Ascariasis in the subdistrict of Cavacos, municipality of Alterosa (MG), Brazil: effect of mass treatment with albendazole on the intensity of infection

The clinical and epidemiologic aspects of infection with Ascaris lumbricoides were studied in a random stratified sample of the population of the subdistrict of Cavacos, municipality of Alterosa (Minas Gerais, Brazil). The effect of mass treatment with a single dose of albendazole on the prevalence and intensity of infection was also studied six months later in the same population. During the first phase of the study, a questionnaire was applied to 248 individuals to obtain information about the socioeconomic, sanitary and clinical conditions of the population surveyed. A total of 230 fecal samples were also examined by the Kato-Katz technique in order to determine the intensity of A. lumbricoides infection. Two hundred and two individuals were simultaneously submitted to blood counts and 70 children aged 12 years or less were evaluated for nutritional status. The presence of A. lumbricoides and other helminth eggs was also determined in 22 soil samples collected in the urban zone of Cavacos. Infection with enteroparasitic helminths was detected in 29.1% of the sample, with a predominance of A. lumbricoides (23.9%). Parasitism and/or intensity of A. lumbricoides infection were significantly correlated with age range (15 years or less), social class, sanitary and living conditions (water, sewage and domiciliary area per person), and presence of abdominal pain. However, these parameters were not correlated with nutritional status or hematocrit levels. During the second phase of the study, a slight but not statistically significant decrease in the prevalence of A. lumbricoides infection was detected after treatment with albendazole. However, an important and significant reduction in the amount of A. lumbricoides eggs eliminated through the feces was detected, indicating that the intensity of A. lumbricoides infection was lower in all the age ranges of the Cavacos population, especially among younger individuals, even six months after administration of the anthelminthic agent.

Water-contact patterns and risk factors for Schistosoma mansoni infection in a rural village of Northeast Brazil

Schistosomiasis mansoni in the Serrano village, municipality of Cururupu, state of Maranhão, Brazil, is a widely spread disease. The PECE (Program for the Control of Schistosomiasis), undertaken since 1979 has reduced the prevalence of S. mansoni infection and the hepatosplenic form of the disease. Nevertheless piped water is available in 84% of the households, prevalence remains above 20%. In order to identify other risk factors responsible for the persistence of high prevalence levels, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in a systematic sample of 294 people of varying ages. Socioeconomic, environmental and demographic variables, and water contact patterns were investigated. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed by the Kato-Katz technique. Prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 24.1%, higher among males (35.5%) and between 10-19 years of age (36.6%). The risk factors identified in the univariable analysis were water contacts for vegetable extraction (Risk Ratio - RR = 2.92), crossing streams (RR = 2.55), bathing (RR = 2.35), fishing (RR = 2.19), hunting (RR = 2.17), cattle breeding (RR = 2.04), manioc culture (RR = 1.90) and leisure (RR = 1.56). After controlling for confounding variables by proportional hazards model the risks remained higher for males, vegetable extraction, bathing in rivers and water contact in rivers or in periodically inundated parts of riverine woodland (swamplands)

SCHISTOSOMIASIS MANSONI IN THE "BAIXADA OCIDENTAL MARANHENSE", STATE OF MARANHÃO, BRAZIL: CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES PERFORMED IN 1987 AND 1993

A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of schistosomiasis mansoni in three sites of the "Baixada Ocidental Maranhense" was carried out in 1993 in: Alegre (in the municipality of São Bento), Aliança (in Cururupu) and Coroatá II (in the municipality of São João Batista). Results were compared to those of another study performed at the same sites and in similar conditions, in 1987. The entire population of the three sites, with few exceptions, was submitted to fecal tests using the Kato-Katz method and immediate intradermal tests for schistosomiasis in both studies. Subjects with positive results in one of these tests were clinically evaluated by a physical examination. In 1993, the total of 827 subjects were submitted to fecal examination and 826 to intradermal test. Schistosoma mansoni eggs were found in the feces of 154 (18.6%) subjects, while 478 (57.9%) subjects presented a positive intradermal test. Stool examination was carried out in 367 subjects in Alegre with a positivity rate of 14.9%; the intradermal test, performed in 366 subjects, was positive in 47.5% of the cases. In Aliança, 277 subjects had their feces examined and were submitted to an intradermal test, with a positivity rate of 34.4% and 70.7%, respectively. Finally in Coroatá II, 183 inhabitants submitted to fecal and intradermal tests had positivity rates of 2.2% and 59.0%, respectively. When the present data were compared to those obtained in the survey performed in 1987, a significant decrease in the prevalence of infection by S. mansoni was observed in Alegre and Coroatá II, and a prevalence increase in Aliança.

