Controlo preditivo distribuído para conforto térmico em edifícios

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica Ramo de Automação e Electrónica Industrial

Structural modification of TiO2 nanorod films with an influence on the photovoltaic efficiency of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC).

TiO2 nanorod films have been deposited on ITO substrates by dc reactive magnetron sputtering technique. The structures of these nanorod films were modified by the variation of the oxygen pressure during the sputtering process. Although all these TiO2 nanorod films deposited at different oxygen pressures show an anatase structure, the orientation of the nanorod films varies with the oxygen pressure. Only a very weak (101) diffraction peak can be observed for the TiO2 nanorod film prepared at low oxygen pressure. However, as the oxygen pressure is increased, the (220) diffraction peak appears and the intensity of this diffraction peak is increased with the oxygen pressure. The results of the SEM show that these TiO2 nanorods are perpendicular to the ITO substrate. At low oxygen pressure, these sputtered TiO2 nanorods stick together and have a dense structure. As the oxygen pressure is increased, these sputtered TiO2 nanorods get separated gradually and have a porous structure. The optical transmittance of these TiO2 nanorod films has been measured and then fitted by OJL model. The porosities of the TiO2 nanorod films have been calculated. The TiO2 nanorod film prepared at high oxygen pressure shows a high porosity. The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been assembled using these TiO2 nanorod films prepared at different oxygen pressures as photoelectrode. The optimum performance was achieved for the DSSC using the TiO2 nanorod film with the highest (220) diffraction peak and the highest porosity.

Effects of sulphurization time on Cu2ZnSnS4 absorbers and thin films solar cells obtained from metallic precursors

We report the results of a study of the sulphurization time effects on Cu2ZnSnS4 absorbers and thin film solar cells prepared from dc-sputtered tackedmetallic precursors. Three different time intervals, 10 min, 30min and 60 min, at maximum sulphurization temperature were considered. The effects of this parameter' change were studied both on the absorber layer properties and on the final solar cell performance. The composition, structure, morphology and thicknesses of the CZTS layers were analyzed. The electrical characterization of the absorber layer was carried out by measuring the transversal electrical resistance of the samples as a function of temperature. This study shows an increase of the conductivity activation energy from 10 meV to 54meV for increasing sulphurization time from 10min to 60min. The solar cells were built with the following structure: SLG/Mo/CZTS/CdS/i-ZnO/ZnO:Al/Ni:Al grid. Several ac response equivalent circuit models were tested to fit impedance measurements. The best results were used to extract the device series and shunt resistances and capacitances. Absorber layer's electronic properties were also determined using the Mott–Schottky method. The results show a decrease of the average acceptor doping density and built-in voltage, from 2.0 1017 cm−3 to 6.5 1015 cm−3 and from 0.71 V to 0.51 V, respectively, with increasing sulphurization time. These results also show an increase of the depletion region width from approximately 90 nm–250 nm.

Admittance spectroscopy of Cu2ZnSnS4 based thin film solar cells

In this report, we propose an AC response equivalent circuit model to describe the admittance measurements of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film solar cell grown by sulphurization of stacked metallic precursors. This circuit describes the contact resistances, the back contact, and the heterojunction with two trap levels. The study of the back contact resistance allowed the estimation of a back contact barrier of 246 meV. The analysis of the trap series with varying temperature revealed defect activation energies of 45 meV and 113 meV. The solar cell’s electrical parameters were obtained from the J-V curve: conversion efficiency, 1.21%; fill factor, 50%; open circuit voltage, 360 mV; and short circuit current density, 6.8 mA/cm2.

Planeamento de curto prazo de sistemas de energia solar usando técnicas de otimização robusta

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica

Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells prepared with sulphurized dc-sputtered stacked metallic precursors

In the present work we report the details of the preparation and characterization results of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) based solar cells. The CZTS absorber was obtained by sulphurization of dc magnetron sputtered Zn/Sn/Cu precursor layers. The morphology, composition and structure of the absorber layer were studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering. The majority carrier type was identified via a hot point probe analysis. The hole density, space charge region width and band gap energy were estimated from the external quantum efficiency measurements. A MoS2 layer that formed during the sulphurization process was also identified and analyzed in this work. The solar cells had the following structure: soda lime glass/Mo/CZTS/CdS/i-ZnO/ZnO:Al/Al grid. The best solar cell showed an opencircuit voltage of 345 mV, a short-circuit current density of 4.42 mA/cm2, a fill factor of 44.29% and an efficiency of 0.68% under illumination in simulated standard test conditions: AM 1.5 and 100 mW/cm2.

