唐古特大黄组织培养技术的研究

试验选用唐古特大黄(Rheum tanguticum Maxim.ex Regel.)种子萌发的无菌苗及无菌苗子叶、下胚轴、胚根和幼根作为材料,研究唐古特大黄不同外植体的离体培养技术.结果表明,唐古特大黄的无菌苗和无菌苗子叶、下胚轴、胚根和幼根都可以作为离体培养的良好外植体.唐古特大黄的最适分化培养基是:B5+NAA 0.1mg/L+6-BA 3 mg/L;最适生根培养基是:1/2 MS+NAA 1 mg/L+3%蔗糖或1/2 MS+NAA 0.5 mg/L+3%蔗糖;愈伤组织诱导培养基是:MS+2,4-D 1 mg/L+NAA 1 mg/L+6-BA 1 mg/L.

Floral Organogenesis and Development of two Taxa in Tribe Hyoscyameae (Solanaceae)-Przewalskia tanguitca and Hyoscyamus niger

Floral organogenesis and development of Przeivalskia langutica Maxim, endemic to China and Hyoscyamus niger L. , which belong to the tribe Hyoscyameae (Solanaceae), were studied using scanning electron microscope. They have three common characters of floral organ initiation and development: 1) initia-tion of the floral organs in the two species follows Hofmeister's rule; 2) the mode of corolla tube development belongs to the "late sympetaly" type; 3) primordia of the floral appendages initiated in a pentameroua pattern and acropetal order. But initiation of the calyx-lobe primordia showed different modes in these two species. The calyx-lobe primordia of H, niger have simultaneously whorled initiation, while those of P, tangulica have helical initiation, but the five calyx-lobe primordia form a ring after all five calyx-lobe primordia occur. The systematic significance of the present results in the genera Hyoscyamus and Przeivalskia is discussed in this paper.

山茛菪中4种生物碱含量与海拔关系的研究

山莨菪Anisodus tanguticus (Maxim.) Pascher系茄科植物，俗称樟柳参，藏医音译唐冲那保，山莨菪作为传统的藏药，具有麻醉、解痉、镇痛、镇静、解磷中毒等多种功效。其有效成分主要是托烷类生物碱，如东莨菪碱（scopolamine)、山莨菪碱（anisodamine)、阿托品（atropine)、樟柳碱(anisodine)等。研究4种托烷类生物碱含量随海拔的变化，对控制药用植物原料的质量、开发药用植物资源和生物资源可持续利用等均具有重要意义。为此我们对此进行了研究。

毛冠菊属系统位置的核形态证据(英文)

首次记载了毛冠菊属 2种 4居群的核形态资料。两种植物的染色体间期和前期染色体为复杂型和中间型。狭舌毛冠菊两居群的染色体数目与核型公式为 2n =1 8=1 4m + 2sm + 2st( 2SAT) ;毛冠菊两居群的染色体数目与核型公式为 2n =1 8=1 4m + 2sm( 2SAT) + 2st。它们分别代表了整个毛冠菊属的两组植物 ,并包含了形态学上最原始的种类 ,因此 ,该属的染色体基数可能为x =9。核形态证据表明毛冠菊属放在紫菀族比放在旋覆花族和千里光族中更为合理。

中国特有属--羽叶点地梅属的细胞学研究

本文首次对中国特有的羽叶点地梅属Pomatosace Maxim.进行了细胞学研究。羽叶点地梅P.filicula Maxim.的间期核和有丝分裂前期染色体分别为复杂染色中心型和中间型；染色体数目为２ｎ＝２０ ，核型公式为２ｎ＝ １８ｍ ＋ ２ｓｍ ；染色体大小介于6.4μｍ 至4.1 μｍ 之间；核型不对称性为２Ａ 型。细胞学证据支持羽叶点地梅属与点地梅属相近的观点。

条纹龙胆的胚胎学研究(英文)

