Free-amino acid profiles of thua nao, a Thai fermented soybean

Thua nao, a rich source of free-amino acids, is a fermented soybean, usually used as seasoning or flavouring enhancer in northern Thailand. Free-amino acids (FAA) of unfermented/cooked soybeans, thua nao, fermented by pure Bacillus subtilis TN51 (TNB51), and a naturally fermented product (TNMX), were investigated by pre-column derivatisation with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate, followed by reversed-phase HPLC. Total FAA and essential amino acids were found at significantly higher concentrations in TNB51 thua nao than in TNMX thua nao (naturally fermented). Both fermented thua nao had much higher concentrations of FAA than had their unfermented counterparts. With respect to taste-enhancing FAA, typical bitter attributes of thua nao came mainly from hydrophobic and basic FAA, whereas an umami attribute came predominantly from acidic FAA.

World soybean trade : growth and sustainability

Soybeans can be consumed directly as food, and in China hey are the major ingredient in food products such as tofu and soy milk, but direct consumption is small relative to their wider use in animal feed, and it is the requirement for livestock feed that drives international trade. Rapid growth of economies and population, especially in Asia, has led to increased demand for animal protein and cooking oil. This paper analyses the recent growth in supply of soybeans from North and South America to China, and considers the factors that may affect this trade in future; a contrast is made with supply from North and South America to Europe, which has not been increasing. The constraints preventing an increase in supply of soybeans to Europe are reviewed. The paper concludes with brief discussion of the factors which will affect world markets for soybeans and soybean products in future.

Effect of extrusion on the emulsifying properties of soybean proteins and pectin mixtures modelled by response surface methodology

The objective of this study was to apply response surface methodology to estimate the emulsifying capacity and stability of mixtures containing isolated and textured soybean proteins combined with pectin and to evaluate if the extrusion process affects these interfacial properties. A simplex-centroid design was applied to the model emulsifying activity index (EAI), average droplet size (D-[4.3]) and creaming inhibition (Cl%) of the mixtures. All models were significant and able to explain more than 86% of the variation. The high predictive capacity of the models was also confirmed. The mean values for EAI, D-[4.3] and Cl% observed in all assays were 0.173 +/- 0.015 mn, 19.2 +/- 1.0 mu m and 53.3 +/- 2.6%, respectively. No synergism was observed between the three compounds. This result can be attributed to the low soybean protein solubility at pH 6.2 (<35%). Pectin was the most important variable for improving all responses. The emulsifying capacity of the mixture increased 41% after extrusion. Our results showed that pectin could substitute or improve the emulsifying properties of the soybean proteins and that the extrusion brings additional advantage to interfacial properties of this combination. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Extended time weather forecasts contributes to agricultural productivity estimates

Weather conditions in critical periods of the vegetative crop development influence crop productivity, thus being a basic parameter for crop forecast. Reliable extended period weather forecasts may contribute to improve the estimation of agricultural productivity. The production of soybean plays an important role in the Brazilian economy, because this country is ranked among the largest producers of soybeans in the world. This culture can be significantly affected by water conditions, depending on the intensity of water deficit. This work explores the role of extended period weather forecasts for estimating soybean productivity in the southern part of Brazil, Passo Fundo, and Londrina (State of Rio Grande do Sul and Parana, respectively) in the 2005/2006 harvest. The goal was to investigate the possible contribution of precipitation forecasts as a substitute for the use of climatological data on crop forecasts. The results suggest that the use of meteorological forecasts generate more reliable productivity estimates during the growth period than those generated only through climatological information.

SBTX, a new toxic protein distinct from soyatoxin and other toxic soybean [Glycine max] proteins, and its inhibitory effect on Cercospora sojina growth

SBTX, a novel toxin from soybean, was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by chromatographic steps DEAE-Cellulose, CM-Sepharose and Superdex 200 HR fast-protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). Lethality of SBTX to mice (LD50 5.6 mg/kg) was used as parameter in the purification steps. SBTX is a 44-kDa basic glycoprotein composed of two polypeptide chains (27 and 17 kDa) linked by a disulfide bond. The N-terminal sequences of the 44 and 27 kDa chains were identical (ADPTFGFTPLGLSEKANLQIMKAYD), differing from that of 17 kDa (PNPKVFFDMTIGGQSAGRIVMEEYA). SBTX contains high levels of Glx, Ala, Asx, Gly and Lys and showed maximum absorption at 280 nm, epsilon(1 cm) (1%) of 6.3, and fluorescence emission in the 290-450nm range upon excitation at 280nm. The secondary structure content was 35% alpha-helix, 13% beta-strand and beta-sheet, 27% beta-turn, 25% unordered, and 1% aromatic residues. Immunological assays showed that SBTX was related to other toxic proteins, such as soyatoxin and canatoxin, and cross-reacted weekly with soybean trypsin inhibitor and agglutinin, but it was devoid of protease-inhibitory and hemagglutinating activities. The inhibitory effect of SBTX on growth of Cercospora sojina, fungus causing frogeye leaf spot in soybeans, was observed at 50 mu g/ml, concentration 112 times lesser than that found to be lethal to mice. This effect on phytopathogenic fungus is a potential attribute for the development of transgenic plants with enhanced resistance to pathogens. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Microwave-assisted digestion procedures for biological samples with diluted nitric acid: Identification of reaction products

Microwave-assisted sample preparation using diluted nitric acid solutions is an alternative procedure for digesting organic samples. The efficiency of this procedure depends on the chemical properties of the samples and in this work it was evaluated by the determination of crude protein amount. fat and original carbon. Soybeans grains, bovine blood. bovine muscle and bovine viscera were digested in a cavity-microwave oven using oxidant mixtures in different acid concentrations. The digestion efficiency was evaluated based on the determination of residual carbon content and element recoveries using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). In order to determine the main residual organic compounds, the digests were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR). Subsequently, studies concerning separation of nitrobenzoic acid isomers were performed by ion pair reversed phase liquid chromatography using a C18 stationary phase, water:acetonitrile:methanol (75:20:5, v/v/v) +0.05% (v/v) TFA as mobile phase and ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. Sample preparation based on diluted acids proved to be feasible and a recommendable alternative for organic sample digestion, reducing both the reagent volumes and the variability of the residues as a result of the process of decomposition. It was shown that biological matt-ices containing amino acids, proteins and lipids in their composition produced nitrobenzoic acid isomers and other organic compounds after cleavage of chemical bonds. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Competition of sicklepod, cassia obtusifolia l., densities on soybean, glycine max (l.) merr., at variable row distance

Competition studies with soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr. "Bragg." and sicklepod, Cassia obtusifolia L., were conducted at the Agricultural Research and Education Center of the University of Florida in Quincy, Florida. Two field experiments were established, one on May 22, 1975. and the other four weeks later, on June 19, 1975, to determine the competitive effects of various sicklepod densities and the influences of soybean row distances on weed dry matter, soybear plant characteristics, yield components and seed yield, and on soil nutrient content. Control, low, medium, and high sicklepod densities in the first experiment were O, 25,000, 53,000, and 77,000 p1ants/ha, respectively; while the second experiment presented control, low, medium, and high sicklepod densities of O, 36,000, 68,000, and 122,000 plants/ha, respectively. Three soybean row distance treatments were tested using a constant pattern of 90-, 60-, and 45-cm widths throughout the growing season. Three other treatments, evaluated in a variable patern, were initially seeded in 30-cm row widths. Five weeks after planting, an appropriate number of soybean rows were harvested from the 30"cm pattern to establish row distances of 90, 60, and 30-60 cm for the remainder of the season. ln the greenhouse a test was conducted to evaluate the effects af those variables on seed germination and seedling vigor for the next soybean generation. As a result of full-season sicklepod competition, soybean plants were less branched, set fewer leaves, and presented thinner stems as compared to the control. However, height of soybean plants was not affected by the presence of sicklepod. ln one of the two experiments, number of nodes decreased for soybeans under weed campetition. The yield components--number of pods; number of seeds, and seed yield per soybean plant--were all similarly reduced due to weed competition. Seeds per pod were decreased to a lesser extent. Soybean seed yields per unit area were significantly diminished by increasing levels af sicklepod ínfestation. While the control produced 3120 kg/ha, the sicklepod densities of 25,000, 53,000, and 77,000 plants/ha reduced seed yíelds 47, 65, and 73%, respectively. As soybean row distances decreased, number of branches, number of leaves, and stem diameter of soybeans decreased. However, the height of soybean plants increased with narrwing of row width. The components of seed yield--number of pods, number of seeds, and seed yield per soybean plant--diminished as row spacing was reduced. Maximum difference between row distances for these attributes was attained for soybean plants under weed-free conditions. Generally, as row width decreased, soybean seed yield per unit area increased. Specifically, soybear.s in 90-cm rows, either in constant or variable row pattern, yielded less than soybeans in 60- and 30-60-cm rows in the variable pattern. Soil contents of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were not affected by the various levels of sicklepod and soybean populalions. Neither the sicklepod densities nor the soybean row distances influenced seed germination and seedling vigor in the next soybean generation. Sicklepod was a strong competitor with soybeans at all density ranges investigated. Because sicklepod grows taller than soybeans during the reproductive stages of the crop, limited success can be reached by varying row spacing alone. However, this practice is considered an integral measure to complement other methods of sicklepod control. Compared to constant rows, the soybean cropping system using variable row spacings presents the choice of planting soybeans at close row spacings to provide early competition with weeds and the possibility of obtaining a forage crop after the first month of growth, without any decreases on the final seed yields.

Utilização do grão tostado de soja (Glicine max (L) Merril) na alimentação de vacas em lactação

Soybeans were roasted in an experimental roaster during 2 or 3 minutes either at 380 or 490 ºC air temperature and kept or not for 30 minutes under steeping. The heat treatment effects on soybeans were evaluated in a first trial through two different procedures: a) after 16 hours of an “in situ” ruminal incubation period, all heat treated soybeans showed an increased (P<0,05) rumen undegraded protein (RUP) content in comparison to raw soybeans; b) a pepsin/pancreatin “in vitro” procedure showed that roasting at 380 ºC, during 2 minutes, with steeping, or at 380 ºC , during 3 minutes without steeping, did not affect the “in vitro” enzymatic intestinal digestibility of soybeans (P>0,05). In a second trial, soybeans roasted at 380 ºC, during 2 minutes and kept under steeping were included in isonitrogenous and isocaloric lactating dairy cows rations and evaluated in comparison to raw soybeans, with two other protein sources as references. There were no differences (P>0,05) between the roasted and raw soybeans diets related either to dry matter or crude protein intakes, milk yield and composition and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentrations, but roasted soybeans yielded significantly (P<0,05) more milk per kg of dry matter or crude protein intake than raw soybeans.

A cultura do girassol como estratégia de competitividade para o agronegócio regional e nacional: importância para a agroenergia e a alimentação

Equacionar aquecimento global, escassez de alimentos e a crescente necessidade energética, tornou-se, atualmente, o grande desafio mundial. Existem diversas culturas agrícolas que podem ser exploradas de maneira estratégica e assim colaborar com a solução deste problema. Dentre elas, pode-se destacar a cultura do girassol (Helianthus Annuus). O girassol é uma das quatro maiores culturas oleaginosas no mundo, cultivado com sucesso nos cinco continentes, ocupando uma área de cultivo superior a 22 milhões de hectares. A participação do Brasil nesse montante é inferior a 1%. Acredita-se que essa pequena participação se deva a fatores sócio-econômicos e tecnológicos. Salienta-se, porém que o Brasil, por suas vantagens comparativas naturais e vantagens competitivas construídas possui condições favoráveis para seu desenvolvimento. Diante dos fatos, o objetivo deste trabalho é aprofundar o conhecimento da cadeia produtiva do girassol e através de sua utilização como estratégia de competitividade, avaliar de maneira sistêmica os impactos na matriz agrícola do País. Dentre as inúmeras vantagens dessa cultura, pode-se destacar: características agronômicas, físicas, químicas, organolépticas e versatilidade, que permitem a utilização e otimização dos fatores de produção já disponíveis; época de plantio (adaptabilidade a diferentes condições edafoclimáticas), podendo ser cultivado desde o Rio Grande do Sul até o Estado de Roraima; sistema radicular (raiz pode chegar a dois metros de profundidade), permitindo o melhor aproveitamento dos nutrientes e da água do solo e promovendo a reciclagem de nutrientes; alto teor de óleo nas sementes (30% a 55%) e; alto valor comercial dos co-produtos. Esse conjunto de características é analisado sob a ótica da teoria das vantagens competitivas e das economias de escala e escopo, demonstrando que com inteligência e pragmatismo, a cultura do girassol pode repetir, com vantagens, o que a soja representou para o agronegócio brasileiro.

Preços de commodities agrícolas e o comportamento de mercado invertido (backwardation): o caso da soja

A relação entre preços do mercado spot e do mercado futuro e a evidência de Mercado Invertido (backwardation) na estrutura a termo de commodities têm tido ênfase na literatura de economia e de finanças. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar as principais causas responsáveis pelo comportamento de Mercado Invertido e identificar as propriedades que caracterizam o equilíbrio de preços em commodities agrícolas. Seja pela existência de prêmio de risco ou do benefício de conveniência, o entendimento dos efeitos sobre a replicação do preço futuro e sobre a estrutura a termo de preços ainda permanece em aberto. A premissa de perfeita replicação de portfólios e a ausência de fricções de mercado implicam, por outro lado, que o entendimento do comportamento de Mercado Invertido advém da compreensão do processo estocástico do próprio ativo subjacente. O apreçamento neutro ao risco, amparado pelos sinais de reversão de preços, permite a modelagem de preços conforme o proposto em Schwartz e Smith (2000), cuja calibração e os resultados serão apresentados para a soja.

Viabilidade do confinamento de bovinos com feno de resíduos culturais de soja no sistema triângulo

O presente estudo buscou analisar a viabilidade econômica, agronômica e ambiental de um sistema que está em execução em uma propriedade no norte do estado de Goiás. Esse sistema, denominado Sistema Triângulo, vai de encontro com a Integração Lavoura-Pecuária e busca formas alternativas para o uso dos restos culturais (fardos) de soja fornecendo esse material como volumoso para o gado no sistema de confinamento. Para o estudo da viabilidade, foram usadas as informações da própria fazenda num estudo de caso. Para tal, realizou-se uma revisão quanto à adoção de sistema de produção na área agrícola, quanto às interações dos macronutrientes que seriam retirados das áreas por intermédio dos fardos, o papel da matéria orgânica quanto à sustentabilidade do sistema, o cenário atual dos confinamentos no Brasil e os custos que compõem e determinam a lucratividade dessa atividade. Por ser um estudo de caráter incremental, a viabilidade econômica ficou focada à redução dos custos alimentares. Foram utilizadas informações produzidas pela Fazenda Triângulo que é produtora de soja desde 2002. Sendo assim, foi possível acompanhar a evolução dos teores de macronutrientes (nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e enxofre) e do carbono em uma área total de 351 ha. Os resultados mostraram uma estabilidade nos níveis dos macroelementos após o início da retirada dos restos culturais mas, apresentou-se inconclusivo no caso do carbono. Foi estimada também a exportação dos macronutrientes por intermédio da retirada dos fardos das áreas de soja. Levantada a composição química dos fardos, foram estabelecidos seis cenários de reposição via adubação específica e esses custos foram acrescidos de custos de processamento dos fardos e o custo dos outros componentes da dieta no confinamento. Calculado o valor presente líquido para cada um dos cenários e comparando com a alternativa tradicional de dieta de confinamento, onde se usa a silagem de milho como 100% do volumoso, mostrou-se uma redução de até 5,02% nos custos alimentares. Com as práticas agronômicas da produção de soja vigentes hoje, recomenda-se a adoção do Sistema Triângulo com a ressalva de uma necessidade de maiores estudos quando seu impacto nos teores de carbono orgânico no solo.

A proteção dos direitos de propriedade intelectual e as estratégias das empresas de sementes e biotecnologia: uma comparação dos casos americano e brasileiro

O tema central de pesquisa deste estudo é avaliar se a adoção de regras de proteção à novas cultivares de plantas e à modificação genética, impactou as estratégias adotadas pelas empresas nos segmentos de sementes de soja e milho do Brasil, quando comparadas às dos Estados Unidos. Os resultados dessa dupla comparação demonstraram que, no caso do milho híbrido, por contar com uma proteção natural, o estímulo aos investimentos privados ocorreram independentemente da existência de regras formais de apropriação. Essas regras foram essenciais para favorecer tais investimentos na soja, como se nota na transformação da indústria no Brasil após meados da década de 1990. Além disso, embora a modificação genética tenha ocorrido tanto em eventos com características agronômicas, os quais promovem como consequência o aumento de produtividade, quanto para a modificação qualitativa do produto, a demanda do produtor agrícola concentrou-se pelo primeiro tipo, cujo retorno é diretamente apropriado pelo agricultor. Verifica-se ainda, que a complexidade do processo de pesquisa e desenvolvimento e a necessidade de investimentos com altas características locacionais justificam o alto nível de consolidação global dos segmentos de sementes com os de biotecnologia e agroquímicos. Nesses segmentos, a possibilidade de apropriação sobre os direitos da inovação, mostra-se fundamental para motivar os investimentos privados.

