Aplicação do Ensaio de Porta Ventiladora ao Regulamento das Características de Comportamento Térmico dos Edifícios

Com a crescente sensibilização mundial relativa ao aquecimento global, provocado pela alta quantidade de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa, torna-se imperativa a redução de consumos de combustíveis fósseis e consecutivas emissões. Ao nível da construção civil, uma intervenção eficaz na prevenção de perdas de ar aquecido poderá levar a diminuições superiores a 50% na utilização de energia. Este trabalho pretende estudar a importância da eficiência energética nos edifícios, com especial enfoque na sua permeabilidade ao ar. O ensaio de porta ventiladora permite avaliar esta permeabilidade e identificar os locais onde se dão as infiltrações, nomeadamente com auxílio da câmara térmica. O principal objectivo é estudar a aplicação deste ensaio na legislação em desenvolvimento no âmbito da certificação energética, através da comparação dos resultados de quatro habitações distintas. Também ao nível da eficiência energética, será obtida a classe energética, segundo a legislação em vigor à corrente data em Portugal, de uma das habitaçãoes ensaiadas e propostas medidas de melhoria para o desempenho energético desta. Do estudo efectuado é destacado o facto de o valor de renovações horárias do ar interior de uma fracção ser sempre inferior quando obtido unicamente através da legislação em desenvolvimento, em comparação com a obtenção deste através da legislação com auxílio do ensaio da porta ventiladora, o que leva a um grande desincentivo na utilização deste.

Estudo do comportamento térmico de edifícios de habitação segundo o RCCTE e o REH

Com a melhoria das condições de vida verificada nas últimas décadas em Portugal e no mundo, tem-se assistido a um importante desenvolvimento dos atributos funcionais dos edifícios, onde o conforto térmico assume um papel importante, é nesse sentido que a presente dissertação aborda a área do Desempenho Térmico de Edifícios, mais precisamente os do sector residencial. Esta dissertação dividiu-se em três grandes partes: inicialmente é feito um enquadramento teórico do tema, em seguida faz-se a apresentação das metodologias de cálculo e, por último, a apresentação do caso de estudo e análise dos resultados. Procura-se analisar a situação energética no sector residencial, dando particular ênfase às causas e medidas correctivas a aplicar para evitar o aumento do consumo de energia. Também são abordadas as metodologias presentes na Legislação Portuguesa em vigor, e nas novas propostas que espera-se que entrem em vigor a 1 de Dezembro de 2013. Sendo que o principal objectivo desta dissertação é o estudo da nova proposta legislativa e apresentar um documento que procure efectuar uma comparação detalhada entre o DL 80/2006, de 4 de Abril e o DL 118/20013, de 20 de Agosto e sobretudo referir quais as implicações ao nível das soluções construtivas adoptadas e da certificação energética. Após esta analise, é apresentado um caso de estudo que consiste num edifício de habitação unifamiliar que será alvo da aplicação destes dois documentos. Por último é apresentada uma análise dos resultados comparando a classe energética conseguida pelo edifício através das duas metodologias de cálculo.

Environment and Health in Children Day Care Centres (ENVIRH) - Study Rationale and Protocol

Background: Indoor air quality (IAQ) is considered an important determinant of human health. The association between exposure to volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, house dust mite, molds and bacteria in day care centers (DCC) is not completely clear. The aim of this project was to study these effects. Methods --- study design: This study comprised two phases. Phase I included an evaluation of 45 DCCs (25 from Lisbon and 20 from Oporto, targeting 5161 children). In this phase, building characteristics, indoor CO2 and air temperature/relative humidity, were assessed. A children’s respiratory health questionnaire derived from the ISAAC (International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Children) was also distributed. Phase II encompassed two evaluations and included 20 DCCs selected from phase I after a cluster analysis (11 from Lisbon and 9 from Oporto, targeting 2287 children). In this phase, data on ventilation, IAQ, thermal comfort parameters, respiratory and allergic health, airway inflammation biomarkers, respiratory virus infection patterns and parental and child stress were collected. Results: In Phase I, building characteristics, occupant behavior and ventilation surrogates were collected from all DCCs. The response rate of the questionnaire was 61.7% (3186 children). Phase II included 1221 children. Association results between DCC characteristics, IAQ and health outcomes will be provided in order to support recommendations on IAQ and children’s health. A building ventilation model will also be developed. Discussion: This paper outlines methods that might be implemented by other investigators conducting studies on the association between respiratory health and indoor air quality at DCC.