Growth and characterization of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin films for solar cells

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) and Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) with their band gap energies around 1.45 eV and 1.0 eV, respectively, can be used as the absorber layer in thin film solar cells. By using a mixture of both compounds, Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe), a band gap tuning may be possible. The latter material has already shown promising results such as solar cell efficiencies up to 10.1%. In this work, CZTSSe thin films were grown in order to study its structure and to establish the best growth precursors. SEM micrographs reveal an open columnar structure for most samples and EDS composition profiling of the cross sections show different selenium gradients. X-ray diffractograms show different shifts of the kesterite/stannite (1 1 2) peak, which indicate the presence of CZTSSe. From Raman scattering analysis, it was concluded that all samples had traces of CZTS and CZTSSe. The composition of the CZTSSe layer was estimated using X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering and both results were compared. It was concluded that Se diffused more easily in precursors with ternary Cu–Sn–S phases and metallic Zn than in precursors with ZnS and/or CZTS already formed. It was also showed that a combination of X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering can be used to estimate the ratio of S per Se in CZTSSe samples.

Contribuição do isolamento térmico para o aumento da eficiência energética em edifícios

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Reabilitação de edifícios com novas tendências NZEB: caso de estudo: edifício de serviços em Setúbal

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Projecto de verificação do comportamento térmico de um edifício de habitação: análise e comparação de resultados obtidos com recurso a duas ferramentas de cálculo

O trabalho de projecto desenvolvido tem por objectivo a análise dos resultados obtidos na verificação térmica de edifícios aquando da utilização de programas de cálculo automático. Para o efeito, foram escolhidos dois edifícios unifamiliares com características distintas, tentando que fossem abrangidas o máximo de situações diferentes. Neste projecto foram avaliados sobretudo dois aspectos: quantificação das áreas e desenvolvimentos dos elementos da envolvente dos edifícios em estudo e cálculo dos coeficientes de transmissão térmica superficial e linear dos elementos construtivos. Com base neste trabalho, pode-se promover uma melhoria dos programas de cálculo automático no mercado, de modo a assegurar uma maior qualidade dos projectos de edifícios e consequente reflexo na qualidade da construção civil futura. Por último, apresentam-se as conclusões e possibilidades de desenvolvimento de trabalhos futuros.

Bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells: a strategy to enhance overall efficiency based on transparent polyaniline electrode

Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a promising solution to global energy and environmental problems because of its clean, low-cost, high efficiency, good durability, and easy fabrication. However, enhancing the efficiency of the DSSC still is an important issue. Here we devise a bifacial DSSC based on a transparent polyaniline (PANI) counter electrode (CE). Owing to the sunlight irradiation simultaneously from the front and the rear sides, more dye molecules are excited and more carriers are generated, which results in the enhancement of short-circuit current density and therefore overall conversion efficiency. The photoelectric properties of PANI can be improved by modifying with 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP). The bifacial DSSC with 4-ATP/PANI CE achieves a light-to-electric energy conversion efficiency of 8.35%, which is increased by ,24.6% compared to the DSSC irradiated from the front only. This new concept along with promising results provides a new approach for enhancing the photovoltaic performances of solar cells.

Conforto Térmico em Meio Hospitalar: o caso do Serviço de Esterilização.

Os hospitais constituem locais de trabalho bastante peculiares, concebidos quase exclusivamente em função das necessidades dos utentes, proporcionando aos seus trabalhadores condições laborais precárias. Os parâmetros especificados na legislação nacional respeitantes ao ambiente térmico, cingem-se aos valores de temperatura, humidade e velocidade do ar recomendados pelo DL nº 243/86 de 20 de Agosto e DL nº 79/2006 de 4 de Abril,respectivamente. Para além da conformidade legal dos parâmetros térmicos, este trabalho teve como objectivo determinar índices de conforto térmico, sensações e preferências, a partir de um estudo de campo efectuado no Serviço de Esterilização duma Unidade Hospitalar do Porto, durante os meses de Julho e Agosto de 2010. A determinação e interpretação analítica do conforto térmico, foi efectuada com base nos pressupostos das normas ISO 7726:1998, ISO 8996:2004 e ISO 7730:2005. Complementarmente aplicou-se um questionário para aferir as variáveis subjectivas, baseado na norma ISO 10551:1995. Verificou-se que os valores de humidade do ar obtidos durante a semana se enquadraram na gama de valores recomendados (50 a 70%). No que se refere à temperatura, os valores encontrados foram superiores ao recomendado (18 a 22ºC). No que respeita à velocidade do ar os valores obtidos ultrapassaram em certas ocasiões os 0,2 m/s recomendados. Relativamente aos índices de conforto, o PMV e o PPD ultrapassaram em alguns períodos da semana a gama recomendada de -0,5 a +0,5 e <10%, respectivamente. A aplicação do questionário permitiu verificar que no início do turno (44,7%) dos trabalhadores se sentia "confortável". Relativamente às preferências térmicas, no mesmo período a maioria dos trabalhadores questionados (39,7%) preferiam que o ambiente mantivesse as mesmas condições. No final do turno as sensações e preferências térmicas foram similares. Concluiu-se que eventualmente os índices PMV/PPD poderão ser inadequados para aferir a sensações de conforto em ambiente hospitalar.

Energia solar fotovoltaica: contributo para um roadmapping do seu desenvolvimento tecnológico

Trabalho realizado sob orientação do Prof. António Brandão Moniz para a disciplina “Sócio-Economia da Inovação” do Mestrado Engenharia Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e Computadores realizado na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa (Portugal)

Detecção e quantificação automática da actividade solar

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores