Controle químico da antracnose do sorgo.

2009

O sorgo na alimentação humana.

2009

Identificación de QTL para dormición y análisis molecular de la interacción ABA-GAs en cariopses de sorgo granífero

El objetivo de esta tesis fue contribuir a la dilucidación de los mecanismos moleculares y genéticos que participan en la expresión de la dormición de semillas de cereales, utilizando Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench como sistema modelo. Para ello se utilizaron dos aproximaciones complementarias: la identificación de QTL para el carácter dormición y la evaluación de la ocurrencia de interacciones in vitro entre componentes de la señalización del ácido abscísico (ABA) y el catabolismo de las giberelinas (GAs), candidatos a tener un rol importante durante la expresión de la dormición en granos de sorgo inmaduros (i.e. antes de madurez fisiológica). Los resultados obtenidos permitieron identificar tres QTL (qDOR-5; qDOR-9 y qDOR-10) que explican una proporción de la variabilidad que se observa en el patrón de expresión de dormición de granos de sorgo maduros (i.e. después de madurez fisiológica). Un análisis in silico de las secuencias abarcadas por estos QTL mostró que ninguno ellos incluye genes considerados como candidatos para dormición de sorgo. En ese sentido, esta tesis aportó nuevas regiones genómicas que contienen genes hasta ahora desconocidos, que serían importantes en la expresión del carácter dormición en granos maduros. Por otra parte, los análisis de unión in vitro realizados mostraron que las proteínas SbABI4 y SbABI5 (componentes de la señalización del ABA) pueden interactuar de manera específica con el ABRC (complejo de respuesta al ABA) del promotor del gen SbGA2ox3, responsable de la degradación de giberelinas activas. Este mecanismo de cross-talk ABA-GAs podría ser uno de los responsables del mantenimiento de la dormición en cariopses inmaduros resistentes al brotado pre-cosecha. Más aún, el ABRC del promotor de SbGA2ox3, involucrado en las interacciones, se encontró además en los promotores de genes GA2ox de otras especies monocotiledóneas como Brachypodium y arroz (Oryza sativa), pero no así en las dicotiledóneas analizadas, sugiriendo que el cross-talk ABA-GAs podría tener lugar en otras especies además de sorgo. Los resultados de esta tesis en forma conjunta aportaron nuevas evidencias acerca del rol preponderante que tienen ciertas regiones del genoma o genes puntuales en la expresión de la dormición tanto en granos maduros como inmaduros de sorgo granífero.

Identificación de QTL para dormición y análisis molecular de la interacción ABA-GAs en cariopses de sorgo granífero

El objetivo de esta tesis fue contribuir a la dilucidación de los mecanismos moleculares y genéticos que participan en la expresión de la dormición de semillas de cereales, utilizando Sorghum bicolor (L.)Moench como sistema modelo. Para ello se utilizaron dos aproximaciones complementarias: la identificación de QTL para el carácter dormición y la evaluación de la ocurrencia de interacciones in vitro entre componentes de la señalización del ácido abscísico (ABA)y el catabolismo de las giberelinas (GAs), candidatos a tener un rol importante durante la expresión de la dormición en granos de sorgo inmaduros (i.e. antes de madurez fisiológica). Los resultados obtenidos permitieron identificar tres QTL (qDOR-5; qDOR-9 y qDOR-10)que explican una proporción de la variabilidad que se observa en el patrón de expresión de dormición de granos de sorgo maduros (i.e. después de madurez fisiológica). Un análisis in silico de las secuencias abarcadas por estos QTL mostró que ninguno ellos incluye genes considerados como candidatos para dormición de sorgo. En ese sentido, esta tesis aportó nuevas regiones genómicas que contienen genes hasta ahora desconocidos, que serían importantes en la expresión del carácter dormición en granos maduros. Por otra parte, los análisis de unión in vitro realizados mostraron que las proteínas SbABI4 y SbABI5 (componentes de la señalización del ABA)pueden interactuar de manera específica con el ABRC (complejo de respuesta al ABA)del promotor del gen SbGA2ox3, responsable de la degradación de giberelinas activas. Este mecanismo de cross-talk ABA-GAs podría ser uno de los responsables del mantenimiento de la dormición en cariopses inmaduros resistentes al brotado pre-cosecha. Más aún, el ABRC del promotor de SbGA2ox3, involucrado en las interacciones, se encontró además en los promotores de genes GA2ox de otras especies monocotiledóneas como Brachypodium y arroz (Oryza sativa), pero no así en las dicotiledóneas analizadas, sugiriendo que el cross-talk ABA-GAs podría tener lugar en otras especies además de sorgo. Los resultados de esta tesis en forma conjunta aportaron nuevas evidencias acerca del rol preponderante que tienen ciertas regiones del genoma o genes puntuales en la expresión de la dormición tanto en granos maduros como inmaduros de sorgo granífero.