Legionella em meio hospitalar : qual a eficácia dos programas de prevenção nos hospitais da Região de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo : manutenção, limpeza e desinfeção de sistemas e

RESUMO - A legionella em meio hospitalar tem sido alvo de preocupação e de várias discussões, sendo esta uma bactéria patogénica que coloniza vários tipos de ambientes aquáticos (naturais e artificiais). Estas bactérias têm a particularidade de se desenvolver em meio aquático mas a infeção apenas é transmitida através de aerossóis de água contaminada, ou seja, por via aérea. Não se transmitindo de pessoa para pessoa. Pelas suas características os sistemas de arrefecimento de ar, nomeadamente as torres de arrefecimento, condensadores evaporativos, humidificadores e sistemas de ar condicionado, são fontes importantes de disseminação da legionella. Assim surge a necessidade da existência de programas de prevenção, que deverão ter em conta uma adequada manutenção, limpeza e desinfeção. Dada a quantidade de frequentadores assim como da especificidade dos mesmos, em meio hospitalar é particularmente importante a eficácia destes sistemas. Ou seja, os sistemas de arrefecimento em hospitais devem, para além de garantir o conforto térmico, ser responsáveis por manter a qualidade do ar e reduzir os riscos existentes a ele associados. O presente estudo pretende conhecer a verdadeira eficácia dos programas de manutenção e vigilância da Legionella, apenas nos sistemas de arrefecimento. Trata-se então de um estudo exploratório, descritivo recolha desta informação in-loco dos sistemas em estudo, de X hospitais da cidade de Lisboa. Na metodologia serão utilizadas grelhas de observação e resultados de colheita de água dos locais de maior risco. A realização deste estudo visa obter um retrato do panorama existente e contribuir para o início de novos estudos epidemiológicos.

Earthen plasters: the potential of the clayey soils of barrocal region in Algarve

Due to their high adsorption capacity of water vapor, earthen plasters can act as a moisture buffer, contributing to balance the relative humidity of the indoor environment of buildings. As a consequence of this capacity earthen plasters may also contribute to the perception of thermal comfort, since a high relative humidity increases the thermal conductivity of air and restricts skin evaporation, increasing the discomfort associated with the perception of heat or cold. Simultaneously, earthen plasters may also contribute to the indoor air quality. In one hand, by mitigating health problems of the respiratory system associated with indoor environment with high relative humidity, in which increases the risk of development of microorganisms usually responsible for infections, allergies or asthma. In the other hand, by mitigating the probability of inflammation of the respiratory system airways associated to exceedingly dry indoor environments. Therefore it also becomes expectable that earthen plasters may contribute for reducing the needs for air conditioning and mechanical ventilation in buildings and, thereby, also allowing the reduction of the associated energy consumption. The «Barrocal» region, located in the sedimentary basin of Algarve, South Portugal, presents geomorphological characteristics that promote the occurrence of soils with a clay mineralogy dominated by illite, which is a clay mineral characterized by a high adsorption capacity of water vapor and low expansibility. This fact turns expectable that these soils have a high potential for interior plastering. In order to evaluate this potential four mortars were formulated with an increasing content of clayey soil extracted from a selected clay quarry from «Barrocal» region. The results from the preliminary characterization campaign confirmed the reduced linear shrinkage of these mortars, as well as their high adsorption-desorption capacity, that is positively correlated with the content of clayey soil present in mortar formulation. However, the mechanical tests showed that the mechanical resistance of these mortars should be improved, for instance through the addition of natural fibers for reinforcement, which will be investigated in future research. This research contributed to increase certainty regarding the potential of clayey soils of the «Barrocal» sub-region of Algarve to produce mortars suitable for eco-efficient interior plastering.

Control in distribution networks with demand side management

The way in which electricity networks operate is going through a period of significant change. Renewable generation technologies are having a growing presence and increasing penetrations of generation that are being connected at distribution level. Unfortunately, a renewable energy source is most of the time intermittent and needs to be forecasted. Current trends in Smart grids foresee the accommodation of a variety of distributed generation sources including intermittent renewable sources. It is also expected that smart grids will include demand management resources, widespread communications and control technologies required to use demand response are needed to help the maintenance in supply-demand balance in electricity systems. Consequently, smart household appliances with controllable loads will be likely a common presence in our homes. Thus, new control techniques are requested to manage the loads and achieve all the potential energy present in intermittent energy sources. This thesis is focused on the development of a demand side management control method in a distributed network, aiming the creation of greater flexibility in demand and better ease the integration of renewable technologies. In particular, this work presents a novel multi-agent model-based predictive control method to manage distributed energy systems from the demand side, in presence of limited energy sources with fluctuating output and with energy storage in house-hold or car batteries. Specifically, here is presented a solution for thermal comfort which manages a limited shared energy resource via a demand side management perspective, using an integrated approach which also involves a power price auction and an appliance loads allocation scheme. The control is applied individually to a set of Thermal Control Areas, demand units, where the objective is to minimize the energy usage and not exceed the limited and shared energy resource, while simultaneously indoor temperatures are maintained within a comfort frame. Thermal Control Areas are overall thermodynamically connected in the distributed environment and also coupled by energy related constraints. The energy split is performed based on a fixed sequential order established from a previous completed auction wherein the bids are made by each Thermal Control Area, acting as demand side management agents, based on the daily energy price. The developed solutions are explained with algorithms and are applied to different scenarios, being the results explanatory of the benefits of the proposed approaches.

