Um turismo de base comunitária para o Parque Nacional do Itatiaia: estudo sobre conflito socioambiental em unidade de conservação.

O Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, fundado em 1937, é o primeiro Parque Nacional do Brasil e apresenta dois planos distintos em seus espaços Parte Alta e Parte Baixa compreendendo municípios dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais. O estudo do conflito socioambiental existente no Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PNI) foi realizado, nesta tese, a partir do processo de ampliação territorial ocorrido nesta Unidade de Conservação, em 1982, que incorporou pequenas propriedades particulares ao território da Parte Alta do PNI sem que o Estado efetivasse as indenizações e as desapropriações territoriais preconizadas pela legislação ambiental brasileira para unidades de conservação de proteção integral (SNUC Lei Federal n. 9.985/2000). A caracterização do PNI foi feita levando-se em consideração as correntes ambientalistas que fundamentaram a criação de áreas protegidas desde o surgimento da primeira unidade de conservação nos Estados Unidos da América, no séc. XIX. As assimetrias identificadas nas relações de poder estabelecidas pelos atores sociais envolvidos na questão fundiária do PNI foram destacadas com base nas contribuições do campo da ecologia política. Nessa perspectiva, o estudo caracterizou a relação das comunidades tradicionais com o meio ambiente e as práticas socioambientais dela decorrentes e identificou alternativas de sustentabilidade socioambiental para enfrentamento dos conflitos fundiários existentes no PNI. A possibilidade de desenvolvimento de práticas produtivas alternativas à agropecuária, como o turismo de base comunitária, por exemplo, que permite a inclusão das famílias residentes no território do PNI até que se conclua o processo de regularização fundiária e a sua consolidação territorial, foi ressaltada com vistas a apontar a construção de um arranjo institucional como estratégia de compatibilização de dois direitos fundamentais garantidos pela Constituição Federal de 1988 (CF/88): o direito ao meio ambiente equilibrado e o direito cultural. Nesse parque, a atividade turística manifesta-se como uma das alternativas viáveis para o enfrentamento dos conflitos sobre a ocupação fundiária, tendo em vista que políticas públicas de turismo têm concebido ações de geração de trabalho e renda, de inclusão social e de sustentabilidade econômica e ambiental. A adoção da metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa, com base na técnica de observação participante, permitiu a imersão do pesquisador na problemática vivenciada por comunidades tradicionais que vivem em UCs e possibilitou a obtenção de dados singulares que auxiliaram na interpretação dos resultados. A partir das análises empreendidas com base no trabalho de campo e nas entrevistas, esta tese reforça a importância da celebração de um arranjo institucional entre o Estado brasileiro, por meio do órgão ambiental, e as famílias residentes nas comunidades da Serra Negra e da Vargem Grande, dentro dos limites territoriais do PNI, como forma de se criar uma alternativa sustentável aos impasses vivenciados pelo Estado brasileiro frente às reivindicações de grupos sociais envolvidos em conflitos socioambientais, não só no PNI, mas em diversas Unidades de Conservação do Brasil.

Traditional institutions and their role in the contemporary coastal resource management in the Pacific Islands

A discussion is presented on the role played by customary marine tenure (CMT) institutions in the regulation of fisheries in the Pacific Ocean Islands. Particular reference is made to the system in operation in Marovo Lagoon, in the Solomon Islands, whereby a number of defined clans control resource use within defined areas of land and sea. It is believed that such systems have considerable capacity for handling and adapting to new circumstances, thereby becoming potentially important tools in the contemporary management of fisheries and of the coastal zone in general.

A traditional floodplain fishery of the lower Amazon River, Brazil

This paper describes fishing activities of households in four communities located in a floodplain lake system of the lower Amazon river. An average of 42 households were interviewed about their fishing activity on a monthly basis. The fishery is a typical multi-gear, multi-specific artisanal fishery. Approximately ten types of fishing gear are utilized, of which the three main types of gillnets account for 51% of the total catch. The catch per trip averaged 15 kg, for an annual total of 2,295 kg per household. Some 40 species or groups of species are caught, although four species account for 50% of the total. There is a strong seasonal pattern to the fishery, with catch per trip and catch per unit effort (CPUE) highest in the low water season (September-November). While there are marked differences between subsistence and commercially oriented fishing strategies, these differences are more in degree than in type, since fishers use the same types of gear and most fishers regularly sell part of their catch.