DETECTION OF IgM ANTIBODIES TO Schistosoma mansoni GUT-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS FOR THE STUDY OF THE DYNAMICS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS TRANSMISSION IN AN ENDEMIC AREA WITH LOW WORM BURDEN

For a period of 2 years, five follow-up measures of prevalence and incidence rates were estimated in a prospective study of S. mansoni infection in a group of schoolchildren who were living in a rural area of the Municipality of Itariri (São Paulo, Brazil), where schistosomiasis is transmitted by Biomphalaria tenagophila. Infection was determined by the examination of three Kato-Katz stool slides, and the parasitological findings were analyzed in comparison to serological data. In the five surveys, carried out at 6-month intervals (March-April and September-October), the prevalences were, respectively, 8.6, 6.8, 9.9, 5.8 and 17.2% by the Kato-Katz, and 56.5, 52.6, 60.8, 53.5 and 70.1% by the immunofluorescence test (IFT). Geometric mean egg counts were low: 57.8, 33.0, 35.6, 47.3 and 40.9 eggs per gram of feces, respectively. Of the total of 299 schoolchildren, who submitted five blood samples at 6-month intervals, one for each survey, 40% were IFT-positive throughout the study, and 22% were IFT-negative in all five surveys. Seroconversion from IFT negative to positive, indicating newly acquired S. mansoni infection, was observed more frequently in surveys carried out during March-April (after Summer holidays), than during September-October. Seasonal trends were not statistically significant for detection of S. mansoni eggs in stool. The results indicate that the use of IgM-IFT is superior to parasitological methods for detection of incidence of S. mansoni infection in areas with low worm burden.

RE-EVALUATION OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS MANSONI IN MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL. III. "NOROESTE DE MINAS" MESOREGION

This study was conducted to assess the presence of schistosomiasis mansoni in the "Noroeste de Minas" mesoregion, an area considered non-endemic. A malacologic survey and parasitologic stool examinations were undertaken in 13 municipalities of the mesoregion. A sample of 3,283 primary school students was submitted to fecal examination by the Kato-Katz method. A total of 3,627 planorbids was collected and examined. The molluscs were identified as Biomphalaria straminea in seven municipalities (Unaí, Bonfinópolis de Minas, Paracatu, João Pinheiro, Vazante, Lagamar and Lagoa Grande) and as Biomphalaria peregrina in one (Presidente Olegário). All planorbids were negative for Schistosoma mansoni. Four students were diagnosed with schistosomiasis in the municipalities of Buritis, Formoso, Paracatu and Unaí, but none of these cases was considered autochthonous. The data obtained indicate that the "Noroeste de Minas" mesoregion continues to be non-endemic for schistosomiasis mansoni, although the presence of intermediate hosts associated with parasitized individuals emphasizes the need for epidemiological surveillance of schistosomiasis in this mesoregion.