首次报道了条纹龙胆(Gentiana striata Maxim.) 的胚胎学特征, 研究结果用以讨论龙胆属狭蕊组(Gentiana Sect.Stenogyne) 的系统演化关系。主要研究结果如下: 花药四室; 药壁发育为双子叶型; 绒毡层细胞仅来源于初生壁细胞, 故绒毡层起源属单型起源, 细胞具单核,原位退化, 属腺质型绒毡层, 药隔处的绒毡层细胞经多次平周分裂形成2 层至多层的绒毡层细胞, 其余部位的绒毡层细胞仍为1 层细胞; 中层细胞1 层；在花药成熟时, 花药的表皮细胞和药室内壁均部分纤维状加厚且柱状伸长。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型, 四分体的排列主要为四面体形；成熟花粉为32细胞型。子房为2心皮, 1室, 侧膜胎座。胚珠4列。薄珠心,单珠被, 珠心基部产生珠被原基, 进而形成珠被, 条纹龙胆仅有1 层珠被。珠被沿珠心向上生长并将珠心包围, 于胚珠顶部形成珠孔。胚珠在发育过程中, 整个胚珠的本体倒转, 而且珠柄继续生长并弯曲, 使珠孔与合点端的连线与珠柄垂直, 形成Hypertropous 胚珠。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成的4 个大孢子呈直列式排列, 合点端的大孢子具功能。胚囊发育为蓼型。极核在受精前融合为次生核, 反足细胞3 个、多宿存。雄蕊先熟。珠孔受精。胚乳发育为核型。胚胎发育为茄型酸浆Ⅱ变型。通过比较龙胆属狭蕊组与龙胆属其它组和双蝴蝶属的胚胎学特征表明, 龙胆属狭蕊组在一些重要的胚胎学特征上与双蝴蝶属较相似, 而与龙胆属其它组存在较大差异, 故建议应将龙胆属狭蕊组从龙胆属中移出。

青藏高原毛茛科3种特有植物核型和进化研究

对青藏高原高山冰缘地区毛茛科3 种特有植物的核型进行了分析。它们的核型公式(K)、染色体相对长度组成(C. R. L. ) 和核型不对称系数(A s. K% ) 分别为: 青藏金莲花 T rollius pumilus var. tangu ticus: K (2n) = 6m + 8sm (2SA T ) + 2st, C. R. L. = 4L + 4M 2+ 4M 1+ 4S,A s. K% = 63. 57, 核型属2B型; 甘青乌头A conitum tanguticum 为K (2n) = 6m + 10sm ,C. R. L. = 4L + 8M 1+ 4S,A s. K% = 62. 54, 2B 型; 单花翠雀花Delphinium candelabrum var.monanthum 为K (2n) = 6m + 8sm + 2st, C. R. L. = 4L + 4M 2+ 4M 1+ 6S,A s. K% = 64. 34, 属3B 型。经同相关近缘种核型资料比较, 青藏金莲花核型不对称性和进化程度比金莲花T.ch inensis 低; 甘青乌头的核型不对称性和进化程度在其近缘类群(乌头组Sect. Aconitum ) 已报道的种之内最低; 单花翠雀花核型不对称性和进化水平比翠雀组(Sect. Delphinastrum ) 已报道的展毛翠雀花D. kamaoense var. glabrescens、多枝翠雀花D. maxim owiczii 和蓝翠雀花D. caeruleum 都低。这与该3 种植物在王文采先生(1979) 中国毛茛分类系统中的位置是一致的。