Root-induced increases in soil pH and nutrient availability to field-grown cereals and legumes on acid sandy soils of Sudano-Sahelian West Africa

A field experiment with millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and groundnut (Arachnis hypogeae L.) was conducted on severely P-deficient acid sandy soils of Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso to measure changes in pH and nutrient availability as affected by distance from the root surface and by mineral fertiliser application. Treatments included three rates of phosphorus (P) and four levels of nitrogen (N) application. Bulk, rhizosphere and rhizoplane soils were sampled at 35, 45 and 75 DAS in 1997 and at 55 and 65 DAS in 1998. Regardless of the cropping system and level of mineral fertiliser applied, soil pH consistently increased between 0.7 and two units from the bulk soil to the rhizoplane of millet. Similar pH gradients were observed in cowpea, but pH changes were much smaller in sorghum with a difference of only 0.3 units. Shifts in pH led to large increases in nutrient availability close to the roots. Compared with the bulk soil, available P in the rhizoplane was between 190 and 270% higher for P-Bray and between 360 and 600% higher for P-water. Exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) levels were also higher in the millet rhizoplane than in the bulk soil, whereas exchangeable aluminium (Al) levels decreased with increasing pH close to the root surface. The results suggest an important role of root-induced pH increases for crops to cope with acidity-induced nutrient deficiency and Al stress of soils in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa.

Mechanisms of residue mulch-induced cereal growth increases in West Africa

The use of crop residues (CR) has been widely reported as a means of increasing crop yields across West Africa. However, little has been done to compare the magnitude and mechanisms of CR effects systematically in the different agro-ecological zones of the region. To this end, a series of field trials with millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and maize (Zea mays L.) was conducted over a 4-yr period in the Sahelian, Sudanian, and Guinean zones of West Africa. Soils ranged in pH from 4.1 to 5.4 along a rainfall gradient from 510 to 1300 mm. Treatments in the factorial experiments were three CR rates (0,500, and 2000 kg ha^-1)and several levels of phosphorus and nitrogen. The results showed CR-induced total dry matter (TDM) increases in cereals up to 73% for the Sahel compared with a maximum of 16% in the wetter Sudanian and Guinean zones. Residue effects on weakly buffered Sahelian soils were due to improved P availability and to a protection of seedlings against wind erosion. Additional effects of CR mulching on topsoil properties in the Sahel were a decrease in peak temperatures by 4°C and increased water availability. These mulch effects on soil chemical and physical properties strongly decreased from North to South. Likely explanations for this decrease are the decline of dust deposition and wind erosion hazards, the higher soil clay content, lower air temperature, and a faster decomposition rate of mulch material with increasing rainfall from the Sahel to the Sudanian and Guinean zones.