Impact of antihelminthic treatment on infection by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms in Covas, a rural community of Pernambuco, Brazil

This work aims to evaluate the impact of drug treatment on infection by Ascaris lumbricoides (Al), Trichuris trichiura (Tt) and hookworms (Hook) in a rural community from the sugar-cane zone of Pernambuco, Brazil. Four parasitological surveys were carried out from March 2001 to March 2002. Individual diagnosis was based on eight slides (four by the Kato-Katz method and four by the Hoffman method) per survey. Infected subjects were assigned to two groups for treatment with either albendazole (n = 62) or mebendazole (n = 57). Prevalence of infection fell significantly (p < 0.05) one month after treatment: Al (from 47.7% to 6.6%); Tt (from 45.7% to 31.8%) and Hook (from 47.7% to 24.5%). One year after treatment, infections by Tt and Hook remained significantly below pre-control levels. A substantial decrease in single-infection cases and multiple infections was found. Egg-negative rate was significant for Al (94.0%), Hook (68.3%) but not for Tt (45.5%), and did not differ significantly between subjects treated with mebendazole or albendazole. Egg counts fell significantly in the individuals remaining positive for Tt. It is recommended that antihelminthic treatment should be selective and given at yearly intervals preferably with albendazole, due to its cost-effectiveness.

Giardia lamblia and other intestinal parasitic infections and their relationships with nutritional status in children in Brazilian Amazon

The objective of this survey was to assess the relationships between intestinal parasitism, nutritional status and hemoglobin level in children with Indian ascendancy living in an urban area in Brazilian Amazon. We carried out a cross-sectional survey obtaining anthropometric, parasitological and socioeconomic data, and hemoglobin measurements of children aged six to 84 months. Anthropometric data were expressed as z-scores for weight for age (WAZ), height for age (HAZ), weight for height (WHZ) and mid upper circumference for age (MUACZ) parameters. Parasitological examinations were performed through Ritchie (n = 307), Kato-Katz (n = 278), Baermann-Moraes (n = 238) and Safranin-methylene blue methods (n = 307). Hemoglobin measurements were obtained with a Hemocue® photometer (n = 282). Socioeconomic data were used in order to classify children in three family income strata (n = 242). Multiple linear regression analysis showed independent interactions between Giardia lamblia and WAZ (beta = -0.195, SE = 0.138, p = 0.003), WHZ (beta = -0.161, SE = 0.133, p = 0.018) and MUACZ (beta = -0.197, SE = 0.143, p = 0.011), controlling for age, sex, family income, Ascaris lumbricoides, and hookworm infection. Also, the multivariate model showed that the only variable associated with hemoglobin levels was age. Intestinal parasitism control should increase children's possibilities of full development in the studied area.

Abdominal ultrasound in the evaluation of fibrosis and portal hypertension in an area of schistosomiasis low endemicity

This study was undertaken in the municipality of Bananal, São Paulo, an endemic area for schistosomiasis with a prevalence under 10% and low parasite load among infected individuals. Our objective was to identify the clinical forms of schistosomiasis among 109 patients in whom the disease had been diagnosed through direct fecal analysis and who had been medicated with oxamniquine at the time of the Plan for the Intensification of Schistosomiasis Control Actions (1998-2000). These patients were submitted to an abdominal ultrasonography and fecal analysis by Kato-Katz method, four years, on average, after the end of the Plan. Five patients, whose abdominal ultrasound images were compatible with either peripheral or central periportal fibrosis and portal hypertension, were identified. None of the 109 patients presented Schistosoma mansoni eggs at fecal analysis. Ultrasonography is a sensitive, noninvasive diagnostic method that allows a better identification of the extent of liver involvement in schistosomiasis cases.

Intestinal parasitism and socio-environmental factors among Mbyá-Guarani indians, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Disturbing data reveal the prevalence of intestinal parasites and their relationship with socio-environmental factors among Mbyá-Guarani Indians. The prevalence was determined by spontaneous sedimentation in water, centrifugation-floatation, and Kato-Katz. A socioeconomic questionnaire was submitted to each family. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 88.7%, and 45.5% were polyparasitized. There was 90.5% prevalence of enteric parasites in children (1-12- year-old), and 85% among 13-65-year-old individuals, indicating that both age groups are extensively parasitized. The parasite load was low to moderate for geohelminths and 75% of the families did not have latrine, thus the practice of defecation occurred outdoors. These findings suggest that the multiple intestinal parasitism in the Mbyá-Guarani community is high to the point of being the rule, and that it relates essentially to the traditional lifestyle and health habits. It is urgently necessary to implement the association of anti-parasitic treatment with sanitation improvement. This should be done simultaneously with health education activities for this population.

