Imaging features of ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative disease

Purpose To evaluate the imaging characteristics of a cohort of patients with ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative disease (OALD). Methods A noncomparative retrospective review between 1992 and 1995 and prospective study from 1995 to 2005 of the clinical, imaging and treatment of 105 patients presenting to tertiary orbital referral centre presenting with OALD. Results One hundred and five patients (mean age 61 years, range 11-90 years) with equal gender distribution were included. Fifty-three were primary and 52 were secondary. Computed tomography (CT) usually showed a well-circumscribed lesion of greater than brain density, moulding to adjacent tissues with moderate enhancement. Aggressive histology was associated with bone destruction, while moulding was associated with indolent histology (P < 0.005). MRI in OALD showed intermediate signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted images and moderate enhancement with gadolinium. Gallium scanning sensitivity to detect ocular adnexal disease was 25 and 57% for systemic involvement. Positron emission tomography (PET) upstaged (71%) of patients with systemic lymphoproliferative involvement, having a higher sensitivity than CT in detecting distant disease (86 vs 72%). Conclusions CT and/ or MRI are essential in the evaluation of OALD and can be used to establish that an orbital lesion may be lymphoprolifetaive in nature. Further, these imaging modalities may predict the behaviour of the lymphoma in certain cases. Gallium scanning provides no additional information to CT and does not influence patient treatment. PET represents an important addition to the assessment of OALD with real impact on patient management.

Pharmacological evaluation of an [I-123] labelled imidazopyridine-3-acetamide for the study of benzodiazepine receptors

In vitro binding of the iodinated imidazopyri dine, N',N'-dimethyl-6-methyl-(4'-[I-123]iodophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-acetamide [I-123]IZOL to benzodiazepine binding sites on brain cortex, adrenal and kidney membranes is reported. Saturation experiments showed that [I-123]IZOL, bound to a single class of binding site (n(H)=0.99) on adrenal and kidney mitochondrial membranes with a moderate affinity (K-d=30 nM). The density of binding sites was 22 +/- 6 and 1.2 +/- 0.4 pmol/mg protein on adrenal and kidney membranes, respectively. No specific binding was observed in mitochondrial-synaptosomal membranes of brain cortex. In biodistribution studies in rats, the highest uptake of [I-123]IZOL was found 30 min post injection in adrenals (7.5% ID/g), followed by heart, kidney, lung (1% ID/g) and brain (0.12% ID/g), consistent with the distribution of peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites. Pre-administration of unlabelled IZOL and the specific PBBS drugs, PK 11195 and Ro 5-4864 significantly reduced the uptake of [I-123]IZOL by 30% (p < 0.05) in olfactory bulbs and by 51-86% (p < 0.01) in kidney, lungs, heart and adrenals, while it increased by 30% to 50% (p < 0.01) in the rest of the brain and the blood. Diazepam, a mixed CBR-PBBS drug, inhibited the uptake in kidney, lungs, heart, adrenals and olfactory bulbs by 32% to 44% (p < 0.01) but with no effect on brain uptake and in blood concentration. Flumazenil, a central benzodiazepine drug and haloperidol (dopamine antagonist/sigma receptor drug) displayed no effect in [I-123]IZOL in peripheral organs and in the brain. [I-123]IZOL may deserve further development for imaging selectively peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Comparison between real-time three-dimensional echocardiography, T1-201 single photon emission computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the quantitative assessment of left ventricular volumes

Left ventricular (LV) volumes have important prognostic implications in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. We sought to examine the accuracy and reproducibility of real-time 3D echo (RT-3DE) compared to TI-201 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thirty (n = 30) patients (age 62±9 years, 23 men) with chronic ischemic heart disease underwent LV volume assessment with RT-3DE, SPECT, and MRI. Ano vel semi-automated border detection algorithmwas used by RT-3DE. End diastolic volumes (EDV) and end systolic volumes (ESV) measured by RT3DE and SPECT were compared to MRI as the standard of reference. RT-3DE and SPECT volumes showed excellent correlation with MRI (Table). Both RT- 3DE and SPECT underestimated LV volumes compared to MRI (ESV, SPECT 74±58 ml versus RT-3DE 95±48 ml versus MRI 96±54 ml); (EDV, SPECT 121±61 ml versus RT-3DE 169±61 ml versus MRI 179±56 ml). The degree of ESV underestimation with RT-3DE was not significant.