Potencial de produção de grãos brasileiros via fertilização e impactos nas emissões de CO2eq

Para todos os municípios Brasileiros foram coletados dados de área plantada, quantidade produzida, tipos de solos e uso do solo, para o Arroz, Feijão, Trigo, Milho e Soja. Com o auxílio de Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG), mapas foram elaborados, e a partir do cruzamento entre eles, produtividades por tipo de solo em áreas antropizadas foram obtidas. A partir das faixas de produtividades esperadas relativas às faixas de dosagem de adubação por nível de disponibilidade de macronutrientes primários (Nitrogênio, Fósforo e Potássio) no solo, recomendadas pela Embrapa (WebAgritec), considerou-se que cada município, sem nenhuma expansão de área, a partir de seu valor real de produtividade em 2011/12, aumentasse a mesma até o valor máximo esperado e correspondente à recomendação de dosagem de adubação relativa à faixa superior de produtividade. Considerou-se um período de dez anos para a subida de um patamar para outro de produtividade, o que permitiu um horizonte temporal das estimativas de 2011/12 até 2061/62. Projetaram-se os Consumos, Dosagens e Eficiências de Adubação, bem como os Balanços de CO2eq para os macronutrientes primários, necessários e resultantes destas novas condições. O horizonte e os volumes de produção agrícolas resultantes foram comparados com as projeções do MAPA 2021/22 e do Outlook Fiesp 2023. O potencial de volume de produção agrícola via fertilização destas cinco culturas e o impacto no balanço de CO2eq são então mensurados, culminando com a possibilidade de significativas antecipações deste volume em termos de número de safras e com o efeito benéfico no balanço de CO2eq, permitindo em virtude das áreas poupadas, postergação expressiva em termos de emissões de CO2eq

Efeitos de absorventes de umidade e de aditivos químicos e microbianos sobre o valor nutritivo, o perfil fermentativo e as perdas em silagens de capim-marandu

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the nutritional value, fermentation profile and dry matter losses of Palisadegrass silages ensiled with either dried citrus pulp, soybean hulls, chemical or microbial additives. The trial was carried out in a completely randomized experimental design and in a factorial arrangement (3 x 5), with three dry matter levels (wet forage or forage ensiled with pelleted citrus pulp or pelleted soybean hulls) and five additives (without or with the presence of bacterial inoculants or the addition of: sodium benzoate, formic acid in the concentration of 62% or 44%), totalizing 15 treatments and 60 experimental silos. The variables analyzed were: nutritional value, losses due to gases and effluents, and dry matter recovery. The use of dried citrus pulp or soybean hulls at the ensiling time increased the dry matter content (29.4 and 28,9%) and decreased the effluent production (4.1 and 3.8 kg/t of fresh matter), also providing fermentable substrate to microorganisms, resulting in increased fermentation coefficient and digestibility of silages. The use of formic acid resulted in silages with higher digestibility and increased water-soluble carbohydrates and crude protein content. This additive was also effective in reducing the losses due to gases and, as a result, increased the total dry matter recovery. The treatment containing homolactic bacteria showed similar trend of increasing the digestibility and reducing the losses due to gases. The use of sodium benzoate was less effective in altering the fermentation pattern of tropical silages. The nutritional value and total dry matter losses of silages ensiled without additives can be considered satisfactory. However, wet forage ensiled with dried citrus pulp and, mainly, with soybeans hulls showed the best results. Treatments containing formic acid had a beneficial effect on the fermentation profile of tropical grass silages.

Soybean compressibility and bulk density

The objective of this project was to study the influence of surcharge pressure and moisture content on the compressive behavior and bulk density of soybeans. Three varieties were selected with varying dimensions and shapes. Moisture contents of 10.5, 15.0, and 20% were tested at nine surcharge pressures in the range from 0 to 82.8 kPa. Results indicated that the bulk densities of different soybean varieties have similar behavior with respect to pressure level and moisture content but that the magnitude of bulk density was influenced by variety, Bulk density was influenced by both pressure level and moisture content. The four-element Burger model was found to adequately describe the bulk density of soybeans as a function of pressure for all varieties and moisture levels.