Avaliação terapêutica do hycanthone em pacientes com período de infecção esquistossomótica conhecido

Neste trabalho são estudados 28 pacientes com período de infecção esquistossomótica conhecido, e que foram tratados com hycanthone, (2,5 mg/kg, dose única, i.m.) em diferentes épocas após o contágio. Através do exame coprológico quantitativo (método de Kato), demonstra-se que a cura parasitológica é menor nos pacientes com infecção recente. De fato, de 15 pacientes tratados, 2 a 8 meses após o contágio, apenas 6 (40,0%) curaram-se. Enquanto que nos pacientes com infecção em tôrno de 1 ano, 84,7% deixaram de eliminar ovos pelas fezes. Mesmo assim, nos pacientes com infecção recente, o tratamento produziu uma acentuada redução no número de ovos de S. mansoni.

Prevalência de helmintos em escolares de 7-14 anos na cidade de Salvador

O autor apresenta os resultados obtidos na pesquisa de ovos de helmintos, em uma única amostra de fezes coletadas de 1537 escolares, na faixa etária de 7-14 anos, de Escolas Públicas Municipais localizadas em toda a zona urbana de Salvador, utilizando o método de Kato. De um modo geral, os índices encontrados foram bastante elevados, sobretudo em relação ao Trichocephalus trichiurus, alcançando 100% de positivos em deis sub-distritos (Mares e Pilar) e Ascaris lumbricoides, com um percentual máximo de 89,3%. de positivos em São Caetano. Relativamente ao sexo oi percentuais obtidos para Trichocephalus trichiurus, Ascaris lumbricoides e Enterobius vermicularis foram mais altos no sexo feminino, diferindo dos índices de Ancilostomídeos e principalmente, Schistosoma mansoni, os quais foram superiores nos escolares do sexo masculino.

Estrutura antigênica e constituição química das leptospiras

Os autores fazem um estudo comparativo entre os métodos de sedimentação, MIF-C e Kato em relação à eficiência para diagnosticar ovos de helmintos, em especial os de Schistosoma mansoni. Discutem as possibilidades e limitações dos métodos assinalados e concluem pela maior eficiência do método de sedimentação.

Helminthiases in Montes Claros. Preliminary survey

A preliminary survey was conducted for the presence of helminths in the city of Montes Claros, M. G., Brazil. Three groups of persons were examined by the direct smear, Kato thick film and MIFC techniques; one group by direct smear and Kato only. General findings were: a high prevalence of hookworm, followed by ascariasis, S. mansoni, S. stercoralis and very light infections with T. trichiurá. E. vermicularis and H. nana were ranking parasites at an orphanage, with some hookworm and S. mansoni infections as well. At a pig slaughter house, the dominant parasites were hookworm and S. mansoni. Pig cysticercosis was an incidental finding worth mentioning for the health hazard it represents for humans as well as an economic loss. From the comparative results between the Kato and the MIF the former proved itself again as a more sensitive and reliable concentration method for helminth eggs, of low cost and easy performance.

