Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation: insights, application toward cyclopentanoid and cycloheptanoid molecules, and the total synthesis of several daucane sesquiterpenes

The asymmetric construction of quaternary stereocenters is a topic of great interest in the organic chemistry community given their prevalence in natural products and biologically active molecules. Over the last decade, the Stoltz group has pursued the synthesis of this challenging motif via a palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation using chiral phosphinooxazoline (PHOX) ligands. Recent results indicate that the alkylation of lactams and imides consistently proceeds with enantioselectivities substantially higher than any other substrate class previously examined in this system. This observation prompted exploration of the characteristics that distinguish these molecules as superior alkylation substrates, resulting in newfound insights and marked improvements in the allylic alkylation of carbocyclic compounds.

General routes to cyclopentanoid and cycloheptanoid core structures have been developed that incorporate the palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation as a key transformation. The unique reactivity of α-quaternary vinylogous esters upon addition of hydride or organometallic reagents enables divergent access to γ-quaternary acylcyclopentenes or cycloheptenones through respective ring contraction or carbonyl transposition pathways. Derivatization of the resulting molecules provides a series of mono-, bi-, and tricyclic systems that can serve as valuable intermediates for the total synthesis of complex natural products.

The allylic alkylation and ring contraction methodology has been employed to prepare variably functionalized bicyclo[5.3.0]decane molecules and enables the enantioselective total syntheses of daucene, daucenal, epoxydaucenal B, and 14-p-anisoyloxydauc-4,8-diene. This route overcomes the challenge of accessing β-substituted acylcyclopentenes by employing a siloxyenone to effect the Grignard addition and ring opening in a single step. Subsequent ring-closing metathesis and aldol reactions form the hydroazulene core of these targets. Derivatization of a key enone intermediate allows access to either the daucane sesquiterpene or sphenobolane diterpene carbon skeletons, as well as other oxygenated scaffolds.

New materials for biological applications prepared by olefin metathesis reactions

With the advent of well-defined ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts that are highly active and stable to a variety of functional groups, the synthesis of complex organic molecules and polymers is now possible; this is reviewed in Chapter 1. The majority of the rest of this thesis describes the application of these catalysts towards the synthesis of novel polymers that may be useful in biological applications and investigations into their efficacy.

A method was developed to produce polyethers by metathesis, and this is described in Chapters 2 and 3. An unsaturated 12-crown-4 analog was made by template- directed ring-closing metathesis (RCM) and utilized as a monomer for the synthesis of unsaturated polyethers by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The yields were high and a range of molecular weights was accessible. In a similar manner, substituted polyethers with various backbones were synthesized: polymers with benzo groups along the backbone and various concentrations of amino acids were prepared. The results from in vitro toxicity tests of the unsubstituted polyethers are considered.

The conditions necessary to synthesize polynorbornenes with pendent bioactive peptides were explored as illustrated in Chapter 4. First, the polymerization of various norbornenyl monomers substituted with glycine, alanine or penta(ethylene glycol) is described. Then, the syntheses of polymers substituted with peptides GRGD and SRN, components of a cell binding domain of fibronectin, using newly developed ruthenium initiators are discussed.

In Chapter 5, the syntheses of homopolymers and a copolymer containing GRGDS and PHSRN, the more active forms of the peptides, are described. The ability of the polymers to inhibit human dermal fibroblast cell adhesion to fibronectin was assayed using an in vitro competitive inhibition assay, and the results are discussed. It was discovered that the copoymer substituted with both GRGDS and PHSR peptides was more active than both the GRGDS-containing homopolymer and the GRGDS free peptide.

Historically, one of the drawbacks to using metathesis is the removal of the residual ruthenium at the completion of the reaction. Chapter 6 describes a method where the water soluble tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine is utilized to facilitate the removal of residual ruthenium from RCM reaction products.

Z-selective olefin metathesis using chelating ruthenium alkylidene catalysts

Publications about olefin metathesis will generally discuss how the discovery and development of well-defined catalysts to carry out this unique transformation have revolutionized many fields, from natural product and materials chemistry, to green chemistry and biology. However, until recently, an entire manifestation of this methodology had been inaccessible. Except for a few select examples, metathesis catalysts favor the thermodynamic trans- or E-olefin products in cross metathesis (CM), macrocyclic ring closing metathesis (mRCM), ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), and many other types of reactions. Judicious choice of substrates had allowed for the direct synthesis of cis- or Z-olefins or species that could be converted upon further reaction, however the catalyst controlled synthesis of Z-olefins was not possible until very recently.