马先蒿属6个种的核型与进化研究

分析和报道了马先蒿属（Pedicularis Linn.）分布于青藏高原东北部６个特有种的核型，并根据核型及其有关参数，分析和比较了该６种马先蒿核型的不对称性和相对进化程度。６个种的体细胞染色体数目都是２ｎ＝１６。核型分别为：绵德马先蒿P.pilostachya Maxim.，核型公式Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１６＝４ｍ＋１２ｓｍ，染色体相对长度组成２Ｌ＋６Ｍ２＋６Ｍ１＋２Ｓ，核型不对称系数Ａｓ·Ｋ＝６５．２９％，属于２Ａ型；青海马先蒿P.przewalskii Maxim.，Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１６＝８ｍ（ＳＡＴ）＋４ｓｍ＋２ｓ＋２ｔ，２Ｌ＋８Ｍ２＋２Ｍ１＋４Ｓ，Ａｓ·Ｋ＝６５．０２％，２Ｂ型；华马先蒿P.oederi Vahl.var.sinensis(Maxim.)Hurus.，K(2n)=16=12m+4sm，2L+4M2+8M1+2 S，As·K=59.89%，2B型；粗野马先蒿P.rudis Maxim.，K(2n)=16=4m+10sm+2st，4L+4M2+4M1+2 S，As·K=68.10%，2B型；甘肃马先蒿P.kansuensis Maxim. Subsp. kansuensis，K(2n)=16=6m+6sm+2st+2t，2L+6M2+6M1+2 S，As·K=68.92%，2A型；藓生马先蒿P.muscicola Maxim. K(2n)=16=8m(SAT)+8sm，2L=8M2+4M1+2S，As·K=62.64%，2B型。根据这6个种的核型和已有资料，认为该属的染色体基数x=8，极少数种有多倍体。通过对以上6种核型及进化程度的比较，该属核型变异较大，以中部着丝粒染色体为组成基础（较原始的种类，如华马先蒿和绵穗马先蒿），端部或近端部着丝粒染色体存在与否与该属内种的进化程度有关。核型不对称性所表示的进化程度似乎与花冠的演化有联系。

A new daphnane diterpene from Daphne tangutica

A new daphnane diterpene was isolated from the root barks of Daphne tangutica Maxim. Its structure was elucidated as 1, 2 alpha-dihydro-20-palimoyldaphnetoxin by the spectroscopic evidence including 2D-NMR.

Reproductive ecology of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau endemic Gentiana straminea (Gentianaceae), a hermaphrodite perennial characterized by herkogamy and dichogamy

The combined occurrence of both herkogamy and dichogamy in a hermaphrodite species has been considered to strongly favour outcrossing. In this study, we investigated in detail the reproductive ecology of Gentiana straminea Maxim. (Gentianaceae), a hermaphrodite perennial endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In a series of observations and experiments over four consecutive years, we examined whether the combination of dichogamy and herkogamy in individual flowers completely prevents geitonogamous pollen transfer in this species. The mode of floral development clearly indicates that autonomous self-pollination is completely avoided through herkogamy and dichogamy in individual flowers. This implication was confirmed by the breeding experiments, since no seed was produced when flowers were isolated. However, this gentian proved to be highly self-compatible when geitonogamous selfing was artificially induced. Many flowers opened simultaneously on individual plants, the ratio of male to female phase flowers was close to 2:1 in each inflorescence, at the full anthesis phase, and they were randomly distributed amongst the upper, middle and lower parts of each stem's inflorescence. On average, Bombus sushikini Skorikov, the most frequent visitor and only legitimate pollinator of G. straminea, visited nearly two flowers per inflorescence, and four flowers per plant. Among the pollinators' foraging bouts, the proportions of geitonogamous visits to inflorescences or flowers within an individual plant were 29% and 37%, respectively. Therefore, despite the strict dichogamous and herkogamous characteristics of the individual flowers, geitonogamous selfing might still prevail in G. straininea because of the size of its floral displays and the continuous visiting behavior of B. sushkini. (C) 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