The relative impact of scar and viable tissue in predicting global left ventricular remodeling in medically treated patients

We sought to determine the relative impact of myocardial scar and viability on post-infarct left ventricular (LV) remodeling in medically-treated patients with LV dysfunction. Forty patients with chronic ischemic heart disease (age 64±9, EF 40±11%) underwent rest-redistribution Tl201 SPECT (scar = 50% transmural extent), A global index of scarring for each patient (CMR scar score) was calculated as the sum of transmural extent scores in all segts. LV end diastolic volumes (LVEDV) and LV end systolic volumes (LVESV) were measured by real-time threedimensional echo at baseline and median of 12 months follow-up. There was a significant positive correlation between change in LVEDV with number of scar segts by all three imaging techniques (LVEDV: SPECT scar, r = 0.62, p < 0.001; DbE scar, r = 0.57, p < 0.001; CMR scar, r = 0.52, p < 0.001) but change in LV volumes did not the correlate with number of viable segments. ROC curve analysis showed that remodeling (LVEDV> 15%) was predicted bySPECTscars(AUC= 0.79),DbEscars(AUC= 0.76),CMR scars (AUC= 0.70), and CMR scar score (AUC 0.72). There were no significant differences between any of the ROC curves (Z score

Reduction in scar thickness post myocardial infarction is secondary to increase in regional left ventricular volumes

We sought to determine the relative impact of myocardial scar and viability on post-infarct left ventricular (LV) remodeling in medically-treated patients with LV dysfunction. Forty patients with chronic ischemic heart disease (age 64±9, EF 40±11%) underwent rest-redistribution Tl201 SPECT (scar = 50% transmural extent), A global index of scarring for each patient (CMR scar score) was calculated as the sum of transmural extent scores in all segts. LV end diastolic volumes (LVEDV) and LV end systolic volumes (LVESV) were measured by real-time threedimensional echo at baseline and median of 12 months follow-up. There was a significant positive correlation between change in LVEDV with number of scar segts by all three imaging techniques (LVEDV: SPECT scar, r = 0.62, p < 0.001; DbE scar, r = 0.57, p < 0.001; CMR scar, r = 0.52, p < 0.001) but change in LV volumes did not the correlate with number of viable segments. ROC curve analysis showed that remodeling (LVEDV> 15%) was predicted bySPECTscars(AUC= 0.79),DbEscars(AUC= 0.76),CMR scars (AUC= 0.70), and CMR scar score (AUC 0.72). There were no significant differences between any of the ROC curves (Z score

Microspheres for liver radiomicrospheres therapy and planning

Liver cancer accounts for nearly 10% of all cancers in the US. Intrahepatic Arterial Radiomicrosphere Therapy (RMT), also known as Selective Internal Radiation Treatment (SIRT), is one of the evolving treatment modalities. Successful patient clinical outcomes require suitable treatment planning followed by delivery of the microspheres for therapy. The production and in vitro evaluation of various polymers (PGCD, CHS and CHSg) microspheres for a RMT and RMT planning are described. Microparticles with a 30±10 µm size distribution were prepared by emulsion method. The in vitro half-life of the particles was determined in PBS buffer and porcine plasma and their potential application (treatment or treatment planning) established. Further, the fast degrading microspheres (≤ 48 hours in vitro half-life) were labeled with 68Ga and/or 99mTc as they are suitable for the imaging component of treatment planning, which is the primary emphasis of this dissertation. Labeling kinetics demonstrated that 68Ga-PGCD, 68Ga-CHSg and 68Ga-NOTA-CHSg can be labeled with more than 95% yield in 15 minutes; 99mTc-PGCD and 99mTc-CHSg can also be labeled with high yield within 15-30 minutes. In vitro stability after four hours was more than 90% in saline and PBS buffer for all of them. Experiments in reconstituted hemoglobin lysate were also performed. Two successful imaging (RMT planning) agents were found: 99mTc-CHSg and 68Ga-NOTA-CHSg. For the 99mTc-PGCD a successful perfusion image was obtained after 10 minutes, however the in vivo degradation was very fast (half-life), releasing the 99mTc from the lungs. Slow degrading CHS microparticles (> 21 days half-life) were modified with p-SCN-b-DOTA and labeled with 90 Y for production of 90Y-DOTA-CHS. Radiochemical purity was evaluated in vitro and in vivo showing more than 90% stability after 72 and 24 hours respectively. All agents were compared to their respective gold standards (99mTc-MAA for 68Ga-NOTA-CHSg and 99m Tc-CHSg; 90Y-SirTEX for 90Y-DOTA-CHS) showing superior in vivo stability. RMT and RMT planning agents (Therapy, PET and SPECT imaging) were designed and successfully evaluated in vitro and in vivo.