Improvement of traditional shrimp culture in the Mekong Delta

Improvements to traditional brackishwater shrimp culture in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam are discussed. A technical support program has been implemented based on a so-called improved extensive shrimp culture method, as previously developed and tested by the Artermia and Shrimp Research and Development Center (ASRDC). The program focuses on: 1) the use of hatchery-produced postlarvae (of Penaeus monodon and P. merguinensis) nursed for three to four weeks, and 2) the application of low-cost pond management practices including predator control, supplementary feeding and frequent water renewal. A credit program, managed as a revolving fund was made available. A dialogue among participating farmers was encouraged through the organization of group meetings before and after each production cycle.

Traditional Knowledge of the Ecology of Belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, in Cook Inlet, Alaska

The population of belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, in Cook Inlet, Alaska, is geographically isolated and appears to be declining. Conservation efforts require appropriate information about population levels and trends, feeding and behavior, reproduction, and natural and anthropogenic impacts. This study documents traditional ecological knowledge of the Alaska Native hunters of belugas in Cook Inlet to add information from this critical source. Traditional knowledge about belugas has been documented elsewhere by the author, and the same methods were used in Cook Inlet to systematically gather information concerning knowledge of the natural history of this beluga population and its habitat. The hunters’knowledge is largely consistent with what is known from previous research, and it extends the published descriptions of the ecology of beluga whales in Cook Inlet. Making this information available and involving the hunters to a greater extent in research and management are important contributions to the conservation of Cook Inlet beluga

Traditional and geometric morphometrics detect morphological variation of lower pharyngeal jaw inCoris julis(Teleostei, Labridae)

In the present study, variation in the morphology of the lower pharyngeal element between two Sicilian populations of the rainbow wrasse Coris julis has been explored by the means of traditional morphometrics for size and geometric morphometrics for shape. Despite close geographical distance and probable high genetic flow between the populations, statistically significant differences have been found both for size and shape. In fact, one population shows a larger lower pharyngeal element that has a larger central tooth. Compared to the other population, this population also has medially enlarged lower pharyngeal jaws with a more pronounced convexity of the medial-posterior margin. The results are discussed in the light of a possible more pronounced durophagy of this population.

Evaluation of the In Situ Ichthyoplankton Imaging System (ISIIS): comparison with the traditional (bongo net) sampler

Plankton and larval fish sampling programs often are limited by a balance between sampling frequency (for precision) and costs. Advancements in sampling techniques hold the potential to add considerable efficiency and, therefore, add sampling frequency to improve precision. We compare a newly developed plankton imaging system, In Situ Ichthyoplankton Imaging System (ISIIS), with a bongo sampler, which is a traditional plankton sampling gear developed in the 1960s. Comparative sampling was conducted along 2 transects ~30–40 km long. Over 2 days, we completed 36 ISIIS tow-yo undulations and 11 bongo oblique tows, each from the surface to within 10 m of the seafloor. Overall, the 2 gears detected comparable numbers of larval fishes, representing similar taxonomic compositions, although larvae captured with the bongo were capable of being identified to lower taxonomic levels, especially larvae in the small (<5 mm), preflexion stages. Size distributions of the sampled larval fishes differed considerably between these 2 sampling methods, with the size range and mean size of larval fishes larger with ISIIS than with the bongo sampler. The high frequency and fine spatial scale of ISIIS allow it to add considerable sampling precision (i.e., more vertical sections) to plankton surveys. Improvements in the ISIIS technology (including greater depth of field and image resolution) should also increase taxonomic resolution and decrease processing time. When coupled with appropriate net sampling (for the purpose of collecting and verifying the identification of biological samples), the use of ISIIS could improve overall survey design and simultaneously provide detailed, process-oriented information for fisheries scientists and oceanographers.

Traditional fishing methods of Lakshadweep

Economy of the Lakshadweep islanders depends mainly on coconut farming and fishing. About 30-40% of the population are full time fishermen. Some of the fishing methods practised by the islanders are still traditional, Tuna forms the main established fishery of the island. Pole and line fishing is the most effective fishing method for surface tuna shoals. Most of the traditional fishing operations prevailing in the islands are unique and conducted during neap tides only.

Socioeconomic conditions of traditional fishermen of Vitava village in Thane district

Maharashtra stands third in fish production in India, with an estimated annual landings of 3.32 lakhs tonnes (1986-87). About 45% of the fishermen are directly involved in fishing. Mechanisation has boosted fish production resulting in gainful employment and higher incomes to fishermen. However, traditional fishermen along Thane creek and who entirely depend on fishing for their livelihood are comparatively poor due to their dependence on subsistence fishing and reduction of fish stock due to pollution of the creek. Conservation of the resources, proper monitoring of pollution and financial assistance and guidance will help the fishermen improve their living conditions.