888 resultados para Tomate - Doenças e pragas - Controle biológico
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS
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The crops are affected by pests and diseases that decrease productivity. Among them are the damping off of seedlings that can occur in pre and post-emergence. In bean crops, cucumber and beet these diseases occur, being caused by various pathogens, especialy fitopathogenic fungi. Several measures are used for the controle of such diseases, among them, is the chemical seed treatment fungicides. However, society has become increasingly concerned about the quality and food and environmental contamination, generation a growting search for sensitive products to humans and the environment. The use of essential oils to control plant pathogens is an example of alternative tested by science in the search for less aggressive technologies. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the use of essential oil Aloysia citriodora, in control of pathogens causing damping off in beans, cucumber and beet. This thesis was divided in four chapters, the introductory first, and the other addressing the control of Pythium sp. in beans, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on cucumber, and Fusarium sp. on beet. The methodology consisted of four experiments in each pathosystem, with all the work done at the Federal Technological University of Parana, Campus Dois Vizinhos. In the first experiment evaluated the fungistatic and fungicidal effect of the essential oil of A. citriodora on PDA in vitro in mycelial growth of pathogens studied. In the second experiment evaluated the in vitro effect of essential oil concentrations of A. citriodora in BD medium on microscope slides, on the germination of sporangia Pythium sp. and conidia Fusarium sp., and in Petri dishes with PDA medium, the sclerotia germination speed index of S. sclerotiorum. In the third experiment, we evaluated in germination test in paper roll (PR), the phytotoxic effect or not the use of essential oil concentrations of A. citriodora in dry bean seed, cucumber and beet. The variables used to assess this experiment were the germination percentage, mediun green mass per plant and average length of seedlings. In the fourth experiment we assessed the effect of treating bean seeds, cucumber and beet with essential oil contents of A. citriodora, seeds in their subsequent substrates contamined with pathogens studied, Pythium sp., S. sclerotiorum and Fusarium sp. In this experiment we used the following variables: percentage of emergence, percentage of post-emergence damping off, green average mass per plant, average length per plant and biochemical analyzes. The biochemistry of plant tissues evaluated were as follows: protein content, enzymatic activities of peroxidases, phenylalanine ammonia-liase (PAL), chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases. The in vitro results show that the essential oil has fungistatic and fungicidal effect on mycelial growth, on sporangia germination, conidia and sclerotia of the pathogens studied in this work, wich may be related to its major components, citral and limonene. The oil also exhibits low phytotoxicity to seeds of the species studied, only in beans decreases germination in most studied dosage (0,25%), cucumber also in the higher dosage (0,25%) reduce the length of seedlings, and beet there were no negative effects to the seedlings. In the test in substrate contaminated with the pathogens, the use of essential oil: increased germination and decreased post emergence damping off of beans seedlings; at a concentration of 0,0625% decreases post emergence damping off in cucumber. In biochemical analyzes found an increase in the enzymatic activity of peroxidases and β-1,3-glucanases on beans, and glucanases on cucumber, and increased enzyme activity of peroxidases on beet, showing action in resistance induction at damping off.
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The fungus Rhizoctonia solani is a soil borne pathogen that causes damage to various crops. The chemical control, when managed incorrectly, can be harmful to the environment, which makes the study of alternative control important. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of different doses of Liquid swine manure (LSM), with and without the retention of gases, at different soil pH levels, to control R. solani in beet. An inoculum of the fungus R. solani was on rice grains, which had been previously sterilised. The experiments were set up in a greenhouse in a completely randomised block design, arranged in a three-factor 2 x 2 x 5 scheme, comprising of soil pH levels (4.8 and 7.2) x with and without gas retention x LSM dose (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%), with four replications per treatment. To setup the experiments, 4 kg of soil of each pH level were packed separately into plastic bags. Subsequently, the soil of each bag was infested with 15 g of fungus inoculum/kg of soil, and moistened as necessary. After seven days of infestation of the soil with the pathogen the different doses of LSM were incorporated separately into the bags, the bags designated as the gas retention treatment were closed, while those designated as the gas release treatment were left open. After seven days, part of the soil from each bag was packed separately into 16 cells of 128 cell Styrofoam trays, which were then seeded with two beet seeds per cell. The other part of the soil was placed in 2 litre pots, to conduct the quantification of microbial activity, through the method of CO2 release, 21 days after the experiment was setup. Seedling emergence and damping-off evaluations were performed daily for 21 days consecutively. The data was submitted to analysis of variance, and when significant were submitted to regression analysis or Tukey at 5% probability of error. The experiments were repeated twice. According to the results obtained, there was a suppressive effect of LSM on R. solani. For the variable emergence, the 10% dose of LSM resulted in the largest number of emerging plants in the two soil pH levels studied, whether or not gas was retained. Seedling dampingoff decreased with increasing volumes of LSM incorporated into the soil. The soil with the pH level of 7.2 presented less seedling damping-off than the soil with a pH level of 4.8. The retention of gases provided greater control of R. solani in the higher LSM doses and in soil with a pH level of 7.2. Also noted in this study that there was a significant increase in microbial activity with increasing doses of LSM when applied to soil with pH levels of 4.8 and 7.2. Based on these results, it was concluded that the 10% dose of LSM provided the best control of R. solani without harming seedling emergence.