Lesion detection performance: comparative analysis of low-dose CT data of the chest on two hybrid imaging systems

Incidental findings on low-dose CT images obtained during hybrid imaging are an increasing phenomenon as CT technology advances. Understanding the diagnostic value of incidental findings along with the technical limitations is important when reporting image results and recommending follow-up, which may result in an additional radiation dose from further diagnostic imaging and an increase in patient anxiety. This study assessed lesions incidentally detected on CT images acquired for attenuation correction on two SPECT/CT systems. Methods: An anthropomorphic chest phantom containing simulated lesions of varying size and density was imaged on an Infinia Hawkeye 4 and a Symbia T6 using the low-dose CT settings applied for attenuation correction acquisitions in myocardial perfusion imaging. Twenty-two interpreters assessed 46 images from each SPECT/CT system (15 normal images and 31 abnormal images; 41 lesions). Data were evaluated using a jackknife alternative free-response receiver-operating-characteristic analysis (JAFROC). Results: JAFROC analysis showed a significant difference (P < 0.0001) in lesion detection, with the figures of merit being 0.599 (95% confidence interval, 0.568, 0.631) and 0.810 (95% confidence interval, 0.781, 0.839) for the Infinia Hawkeye 4 and Symbia T6, respectively. Lesion detection on the Infinia Hawkeye 4 was generally limited to larger, higher-density lesions. The Symbia T6 allowed improved detection rates for midsized lesions and some lower-density lesions. However, interpreters struggled to detect small (5 mm) lesions on both image sets, irrespective of density. Conclusion: Lesion detection is more reliable on low-dose CT images from the Symbia T6 than from the Infinia Hawkeye 4. This phantom-based study gives an indication of potential lesion detection in the clinical context as shown by two commonly used SPECT/CT systems, which may assist the clinician in determining whether further diagnostic imaging is justified.

Development of radiotracers for nuclear imaging of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and the translocator protein in glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and fatal brain cancer that is associated with a number of diagnostic, therapeutic, and treatment monitoring challenges. At the time of writing, inhibition of a protein called poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in combination with chemotherapy was being investigated as a novel approach for the treatment of these tumours. However, human studies have encountered toxicity problems due to sub-optimal PARP-1 inhibitor and chemotherapeutic dosing regiments. Nuclear imaging of PARP-1 could help to address these issues and provide additional insight into potential PARP-1 inhibitor resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, nuclear imaging of the translocator protein (TSPO) could be used to improve GBM diagnosis, pre-surgical planning, and treatment monitoring as TSPO is overexpressed by GBM lesions in good contrast to surrounding brain tissue. To date, relatively few nuclear imaging radiotracers have been discovered for PARP-1. On the other hand, numerous tracers exist for TSPO many of which have been investigated in humans. However, these TSPO radiotracers suffer from either poor pharmacokinetic properties or high sensitivity to human TSPO polymorphism that can affect their binding to TSPO. Bearing in mind the above and the high attrition rates associated with advancement of radiotracers to the clinic, there is a need for novel radiotracers that can be used to image PARP-1 and TSPO. This thesis reports the pre-clinical discovery programme that led to the identification of two potent PARP-1 inhibitors, 4 and 17, that were successfully radiolabelled to generate the potential SPECT and PET imaging agents [123I]-4 and [18F]-17 respectively. Evaluation of these radiotracers in mice bearing subcutaneous human GBM xenografts using ex vivo biodistribution techniques revealed that the agents were retained in tumour tissue due to specific PARP-1 binding. This thesis also describes the pre-clinical in vivo evaluation of [18F]-AB5186, which is a novel radiotracer discovered previously within the research group with potential for PET imaging of TSPO. Using ex vivo autoradiography and PET imaging the agent was revealed to accumulate in intracranial human GBM tumour xenografts in good contrast to surrounding brain tissue, which was due to specific binding to TSPO. The in vivo data for all three radiolabelled compounds warrants further pre-clinical investigations with potential for clinical advancement in mind.