中国北方典型生态区表土孢粉组合特征及其与现代植被和气候的关系

Surface pollen assemblages and their relationhips with the modern vegetation and climate provide a foundation for investigating palaeo-environment conditions by fossil pollen analysis. A promising trend of palynology is to link pollen data more closely with ecology. In this study, I summarized the characteristics of surface pollen assemblages and their quantitative relation with the vegetation and climate of the typical ecological regions in northern China, based on surface pollen analysis of 205 sites and investigating of modern vegetation and climate. The primary conclusions are as follows:The differences in surface pollen assemblages for different vegetation regions are obvious. In the forest communities, the arboreal pollen percentages are more than 30%, herbs less than 50% and shrubs less than 10%; total pollen concentrations are more than 106 grains/g. In the steppe communities, arboreal pollen percentages are generally less than 5%; herb pollen percentages are more than 90%, and Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae are dominant in the pollen assemblages; total pollen concentrations range from 103 to 106 grains/g. In the desert communities, arboreal pollen percentages are less than 5%. Although Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia still dominate the pollen assemblages, Ephedra, Tamaricaceae and Nitraria are also significant important in the pollen assemblages; total pollen concentrations are mostly less than 104grains/g. In the sub-alpine or high and cold meadow communities, arboreal pollen percentages are less than 30%. and Cyperaceae is one of the most significant-taxa in the pollen assemblages. In the shrub communities, the pollen assemblages are consistent with the zonal vegetation; shrub pollen percentages are mostly less than 20%, except for Artemisia and Hippophae rhamnoides communities.There are obvious trends for the pollen percentage ratios of Artemisia to Chenopodiaceae (A/C), Pinus to Artemisia (P/A) and arbor to non-arbor (AP/NAP) in the different ecological regions. In the temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest region, the P/A ratios are generally higher than 0.1, the A/C ratios higher than 2 and the AP/NAP ratios higher than 0.3. In the temperate steppe regions, the P/A ratios are generally less than 0.1, the A/C ratios higher than 1 and the AP/NAP ratios less than 0.1. In the temperate desert regions, the P/A ratios are generally less than 0.1, the A/C ratios less than 1, and the AP/NAP ratios less than 0.1.The study on the representation and indication of pollen to vegetation shows that Pinus, Artemisia, Betula, Chenopodiaceae, Ephedra, Selaginella sinensis etc. are over-representative in the pollen assemblages and can only indicate the regional vegetation. Some pollen types, such as Quercus, Carpinus, Picea, Abies, Elaeagus, Larix, Salix, Pterocelis, Juglans, Ulmus, Gleditsia, Cotinus, Oleaceae, Spiraea, Corylus, Ostryopsis, Vites, Tetraena, Caragana, Tamaricaceae, Zygophyllum, Nitraria, Cyperaceae, Sanguisorba etc. are under-representative in the pollen assemblages, and can indicate the plant communities well. Populus, Rosaceae, Saxifranaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Compositae, Caprifoliaceae etc. can not be used as significant indicators to the plants.The study on the relation of pollen percentages with plant covers shows that Pinus pollen percentages are more than 30% where pine trees exist in the surrounding region. The Picea+Abies pollen percentages are higher than 20% where the Picea+Abies trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 5% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Larix pollen percentages vary from 5% to 20% where the Larix trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 5% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Betula pollen percentages are higher than 40% where the Betula trees are dominant in the communities" but less than 5% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Quercus pollen percentages are higher than 10% where the Quercus trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 1% where the parent plants sparse or absent. Carpinus pollen percentages vary from 5% to 15% where the Carpinus trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 1% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Populus pollen percentages are about 0-5% at pure Populus communities, but cannot be recorded easily where the Populus plants mixed with other trees in the communities. Juglans pollen accounts for 25% to 35% in the forest of Juglans mandshurica, but less than 1% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Pterocelis pollen percentages are less than 15% where the Pterocelis trees are dominant in the communities, but cannot be recorded easily where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Ulmus pollen percentages are more than 8% at Ulmus communities, but less than 1% where the Ulmus plants mixed with other trees in the communities. Vitex pollen percentages increase along with increasing of parent plant covers, but the maximum values are less than 10 %. Caragana pollen percentages are less than 20 % where the Caragana plant are dominant in the communities, and cannot be recorded easily where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Spiraea pollen percentages are less than 16 % where the Spiraea plant are dominant in the communities, and cannot be recorded easily where the parent plants are sparse or absent.The study on the relation of surface pollen assemblages with the modern climate shows that, in the axis 1 of DCA, surface samples scores have significant correlation with the average annual precipitations, and the highest determination coefficient (R2) is 0.8 for the fitting result of the third degree polynomial functions. In the axis 2 of DCA, the samples scores have significant correlation with the average annual temperatures, average July temperatures and average January temperatures, and the determination coefficient falls in 0.13-0.29 for the fitting result of the third degree polynomial functions with the highest determination coefficient for the average July temperature.The sensitivity of the different pollen taxa to climate change shows that some pollen taxa such as Pinus, Quercus, Carpinus, Juglans, Spiraea, Oleaceae, Gramineae, Tamariaceae and Ephedra are only sensitive to the change in precipitation.