Hycanthone e oxamniquine no tratamento de crianças portadoras de S. mansoni

Os autores apresentam resultado de tratamento com Hycanthone e com Oxamniquine efetuado em grupos de 36 crianças de 6 - 15 anos de idade, portadoras de S. mansoni, mais um grupo Controle (não portadores), de igual número perfazendp o total de 108 crianças. Os grupos eram homogêneos quanto à idade, peso, altura, condições clínicas (forma intestinal moderada) e fatores sócio-econômico-sanitários. Eram todos residentes no perímetro irrigado da Curú-Recuperação, Pentecoste-Ceará, e filhos de funcionários do DNOCS. Foi efetuado tratamento com Hycanthone (2,3 m/kg a 2,7 mg/kg) mais placebo de Oxamniquine (Grupo A), com Oxamniquine (11,4 mg/kg a 20 mg/kg) mais placebo de Hycanthone (Grupo B) e placebo dos dois medicamentos para o grupo Controle (Grupo C). Foram realizados exames de sangue (hemograma, transaminases e fosfatases alcalinas), sumário de urina e coproscopias (Hoffman, Kato qualitativo e quantitativo). Após tratamento todos os casos ficaram sob observação durante 72 horas e mais seguimento clínico e laboratorial durante 4 meses. Efetuados teste de t e de chi-quadrado todos os resultados são apresentados em tabelas e assim sumariados: 1) Hycanthone mostrou eficácia completa apresentando 100% como índice de cura. 2) Oxamniquine apresentou índice de cura de 80%, sendo que os 7 pacientes não curados tiveram significativa redução do número de ovos viáveis; destes, após o 29 tratamento, persistiram apenas 3 eliminando ovos viáveis. 3) Efeitos colaterais do tratamento com Hycanthone foram os seguintes: dor local, febre, náuseas, vômitos, cefaléia, tontura e sonolência. 4) Oxamniquine quase não afetou as crianças do ponto de vista de efeitos colaterais demonstráveis, tendo apresentado alguns casos com febre moderada e transitória e um caso com queixa de náusea. 5) Testes de função hepática revelaram alterações leves com aumento de TGO tanto no Grupo Hycanthone como no Grupo Oxamniquine (sem diferença estatística significativa, inclusive para o grupo Controle) e aumento discreto de TGPpara ambos os grupos. Não houve aumento significativo das fosfatases para nenhuma das amostras. 6) Dada a dificuldade de empregar, para todas as crianças, a dosagem de 20 mg/kg por se tratar de cápsula não fracionável, sugere-se a forma farmacêutica em xarope na hipótese de que com o acréscimo das doses de Oxamniquine haja significativo aumento do índice de cura. Que essa correção seja efetuada paralelamente a cuidadosos exames complementares a fim de se detectar a toxicidade a esse nível.

Estudo seccional sobre esquistossomose mansônica no Município de Riachuelo, Estado de Sergipe

Os autores fizeram um estudo clínico e epidemioiógico, visando estudar a morbidade da esquistossomose mansônica, na cidade de fíiachuelo, Sergipe, área considerada de alta endemicidade. Foi selecionada de maneira sistemática uma amostra da população local, constituída por 850 pessoas. Destas pessoas, foram realizados 835 exames de fezes, pelos métodos de Lutz (Hoffman, Pons e Janner) e/ou Kato. Fez-se também 393 reações intradérmicas com antígeno de verme adulto. Da mesma maneira, realizou-se o exame clínico das pessoas da amostra, visando a determinar a gravidade da doença. Foram localizados os focos onde existiam caramujos transmissores da esquistossomose e deles coletados exemplares nos quais se verificou o índice de infecção. A prevalência global obtida através do exame de fezes foi igual a 50,54%. O estudo da prevalência através da coproscopia mostrou não haver diferença entre os sexos, porém entre as raças ocorreu predominância dos resultados obtidos entre os não brancos sobre os brancos. Quanto i idade, a prevalência foi baixa até os 5 anos de vida, subindo após os 11 anos a níveis elevados, caindo após os 50 anos. O estudo feito através da reação intradérmica permitiu tirar conclusões semelhantes ao feito por coproscopia, exceto na faixa etária que compreendia os maiores de 50 anos, onde quase todo o grupo apresentou reações positivas. Das 850 pessoas da amostra, 422 eram portadores de ovos de S. mansoni nas fezes. Destes, 410 foram examinados clinicamente, sendo 73,17% classificados como tipo I, 24,39% como tipo II e 2,43% como tipo III. Segundo esta classificação clínica não se demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os sexos ou entre os grupos raciais, porém a maioria dos portadores de hepatoesplenomegalia (tipo III) tinha mais de 40 anos de idade. Do levantamento malacológico, determinou-se os focos de infecção de onde se coletou 1.208 exemplares de caramujos vetores da esquistossomose mansônica, estando 12 naturalmente infectados. A única espécie encontrada foi a B. glabrata.