Essential role for mammalian copper transporter Ctr1 in copper homeostasis and embryonic development

The trace metal copper (Cu) plays an essential role in biology as a cofactor for many enzymes that include Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase, cytochrome oxidase, ceruloplasmin, lysyl oxidase, and dopamine β-hydroxylase. Consequently, Cu transport at the cell surface and the delivery of Cu to intracellular compartments are critical events for a wide variety of biological processes. The components that orchestrate intracellular Cu trafficking and their roles in Cu homeostasis have been elucidated by the studies of model microorganisms and by the characterizations of molecular basis of Cu-related genetic diseases, including Menkes disease and Wilson disease. However, little is known about the mechanisms for Cu uptake at the plasma membrane and the consequences of defects in this process in mammals. Here, we show that the mouse Ctr1 gene encodes a component of the Cu transport machinery and that mice heterozygous for Ctr1 exhibit tissue-specific defects in copper accumulation and in the activities of copper-dependent enzymes. Mice completely deficient for Ctr1 exhibit profound growth and developmental defects and die in utero in mid-gestation. These results demonstrate a crucial role for Cu acquisition through the Ctr1 transporter for mammalian Cu homeostasis and embryonic development.

Distribution and Transport of Cholesterol in Caenorhabditis elegans

Cholesterol transport is an essential process in all multicellular organisms. In this study we applied two recently developed approaches to investigate the distribution and molecular mechanisms of cholesterol transport in Caenorhabditis elegans. The distribution of cholesterol in living worms was studied by imaging its fluorescent analog, dehydroergosterol, which we applied to the animals by feeding. Dehydroergosterol accumulates primarily in the pharynx, nerve ring, excretory gland cell, and gut of L1–L3 larvae. Later, the bulk of dehydroergosterol accumulates in oocytes and spermatozoa. Males display exceptionally strong labeling of spermatids, which suggests a possible role for cholesterol in sperm development. In a complementary approach, we used a photoactivatable cholesterol analog to identify cholesterol-binding proteins in C. elegans. Three major and several minor proteins were found specifically cross-linked to photocholesterol after UV irradiation. The major proteins were identified as vitellogenins. rme-2 mutants, which lack the vitellogenin receptor, fail to accumulate dehydroergosterol in oocytes and embryos and instead accumulate dehydroergosterol in the body cavity along with vitellogenin. Thus, uptake of cholesterol by C. elegans oocytes occurs via an endocytotic pathway involving yolk proteins. The pathway is a likely evolutionary ancestor of mammalian cholesterol transport.

Analysis of the zone connecting consecutive sectors in distillation columns by the Ponchon-Savarit method

McCabe-Thiele and Ponchon-Savarit methods are two classical graphical methods for the design of binary distillation columns very useful for didactical purposes and for preliminary calculations. Nevertheless, their description in the literature is not complete and not all the cases are analysed. To complete the academic literature dealing with this subject we have generalized equations for the operating lines or DP that define the change between two consecutive sectors ΔkC for any feed condition, together with the different possibilities to extract products or to add or remove heat. A consistent analysis of what may happen when changing between sectors in the column is presented.

Some examples of modeling in chemical engineering: thermal treatment of polymers, phase equilibrium calculations and process design

Presentation submitted to PSE Seminar, Chemical Engineering Department, Center for Advanced Process Design-making (CAPD), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (USA), October 2012.

Montaigne und Locke: ihre stellung zur erziehung zur selbsttätigkeit.

["Benutzte literatur", pp. v-vi.]

Official map publications; a historical sketch, and a bibliographical handbook of current maps and mapping services in the United States, Canada, Latin America, France, Great Britain, Germany, and certain other countries,

"Classification, cataloging, and care of maps": p. 282-295; "Tentative map classification outline by subject": p. 297-308; "Map classification outline by areas": p. 309-311.

Reise in Ostafrika in den Jahren 1903-1905, mit Mitteln der Hermann und Elise geb. Heckmann Wentzel-Stiftung ausgeführt. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse.

Contributions in German, English, French or Italian.

Danmarks folkesagn.

1. deel. Historiske sagn: Historiske sagn. Om historiske personer og familiesagn. Sted-sagn: Sagn om byer og forskiellige steder. Kitker og klostre. Gaardsagn. Sagn om præster og kloge mænd. Skatte og skattegravere. Sagn om revere.--2. deel. Sagn om naturgienstande: Om sær, bundlese kiær, aaer og fiorde. Sagn om kilder, Sandbakker, huler og kaempestene. Skove, træer og afsviet græs. Om pesten. Om rotter. Sagn om det overnaturlige: Fanden. Om hexe og deslige. Sagn om adskilligt gienfærd. Troldfolket. Efterslæt.--3. deel. Den danske almues overtroiske meninger.

De antiqvorum libris pictis : capita qvattuor ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Das Forum romanum, mit besonderer berücksichtigung der neuesten ausgrabungen (1898-1903)

Cover-title.

De metamorphosi eleutheratorum observationes : bidrag til insekternes udviklingshistorie /

Reprinted from Naturhistorisk tidsskrift, ræk. 3, bd. 1, 3-4, 8-13.

Regesta diplomatica historiae danicae. Index chronologicus diplomatum et literarum, historiam danicam inde ab antiquissimis temporibus usque ad annum 1660 illustrantium, quae in libris hactenus editis vulgata sunt.

Each volume issued in 6 parts: the parts of v. 1 are dated 1880-89; of v. 2, 1892-1907.

Im ionischen Kleinasien. Erlebnisse und ergebnisse.

Mode of access: Internet.

Rom als Mittelpunkt der katholischen Christenheit /

Mode of access: Internet.

Glossarium til Den danske riimkronike,

Mode of access: Internet.