Sustainable mortars with incorporation of microencapsulated phase change materials

The construction industry is responsible for high energy and raw materials consumption. Thus, it is important to minimize the high energy consumption by taking advantage of renewable energy sources and reusing industrial waste, decreasing the extraction of natural materials. The mortars with incorporation of phase change materials (PCM) have the ability to regulate the temperature inside buildings, contributing to the thermal comfort and reduction of the use of heating and cooling equipment, using only the energy supplied by the sun. The simultaneous incorporation of PCM and fly ash (FA) can reduce the energy consumption and the amount of materials landfilled. However, the addition of these materials in mortars modifies its characteristics. The main purpose of this study was the production and characterization in the fresh and hardened state of mortars with incorporation of different contents of PCM and FA. The binders studied were aerial lime, hydraulic lime, gypsum and cement. The proportion of PCM studied was 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% of the mass of the sand. The content of fly ash added to the mortars was 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% of the mass of the binder. It was possible to observe that the incorporation of PCM and fly ash in mortars caused differences in properties such as workability, microstructure, water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength and adhesion.

Os efeitos do ambiente térmico: avaliação subjetiva e numérica

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial

Different module placements in a modular façade system for natural ventilation

Nowadays natural ventilation has gained prominence because its correct use can reduce energy consumption for cooling systems and improve thermal comfort among users. In this paper, we report on the modelling initiative, based on the wind tunnel tests that were carried out for the determination of the influence of natural ventilation in buildings. Indeed, the renewal of air in a closed environment without using an air conditioning system with mechanical elements can lead to energy savings and, in addition, provide air quality.The wind tunnel tests were carried out by varying the positioning of six ventilation modules in the façade system configuration. The modules were positioned below the window-sill (ventilated window-sill) as well as separately above and below the façade. The wind speed measurements were taken inside and outside the model for the different façades configurations to evaluate the best performance in relation to natural ventilation. The results supported the positioning of the six ventilation modules below the window-sill, forming a â ventilated window-sillâ as the most effective natural ventilation solution.

Desenvolvimento de um sistema fibroso multicamada para reabilitação de edifícios

Dissertação de mestrado Internacional em Sustentabilidade do Ambiente Construído

Estudo de revestimentos ativos para o isolamento térmico de edifícios

Dissertação de mestrado em Sustentabilidade do Ambiente Construído

Avaliação do ciclo de vida de um sistema construtivo em alvenaria estrutural

Dissertação de mestrado em Sustentabilidade do Ambiente Construído

Estufa de aproveitamento solar térmico para reabilitação de edifícios

Dissertação de mestrado em sustentabilidade do ambiente construido

Desenvolvimento de materiais para isolamento térmico com base em biomimética

Dissertação de mestrado Internacional em Sustentabilidade do Ambiente Construído

Warm Front, Better Health: Health Impact Evaluation of the Warm Front Scheme

About 4 million households in the UK cannot adequately heat their homes in winter due to low income and poor quality housing, the two main causes of fuel poverty. The primary impact of fuel poverty is cold homes in winter which can lead to various health problems and even death among the vulnerable young and the elderly population. The government launched the Warm Front scheme in 2000 to tackle fuel poverty among the vulnerable households in England by providing energy efficiency measures in the forms insulation and modern heating system(??). By 2004, about 770,000 households had benefited from the Warm Front scheme and a total of 2 million households are still expected to benefit by 2010. Since 2001, the Bartlett has been investigating with London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and Sheffield Hallam University, the health and the environmental impact of the Warm Front scheme. This investigative study is the most detailed to date on fuel poor dwellings based on detailed surveys of household and dwelling data, fuel consumption record and monitored temperature and relative humidity from 3,100 dwellings before and after the energy efficiency measures. The Warm Front investigation was expected to continue until the end of 2007. The findings from the investigation indicated that the Warm Front scheme was likely to have benefits in terms of improved thermal comfort and well-being as a result of mean temperature rise of 1.6C in the living room and 2.8C in the bedroom. Warm Front also lead to a decrease in indoor relative humidity mainly from the increased temperature since there appeared to be little impact on vapour pressure from changes in air tightness. Pressure test results indicated that the effects of air tightness measures such as draught stripping and cavity wall insulation were offset by the installation of a central heating system, particularly when the pipe work feeding radiators was installed below timber floors.