjacent to one of the trenches.

"Rapid and dramatic changes in vegetation" of a small pond on Holy Island (Northumbria): Chaotic dynamics?

This note describes changes to the relative extent of four structurally dominant submerged macrophytes in a pond on Holy Island National Nature Reserve, Northumbria, between 1991 and 1998. The estimated extent of the four submerged macrophytes and bare substratum between 1991 and 1998 showed dramatic changes with no obvious pattern or periodicity, as well as no identifiable natural or anthropogenic causes. Chaotic variation may be an important character of submerged pond plant populations, so that surveys taken in a single year may give an unreliable picture of plant populations.

Littoral vegetation of Lake Tohopekaliga: community descriptions prior to a large-scale fisheries habitat-enhancement project

An extreme dry-down and muck-removal project was conducted at Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida, in 2003-2004, to remove dense vegetation from inshore areas and improve habitat degraded by stabilized water levels. Vegetation was monitored from June 2002 to December 2003, to describe the pre-existing communities in terms of composition and distribution along the environmental gradients. Three study areas (Treatment-Selection Sites) were designed to test the efficacy of different treatments in enhancing inshore habitat, and five other study areas (Whole-Lake Monitoring Sites) were designed to monitor the responses of the emergent littoral vegetation as a whole. Five general community types were identified within the study areas by recording aboveground biomasses and stem densities of each species. These communities were distributed along water and soils gradients, with water depth and bulk density explaining most of the variation. The shallowest depths were dominated by a combination of Eleocharis spp., Luziola fluitans, and Panicum repens; while the deeper areas had communities of Nymphaea odorata and Nuphar luteum; Typha spp.; or Paspalidium geminatum and Hydrilla verticillata. Mineralized soils were common in both the shallow and deep-water communities, while the intermediate depths had high percentages of organic material in the soil. These intermediate depths (occurring just above and just below low pool stage) were dominated by Pontederia cordata, the main species targeted by the habitat enhancement project. This emergent community occurred in nearly monocultural bands around the lake (from roughly 60–120 cm in depth at high pool stage) often having more diverse floating mats along the deep-water edge. The organic barrier these mats create is believed to impede access of sport fish to shallow-water spawning areas, while the overall low diversity of the community is evidence of its competitive nature in stabilized waters. With continued monitoring of these study areas long-term effects of the restoration project can be assessed and predictive models may be created to determine the efficacy and legitimacy of such projects in the future.

The diatoms of Longans lake-vegetation. Fossil diatom flora. [Translation from: Acta Phytogeographica Suecica 36 73-86, 1955. ]

Sediment samples were taken from Lake Langans in Sweden and fossilised diatoms analysed. Sample methods and environmental factors are discussed. Species with a characteristic occurrence are described. The article discusses diatom-thanatocoenoses as indicators of environment.

The efficiency of plankton in the utilization of the sun radiation [Translation from: Briroda, 12, 29-35, 1948]

The efficiency of utilisation of the sun's radiation by natural communities has not been properly demonstrated with what so far has been obtained of reliable values, and it represents a great interest in many respects. A systematic study of the biotic balance of lakes was done in the course of a succession of summers starting in 1932, extensive material was obtained, which permitted to compute a value fear the utilisation of the sun's radiation by plankton in lakes, and to compare this with corresponding values for marine plankton and terrestrial vegetation.

Vegetation Effects on Fish Distribution in Impounded Salt Marshes

We compared the density and biomass of resident fish in vegetated and unvegetated flooded habitats of impounded salt marshes in the northern Indian River Lagoon (IRL) Estuary of east-central Florida. A 1-m2 throw trap was used to sample fish in randomly located, paired sample plots (n = 198 pairs) over 5 seasons in 7 impoundments. We collected a total of 15 fish taxa, and 88% of the fishes we identified from the samples belonged to three species: Cyprinodon variegatus (Sheepshead Minnow), Gambusia holbrooki (Eastern Mosquitofish), and Poecilia latipinna (Sailfin Molly). Vegetated habitat usually had higher density and biomass of fish. Mean fish density (and 95% confidence interval) for vegetated and unvegetated sites were 8.2 (6.7–9.9) and 2.0 (1.6–2.4) individuals m-2, respectively; mean biomass (and 95% confidence interval) for vegetated and unvegetated sites were 3.0 (2.5–3.7) and 1.1 (0.9–1.4) g m-2, respectively. We confirmed previous findings that impounded salt marshes of the northern IRL Estuary produce a high standing stock of resident fishes. Seasonal patterns of abundance were consistent with fish moving between vegetated and unvegetated habitat as water levels changed in the estuary. Differences in density, mean size, and species composition of resident fishes between vegetated and unvegetated habitats have important implications for movement of biomass and nutrients out of salt marsh by piscivores (e.g., wading birds and fishes) via a trophic relay.

Chuva de sementes: dinâmica de dispersão na presença de uma espécie exótica invasora, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (jaqueira), no Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, RJ

A chuva de sementes é a dinâmica de dispersão de uma floresta, representando o que chega ao solo por meio dos agentes dispersores. Na comunidade de plantas, as síndromes de dispersão predominantes permitem entender os estádios sucessionais, estrutura e o nível de conservação da vegetação. No Brasil, a jaqueira, Artocarpus heterophyllus, é considerada uma espécie exótica invasora, que foi introduzida no período colonial. Essa invasão biológica pode comprometer a dispersão dos diásporos de espécies nativas pela chuva de sementes, já que a dispersão é influenciada pela distribuição espacial das plantas e pelas barreiras presentes no ambiente. O trabalho teve por objetivo verificar se a jaqueira, por ser uma espécie exótica invasora, influência na composição e abundância da chuva de sementes. O estudo foi realizado em floresta Atlântica, localizada no Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande, RJ. Foram utilizados para a coleta da chuva de semente 16 coletores de 1m de diâmetro, em áreas com (C) e sem (S) jaqueira, totalizando 32 coletores verificados mensalmente durante um ano de coleta. As análises estatísticas realizadas foram ANOVA, Regressão e NMDS, com o objetivo de verificar se a presença da jaqueira estaria influenciando na chuva de sementes quanto a riqueza, composição e abundância. Foram coletadas 320 amostras e contabilizadas 166.376 sementes, sendo encontrados 84 morfoespécies, 29 espécies em 25 famílias e 55 morfoespécies não identificadas. As áreas sem (S) jaqueira apresentaram maior riqueza, menor abundância e maior diversidade. Nas áreas com jaqueira (C) a abundância de sementes nativas apresentou uma relação negativa com a abundância dessa exótica nas parcelas. A composição e a abundância dos diásporos não tiveram uma separação nítida entre as áreas com e sem jaqueiras, como mostrado no NMDS. Porém, quando analisado o primeiro eixo do NMDS com a abundância de jaqueiras, a ordenação das grades mostrou ter uma relação com a abundância de jaqueiras. As principais síndromes de dispersão observadas no trabalho, referente às espécies que foram identificadas, foram à anemocoria e a zoocoria, sendo esta ultima síndrome a mais abundante entre as áreas. Os resultados mostraram que a presença das jaqueiras afeta, negativamente a chuva de sementes no Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande. Uma menor riqueza e abundância de sementes nativas alcançaram o solo nas áreas com jaqueira (C) podendo afetar a sucessão e a dinâmica da floresta.