Presença de isquemia na cintigrafia de perfusão miocárdica na ausência de estenose coronária relevante

Problemática em estudo: A frequente ocorrência da ausência de estenose coronária relevante no procedimento de Hemodinâmica/Tomografia Axial Computorizada (TAC) coronária, em pacientes nos quais fora detectada a presença de isquemia na Cintigrafia de Perfusão Miocárdica (CPM). Objectivos: Particularizar o papel das técnicas nucleares convencionais, nomeadamente a Tomografia Computorizada por Emissão de Fotão Único (SPECT), no estudo da viabilidade do tecido miocárdico. Avaliar pacientes nos quais foi identificada a presença de isquemia no exame de SPECT cardíaco mas procedimento de Hemodinâmica/TAC coronária normal ou sem estenose relevante, para pesquisa de possíveis falsos-positivos da CPM. Elaborar um estudo populacional, que permita demonstrar a relação entre a incidência de falsos positivos e factores como o género, a idade, factores de risco (hipertensão arterial, diabetes, hipercolesterolemia e tabagismo) e as alterações mais relevantes nos exames complementares de diagnóstico aos quais foram sujeitos. Definir o prognóstico para estes doentes, comparando-os com pacientes com CPM normal. Metodologia: Contextualização bibliográfica do tema, seguida do levantamento de todas as CPM realizadas no 1º semestre de 2012, em doentes seguidos no Centro Hospitalar Cova da Beira (CHCB), e a identificação daquelas com resultados positivos para a presença de isquemia; comparação com os exames de Hemodinâmica e TAC coronária para a pesquisa de falsos-positivos. Recolha de informação relativa à idade, género, factores de risco, eventos cardíacos que tenham tido lugar até um ano após a realização da CPM, e outros exames efectuados por estes pacientes, tais como o Electrocardiograma (ECG) e o Ecocardiograma. Análise estatística descritiva e inferencial dos resultados obtidos de forma a estabelecer/descartar a existência de relações entre as variáveis em estudo. Comparação dos resultados obtidos em relação a um grupo de controlo, integrado por pacientes com CPM normal realizada no mesmo período, com a elaboração de uma proposta de prognóstico para os casos falsos-positivos. Material: A recolha de dados foi baseada na Tabela de Recolha de Dados, enviada em Anexo. Os processos consultados eram processos de natureza electrónica, acessíveis por computador, através do programa Sclínico, no Gabinete de Biblioteca e Documentação do CHCB. A análise estatística dos resultados obtidos foi realizada com recurso ao programa IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Para a caracterização da amostra recorreu-se à estatística descritiva, sendo analisadas as medidas de tendência central e de dispersão (média e desvio padrão), bem como a distribuição de frequências, quer absolutas, quer relativas. Seguiu-se a inferência estatística, com o intuito de verificar possíveis relações existentes entre as variáveis. Para isso foram utilizados testes paramétricos ou não paramétricos, adequados à amostra e hipóteses em estudo, nomeadamente o teste t de Student, com recurso ainda ao teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov com correcção de significância de Lilliefors e do teste de Levene. Foi ainda utilizado o teste Qui-Quadrado e, na ausência dos pressupostos para sua aplicação, recorreu-se ao teste exacto de Fisher. Resultados/Discussão: Foi estudada uma amostra total de 144 casos de pacientes submetidos a CPM. Desta amostra foram particularizados 2 grupos; um grupo de controlo (n=81) e um grupo de falsos positivos (n=13) e analisadas as principais diferenças entre estes 2 grupos, tendo em conta as variáveis anteriormente descritas. As principais diferenças, identificadas do ponto de vista da estatística descritiva, verificaram-se ao nível do tipo de stress (farmacológico; falsos positivos - 63.64%, grupo de controlo – 40.74%), factores de risco (hipercolesterolemia; falsos positivos - 53.85%, grupo de controlo – 29.63%), ECG (fibrose; falsos positivos - 16.67%, grupo de controlo – 0%), Ecocardiograma (alteração da contractilidade segmentar; falsos positivos - 33.33%, grupo de controlo – 14.86%) e em relação aos eventos cardíacos posteriores (falsos positivos - 7.69%; grupo de controlo - 4.94%). A estatística inferencial permitiu apenas estabelecer uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre a existência de fibrose no ECG e a ocorrência de falsos positivos. Conclusão: Este estudo permitiu concluir que, de uma forma puramente descritiva, os casos falsos positivos se verificam mais predominantemente numa faixa etária média de 73.69 anos, no género feminino, com a localização das lesões na CPM a ser mais frequente no apex e mais rara no septo interventricular. O stress descritivamente mais associado a estes casos foi o stress farmacológico, com uma fracção de ejecção igual ou superior a 50%, com dois factores de risco associados, sendo os mais prevalentes a hipertensão arterial (HTA) e a hipercolesterolemia, sendo no entanto, este último, o factor de risco mais diferenciador em relação aos restantes casos. A maioria dos casos, em termos descritivos, não apresenta alterações no ECG, mas a existirem, a que mais se verifica é a fibrose. Relativamente ao ecocardiograma, existe uma maior prevalência de casos nos quais se verificam alterações neste exame complementar de diagnóstico, sendo a hipertrofia das paredes e a alteração da contractilidade segmentar do VE as alterações mais importantes, sendo, no entanto, este último, o factor mais diferenciador/característico. A prevalência descritiva de eventos cardíacos, num período de tempo após um ano da realização da CPM, é reduzida nos casos falsos positivos, mas ainda assim, superior à verificada nos restantes casos, o que em termos comparativos pressupõe uma deterioração em termos de prognóstico para estes pacientes. A análise estatística inferencial dos resultados obtidos permitiu apenas uma correlação entre a existência de fibrose no ECG e a ocorrência de falsos positivos. A análise de uma população geral de maiores dimensões, que permitisse a identificação de um número de falsos positivos igual ou superior a 30, possibilitaria, muito provavelmente, uma maior relação entre as diferentes amostragens e, consequentemente, uma base estatística que permitisse a obtenção de conclusões mais sólidas, estabelecendo/descartando as relações entre as várias variáveis em estudo, sendo esta, uma importante premissa a ter em conta para estudos futuros.