Incorporating grape seed antioxidants into a functional food model

Gemstone Team IMMUNE (Innovative Medicines for Maladies Utilizing Nutraceutical Enhancements)

PIANO AS A PARTNER IN TWENTIETH­ CENTURY ART SONG REPERTOIRE: A RECORDING PROJECT

The piano's role in art song repertoire has evolved from a modest one during its formative years to the versatility, complexity and creativity found in the twentieth-century. The art song repertoire of the twentieth century is vast and has secured the reputation for being the most diverse, innovative, illustrative, atmospheric and colorful in all of art song literature. Within this time period, there are compositions that reach back to the romantic works of nineteenth century, others which combine old and new traditions, and finally those which adopt new means and new ends. In choosing the material for this project, I have focused on compositions with uniquely challenging and unusual piano accompaniments in order to achieve a balance between well- known and rarely performed works, as well as those pieces that combine various languages and styles. Selections range from Claude Debussy, Richard Strauss, Sergey Rachmaninoff, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Roger Quilter, Francis Poulenc, Fernando Obradors, and Joaquin Rodrigo to composers such as Samuel Barber, Marc Blitzstein, Dominick Argento, William Bolcom, and John Duke, including arrangements of traditional spirituals by Harry T. Burleigh and Florence B. Price, all of which helped to establish the American Art Song. My objective is to trace the development of the twentieth-century art song from the late Romantic Period through nationalistitrends to works which show the influences of jazz and folk elements. The two CD's for this dissertation recording project are available on compact discs which can be found in the Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (DRUM). The performers were Daniel Armstrong, baritone, Giles Herman, baritone, Thomas Glenn, tenor, Valerie Yinzant, soprano, Aaron Odom, tenor, Jennifer Royal, soprano, Kenneth Harmon, tenor, Karen Sorenson, soprano and Maxim Ivanov, baritone.

Identification of ML204, a novel potent antagonist that selectively modulates native TRPC4/C5 ion channels.

Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels are Ca(2+)-permeable nonselective cation channels implicated in diverse physiological functions, including smooth muscle contractility and synaptic transmission. However, lack of potent selective pharmacological inhibitors for TRPC channels has limited delineation of the roles of these channels in physiological systems. Here we report the identification and characterization of ML204 as a novel, potent, and selective TRPC4 channel inhibitor. A high throughput fluorescent screen of 305,000 compounds of the Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository was performed for inhibitors that blocked intracellular Ca(2+) rise in response to stimulation of mouse TRPC4ß by µ-opioid receptors. ML204 inhibited TRPC4ß-mediated intracellular Ca(2+) rise with an IC(50) value of 0.96 µm and exhibited 19-fold selectivity against muscarinic receptor-coupled TRPC6 channel activation. In whole-cell patch clamp recordings, ML204 blocked TRPC4ß currents activated through either µ-opioid receptor stimulation or intracellular dialysis of guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate (GTP?S), suggesting a direct interaction of ML204 with TRPC4 channels rather than any interference with the signal transduction pathways. Selectivity studies showed no appreciable block by 10-20 µm ML204 of TRPV1, TRPV3, TRPA1, and TRPM8, as well as KCNQ2 and native voltage-gated sodium, potassium, and calcium channels in mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. In isolated guinea pig ileal myocytes, ML204 blocked muscarinic cation currents activated by bath application of carbachol or intracellular infusion of GTP?S, demonstrating its effectiveness on native TRPC4 currents. Therefore, ML204 represents an excellent novel tool for investigation of TRPC4 channel function and may facilitate the development of therapeutics targeted to TRPC4.