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2009
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2009
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2009
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Proposta metodológica para discussão dos impactos das mudanças climáticas globais sobre doenças de plantas - Raquel Ghini e Emília Hamada. Cenários climáticos futuros para o Brasil - Emília Hamada, Renata Ribeiro do Valle Gonçalves, Jose Antonio Marengo Orsini e Raquel Ghini. Impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre as doenças da batata no Brasil - Carlos Alberto Lopes, Ailton Reis e Natalino Yassushi Shimoyama. Impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre as doenças do tomate no Brasil - Ricardo Gioria, Kátia Regiane Brunelli e Romulo Fujito Kobori. Impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre as doenças do pimentão no Brasil - Romulo Fujito Kobori, Ricardo Gioria e Kátia Regiane Brunelli. Impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre as doenças do melão no Brasil - Kátia Regiane Brunelli, Romulo Fujito Kobori e Ricardo Gioria. Impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre as doenças do arroz no Brasil - Anne Sitarama Prabhu, Silvando Carlos da Silva e Marta Cristina de Filippi. Impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre as doenças de cereais de inverno no Sul do Brasil - Erlei Melo Reis, Ricardo Trezzi Casa e Sandra Maria Zoldan. Impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre as doenças do milho no Brasil - Nicésio Filadelfo Janssen de Almeida Pinto, Elizabeth de Oliveira e Fernando Tavares Fernandes. Impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre as doenças e o desenvolvimento da soja no Brasil - Maria Aparecida Pessôa da Cruz Centurion e Raquel Ghini. Impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre as doenças da bananeira no Brasil - Luadir Gasparotto e José Clério Rezende Pereira. Impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre as doenças da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil - Álvaro Sanguino. Impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre as doenças fúngicas do cafeeiro no Brasil - Edson Ampélio Pozza e Marcelo de Carvalho Alves. Impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre as principais doenças de citros no Estado de São Paulo - Waldir Cintra de Jesus Junior, Marcelo Augusto Boechat Morandi, Rock Seille Carlos Christiano e Pedro Takao Yamamoto. Impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre as doenças da seringueira no Estado de São Paulo - Edson Luiz Furtado. Impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre a ferrugem-do-eucalipto no Estado de São Paulo - Edson Luiz Furtado, Carlos André Gaspar dos Santos e Marcus Vinicius Masson. Impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre a incidência de fitonematóides no Brasil - Mário Massayuki Inomoto. Impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre o controle biológico de doenças de plantas - Wagner Bettiol. Impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre o controle químico de doenças de plantas Raquel Ghini.
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O feijão-de-vagem é uma hortaliça severamente atacada por Meloidogyne javanica quando cultivada após o tomate-salada. Para avaliar a viabilidade de cultivo do feijão-de-vagem após o tomate-salada, cultivou-se a Crotalaria spectabilis, em faixas, por período de quatro meses, previamente ao cultivo do tomateiro. Faixas cultivadas com quiabeiro, antes do cultivo com tomate-salada, foram mantidas para comparação. Nas faixas cultivadas anteriormente com C. spectabilis, com os índices de multiplicação (IM) variando de 11 a 76 por parcela e os números de ovos do nematóide de 1.500 a 6.000 por planta, as produtividades foram de 2 a 26% maiores em cultivares de tomateiro e de 6 a 31,5% maiores em cultivares de feijão-de-vagem, em comparação com as produtividades obtidas nas faixas de quiabeiro, onde foram obtidos IM de 17 a 165 e números de ovos do nematóide que variaram de 7.200 a 19.000 por planta em cultivares de tomateiro e de feijão-de-vagem. O cultivo prévio da C. spectabilis por quatro meses é uma tecnologia viável para o controle de M. javanica, viabilizando a seqüência de cultivos com tomate-salada e feijão-de-vagem.
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Neste trabalho é apresentada uma metodologia objetiva e quantitativa de avaliação de perdas pós-colheita de tomate no mercado varejista. O tamanho da amostra foi determinado com base no plano que envolve a alocação de que produz variâncias mínimas para custos constantes por estratos. A amostragem foi realizada para o produto antes de ser exposto na área de vendas, denominada qualidade inicial e para o descarte. Em ambas as amostras foram determinadas a proporção de frutos verdes, maduros, muito maduros, com coloração anormal, com danos mecânicos, com danos fisiológicos, com doenças, com pragas e sem dano.
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2007
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As perdas de tomate no varejo foram determinadas em uma rede de supermercados de Brasília-DF durante o ano de 1998, utilizando-se uma metodologia objetiva e quantitativa. Os frutos foram analisados antes de serem expostos na área de vendas (amostra 'Qualidade Inicial') para determinação dos danos ou fontes potenciais de perdas e após o descarte pela loja (amostra 'Descarte') para determinação das causas efetivas de perdas. O tamanho da amostra foi determinado com base em amostragem aleatória estratificada com uso da alocação de Neyman. Em ambas as amostras foram determinadas a proporção de frutos verdes, maduros, muito maduros, com coloração anormal, com danos mecânicos, com danos fisiológicos, com doenças, com pragas e sem dano. Cerca de 67,8% dos frutos da amostra 'Qualidade Inicial' apresentaram pelo menos um dos danos descritos . Os danos mais freqüentes foram dano mecânico (56,7 +- 1,3%) e dano fisiológico (4,5 +- 0,3%). As principais causas de descarte foram: dano mecânico (66,5 2,0% dos frutos) e dano fisiológico (13,6 +- 1,2% dos frutos).
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2009