Desenvolvimento de um modelo dosimétrico baseado em medidas de área

Os procedimentos médicos imagiológicos com recurso ao uso de radiações ionizantes têm vindo a crescer de ano para ano, contribuindo para um aumento da dose a que está exposta a população em geral. No entanto e apesar de os benefícios serem ainda superiores aos riscos, os princípios de radioproteção exigem que se tenha em linha de conta os cuidados com a proteção radiológica e que se pratiquem procedimentos seguros e com o mínimo de radiação possível. Isto é particularmente importante no caso da Medicina Nuclear (PET e SPECT), visto que a fonte de radiação é interna e continua a irradiar o doente mesmo depois de terminado o exame radiológico em causa. Nesse sentido, este projeto tem como principal objetivo criar um modelo dosimétrico com base em medidas de área retiradas do local de estudo, a fim de se conseguir prever a dose de radiação a que cada utilizador das instalações pode estar sujeito e ajudar a perceber os locais que determinado grupo de indivíduos (profissionais ou doentes) devem evitar. Para retirar as medidas de área foi usado um detetor de débito de dose RadEyeTM B20, que permite detetar com fiabilidade e rapidez taxas de dose de radiação alfa, beta, gama e X. Com recurso a este detetor, fez-se então uma aquisição metódica das medidas em pontos previamente marcados no piso 0 e no piso -1 do ICNAS, considerados os mais importantes pois é nestes que se realiza a circulação dos utentes. No entanto, a aquisição era só uma parte do projeto, visto que foi necessário depois inseri-los num algoritmo de simulação de Monte Carlo em conjunto com uma interface gráfica para se poder obter os cálculos de dose de exposição com uma interação simples e intuitiva com o utilizador. De acordo com as medidas de dose retiradas com recurso ao detetor utilizado, podemos verificar que os locais com mais radiação associada são no piso 0 a radiofarmácia, a sala de espera dos injetados e as salas das câmaras gama. No piso -1 os pontos considerados mais quentes em termos de radiação são a sala da PET/TC e as salas de espera dos doentes injetados. Com os dados retirados construiu-se uma base estatística adequada, sendo inserida num algoritmo construído para se conseguir criar o modelo de simulação para cálculo de doses para diversas trajetórias dos mais variados utilizadores das instalações do Instituto. Este modelo dosimétrico, criado a partir do estudo das medidas de dose retiradas nos pontos selecionados, pode vir a tornar-se útil visto que pode ser utilizado como uma ferramenta de simulação e por conseguinte, conseguir prever a quantidade de radiação a que cada indivíduo está sujeito quando percorrer os diversos locais nos diferentes pisos do ICNAS. Esta pode vir a ser usada em conjunto com as ferramentas de monitorização pessoal, contribuindo assim para reduzir o valor de dose ocupacional de cada utilizador.