Effects of fertility management strategies on phosphorus bioavailability in four West African soils

Low phosphorus (P) in acid sandy soils of the West African Sudano-Sahelian zone is a major limitation to crop growth. To compare treatment effects on total dry matter (TDM) of crops and plant available P (P-Bray and isotopically exchangeable P), field experiments were carried out for 2 years at four sites where annual rainfall ranged from 560 to 850 mm and topsoil pH varied between 4.2 and 5.6. Main treatments were: (i) crop residue (CR) mulch at 500 and 2000 kg ha^-1, (ii) eight different rates and sources of P and (iii) cereal/legume rotations including millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorhum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). For the two Sahelian sites with large CR-induced differences in TDM, mulching did not modify significantly the soils' buffering capacity for phosphate ions but led to large increases in the intensity factor (C_p) and quantity of directly available soil P (E_1min). In the wetter Sudanian zone lacking effects of CR mulching on TDM mirrored a decline of E_1min with CR. Broadcast application of soluble single superphosphate (SSP) at 13 kg P ha^-1 led to large increases in C_p and quantity of E_1min at all sites which translated in respective TDM increases. The high agronomic efficiency of SSP placement (4 kg P ha^-1) across sites could be explained by consistent increases in the quantity factor which confirms the power of the isotopic exchange method in explaining management effects on crop growth across the region.

Efficient phosphorus application strategies for increased crop production in sub-Saharan West Africa

Comparable data are lacking from the range of environments found in sub-Saharan West Africa to draw more general conclusions about the relative merits of locally available rockphosphate (RockP) in alleviating phosphorus (P) constraints to crop growth. To fill this gap, a multi-factorial field experiment was conducted over 4 years at eight locations in Niger, Burkina Faso and Togo. These ranged in annual rainfall from 510 to 1300 mm. Crops grown were pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and maize (Zea mays L.) either continuously or in rotation with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Crops were subjected to six P fertiliser treatments comprising RockP and soluble P at different rates and combined with 0 and 60 kg N ha^-1. For legumes, time trend analyses showed P-induced total dry matter (TDM) increases between 28 and 72% only with groundnut. Similarly, rotation-induced raises in cereal TDM compared to cereal monoculture were only observed with groundnut. For cereals, at the same rate of application, RockP was comparable to single superphosphate (SSP) only at two millet sites with topsoil pH-KCl <4.2 and annual average rainfall >600 mm. Across the eight sites NPK placement at 0.4 g P per hill raised average cereal yields between 26 and 220%. This was confirmed in 119 on-farm trials revealing P placement as a promising strategy to overcome P deficiency as the regionally most growth limiting nutrient constraint to cereals.

Cereal/legume rotation effects on rhizosphere bacterial community structure in West African soils

The increased use of cereal/legume crop rotation has been advocated as a strategy to increase cereal yields of subsistence farmers in West Africa, and is believed to promote changes in the rhizosphere that enhance early plant growth. In this study we investigated the microbial diversity of the rhizoplane from seedlings grown in two soils previously planted to cereal or legume from experimental plots in Gaya, Niger, and Kaboli, Togo. Soils from these legume rotation and continuous cereal plots were placed into containers and sown in a growth chamber with maize (Zea mays L.), millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). At 7 and 14 days after sowing, 16S rDNA profiles of the eubacterial and ammoniaoxidizing communities from the rhizoplane and bulk soil were generated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Community profiles were subjected to peak fitting analyses to quantify the DNA band position and intensities, after which these data were compared using correspondence and principal components analysis. The data showed that cropping system had a highly significant effect on community structure (p <0.005), irrespective of plant species or sampling time. Continuous cereal-soil grown plants had highly similar rhizoplane communities across crop species and sites, whereas communities from the rotation soil showed greater variability and clustered with respect to plant species. Analyses of the ammonia-oxidizing communities provided no evidence of any effects of plant species or management history on ammonia oxidizers in soil from Kaboli, but there were large shifts with respect to this group of bacteria in soils from Gaya. The results of these analyses show that crop rotation can cause significant shifts in rhizosphere bacterial communities.