Microspheres for Liver Radiomicrospheres Therapy and Planning

Liver cancer accounts for nearly 10% of all cancers in the US. Intrahepatic Arterial Radiomicrosphere Therapy (RMT), also known as Selective Internal Radiation Treatment (SIRT), is one of the evolving treatment modalities. Successful patient clinical outcomes require suitable treatment planning followed by delivery of the microspheres for therapy. The production and in vitro evaluation of various polymers (PGCD, CHS and CHSg) microspheres for a RMT and RMT planning are described. Microparticles with a 30±10 µm size distribution were prepared by emulsion method. The in vitro half-life of the particles was determined in PBS buffer and porcine plasma and their potential application (treatment or treatment planning) established. Further, the fast degrading microspheres (≤ 48 hours in vitro half-life) were labeled with 68Ga and/or 99mTc as they are suitable for the imaging component of treatment planning, which is the primary emphasis of this dissertation. Labeling kinetics demonstrated that 68Ga-PGCD, 68Ga-CHSg and 68Ga-NOTA-CHSg can be labeled with more than 95% yield in 15 minutes; 99mTc-PGCD and 99mTc-CHSg can also be labeled with high yield within 15-30 minutes. In vitro stability after four hours was more than 90% in saline and PBS buffer for all of them. Experiments in reconstituted hemoglobin lysate were also performed. Two successful imaging (RMT planning) agents were found: 99mTc-CHSg and 68Ga-NOTA-CHSg. For the 99mTc-PGCD a successful perfusion image was obtained after 10 minutes, however the in vivo degradation was very fast (half-life), releasing the 99mTc from the lungs. Slow degrading CHS microparticles (> 21 days half-life) were modified with p-SCN-b-DOTA and labeled with 90Y for production of 90Y-DOTA-CHS. Radiochemical purity was evaluated in vitro and in vivo showing more than 90% stability after 72 and 24 hours respectively. All agents were compared to their respective gold standards (99mTc-MAA for 68Ga-NOTA-CHSg and 99mTc-CHSg; 90Y-SirTEX for 90Y-DOTA-CHS) showing superior in vivo stability. RMT and RMT planning agents (Therapy, PET and SPECT imaging) were designed and successfully evaluated in vitro and in vivo.

Infección por virus sincitial respiratorio y su relación con valores de IGG en niños críticos

Antecedente: La infección por el virus sincitial respiratorio (VSR) representa una elevada morbimortalidad, y en algunos casos necesidad de manejo en unidades de cuidado intensivo pediátrico (UCIP). La respuesta inmunológica influye de manera directa en la expresión de la severidad y pronóstico de los pacientes con infección respiratoria. Metodología: Estudio de una cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes con infección respiratoria grave secundaria a VSR, sin historia de inmunodeficiencia, atendidos en la UCIP del Hospital Universitario Clínica San Rafael. Se realizó análisis descriptivoglobaly de acuerdo a la categorización de las prueba de IgG. Resultados: De 188 pacientes que ingresaron a la UCIP, 13% presentaron infección por VSR (24), con una edad promedio de 7,3 (DE=3,6) meses. Pertenecían al sexo masculino79,83%. Se encontró que 12,5% tenían un valor de IgGbajo para su edad, 58,33% tenían valores en límite inferior y el 29,17% dentro de rangos normales para su edad. En los pacientes con IgG baja, fue mayor la presentación de choque séptico que no responde a líquidos (100 vs 92 vs 86%), la mediana de días de ventilación mecánica fue mayor (8 vs 6 vs 5 respectivamente), así como la mortalidad (67 vs 7,1 vs 0%). Conclusión: Nuestra serie encontró que aquellos pacientes con niveles bajos o valores en el límite inferior de IgG sérica tuvieron mayor compromiso sistémico, mayor duración de ventilación mecánica y mayor mortalidad. Se necesitan estudios prospectivos que relaciones niveles bajos de IgG con severidad y pronostico en estos pacientes con infección grave por VSR.