Aplicação de zinco via sementes e seu efeito na germinação, nutrição e desenvolvimento inicial do sorgo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de zinco em sementes de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) na nutrição, na germinação e no desenvolvimento inicial das plantas, em casa de vegetação. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado dos tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 2x5, duas cultivares de sorgo (BR 304 e BR 310) e cinco doses de Zn (0, 3,57, 7,14, 14,28 e 28,56 g de Zn por kg de sementes), com três repetições. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de germinação (tempo médio, média diária e a velocidade), e 28 dias depois da semeadura, determinou-se a massa da matéria seca e os teores de Zn na parte aérea e nas raízes. A aplicação de Zn nas sementes de sorgo não afetou o acúmulo de matéria seca da parte aérea, entretanto, diminuiu a germinação e o acúmulo de matéria seca das raízes e da planta inteira. O Zn aplicado nas sementes de sorgo acumulou-se principalmente nas raízes. A cultivar BR 304 apresentou maior absorção de Zn e acúmulo de matéria seca, em relação à cultivar BR 310.

Aspectos biológicos e dano de Diatraea saccharalis (fabr., 1794) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) em sorgo cultivado sob diferentes doses de nitrogênio e potássio

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da adubação da cultura do sorgo Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, na biologia da broca da cana-de-açúcar Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr., 1794) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Para isso foi utilizado sorgo da cultivar Rubi-Asgrow, plantado em vasos utilizando-se diferentes doses de fertilizantes e mantidos em casa-de-vegetação. Os tratamentos utilizados (doses de NK) foram: N1 = 0-200 ppm; N2 = 50-200 ppm; N3 = 100-200 ppm; N4 = 200-200 ppm; N5 = 400-200 ppm; K1 = 200-0 ppm; K2 = 200-50 ppm; K3 = 200-100 ppm; K4 = 200-200 ppm; e K5 = 200-400 ppm. de modo geral, pode-se concluir que doses de 50 a 200 ppm de N promoveram o desenvolvimento normal das larvas de D. saccharalis, sendo que as menores porcentagens de dano foram verificadas nas menores doses; para o potássio, quanto maior a dose, menor foi o dano causado pelas lagartas, apesar de favorecer o desenvolvimento da mesma.

Consorciação e plantas daninhas afetando a produtividade e a qualidade de sementes de sorgo

This research aimed to study competition effects of legumes intercropping and weeds on seeds yield and quality of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. The experiment was carried out in a Rhodic Nitisol, under field condition in Botucatu region, São Paulo State, Brazil. Ten treatments were tested: sorghum (cv. A-6304) intercropped with Dolichos lablab L., Mucuna aterrima (Piper et Tracy) Holland, Canavalia ensiformis D. C. or Crotalaria juncea L., that were sown in the same time of sorghum or 20 days after the sorghum sowing, and sorghum weed-free and sorghum without weeding. The experimental design employed was the completely randomized blocks with four replications. There were evaluated sorghum seeds yield and some characteristcs of seed quality: purity, hectolitric weight, 1000 seeds weight, insect infestation, germination and vigor (by first counting of germination test and accelerated ageing test). The competition caused by legumes intercropping and weeds affected the yield and the physical and physiological characteristics of sorghum seeds, but the intensity of prejudicial effects depended on the time and the species of legume intercropping.

Decomposição e liberação de nitrogênio de resíduos culturais de plantas de cobertura em um solo de cerrado

A produção de massa seca, a taxa de decomposição e a liberação de nitrogênio (N) foram avaliadas em um experimento com sete tipos de cobertura vegetal: milheto pérola (Pennisetum americanum sin. tiphoydes), braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha), sorgo forrageiro (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), crotalária juncea (Crotalarea juncea) e aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb), em pousio e em área de cultivo convencional (testemunha), em solo de cerrado, em Uberaba, região do Triângulo Mineiro. Dentre as coberturas avaliadas, o milheto e a crotalária foram as que apresentaram a maior produção de massa seca, maior acúmulo e a maior liberação de N. A braquiária foi a cobertura que apresentou a maior taxa de decomposição. Todas as coberturas apresentaram a maior taxa de liberação de N até 42 dias após dessecação.

Carbohydrate Composition and Water-Stable Aggregation of an Oxisol as Affected by Crop Sequence under No-Till

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Crop type influences soil aggregation and organic matter under no-tillage

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)