Research into the structure and stability of metallacyclobutane intermediates has led to the proposal of models to impart Z-selectivity in metathesis reactions. Having the ability to influence the orientation of metallacyclobutane substituents to cause productive formation of Z- double bonds using steric and electronic effects was highly desired. The first successful realization of this concept was by Schrock and Hoveyda et al. who synthesized monoaryloxide pyrolidine (MAP) complexes of tungsten and molybdenum that promoted Z-selective CM. The Z-selectivity of these catalysts was attributed to the difference in the size of the two axial ligands. This size difference influences the orientation of the substituents on the forming/incipient metallacyclobutane intermediate to a cis-geometry and leads to productive formation of Z-olefins. These catalysts have shown great utility in the synthesis of complicated natural product precursors and stereoregular polymers. More recently, ruthenium catalysts capable of promoting Z-selective metathesis have been reported by our group and others. This thesis will discuss the development of ruthenium-based NHC chelated Z-selective catalysts, studies probing their unique metathesis mechanism, and synthetic applications that have been investigated thus far.

Chapter 1 will focus on studies into the stability of NHC chelated complexes and the synthesis of new and improved stable chelating architectures. Chapter 2 will discuss applications of the highly active and Z-selective developed in Chapter 1, including the formation of lepidopteran female sex pheromones using olefin cross metathesis and highly Z- and highly E-macrocycles using macrocyclic ring closing metathesis and Z-selective ethenolysis. Chapter 3 will explore studies into the unique mechanism of olefin metathesis reactions catalyzed by these NHC chelated, highly Z-selective catalysts, explaining observed trends by investigating the stability of relevant, substituted metallacyclobutane intermediates.

Selectivity, activity, and stability of ruthenium-carbene based olefin metathesis initiators

The olefin metathesis reaction has found many applications in polymer synthesis and more recently in organic synthesis. The use of single component late metal olefin metathesis catalysts has expanded the scope of the reaction to many new applications and has allowed for detailed study of the catalytic species.

The metathesis of terminal olefins of different steric bulk, different geometry as well as electronically different para-substituted styrenes was studied with the ruthenium based metathesis initiators, trans-(PCy₃)₂Cl₂Ru=CHR, of different carbene substituents. Increasing olefin bulk was found to slow the rate of reaction and trans internal olefins were found to be slower to react than cis internal olefins. The kinetic product of a11 reactions was found to be the alkylidene, rather than the methylidene, suggesting the intermediacy of a 2,4-metallacycle. The observed effects were used to explain the mechanism of ring opening cross metathesis and acyclic diene metathesis polymerization. No linear electronic effects were observed.

In studying the different carbene ligands, a series of ester-carbene complexes was synthesized. These complexes were found to be highly active for the metathesis of olefinic substrates, including acrylates and trisubstituted olefins. In addition, the estercarbene moiety is thermodynamically high in energy. As a result, these complexes react to ring-open cyclohexene by metathesis to alleviate the thermodynamic strain of the ester-carbene ligand. However, ester-carbene complexes were found to be thermolytically unstable in solution.

Thermolytic decomposition pathways were studied for several ruthenium-carbene based olefin metathesis catalysts. Substituted carbenes were found to decompose through bimolecular pathways while the unsubstituted carbene (the methylidene) was found to decompose unimolecularly. The stability of several derivatives of the bis-phosphine ruthenium based catalysts was studied for its implications to ring-closing metathesis. The reasons for the activity and stability of the different ruthenium-based catalysts is discussed.

The difference in catalyst activity and initiation is discussed for the bis-phosphine based and mixed N-heterocyclic carbene/phosphine based ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts. The mixed ligand catalysts initiate far slower than the bis-phosphine catalysts but are far more metathesis active. A scheme is proposed to explain the difference in reactivity between the two types of catalysts.

Macrocyclic polyamine-modified poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith for capillary electrochromatography

1,4,10,13,16-Pentaazatricycloheneicosane-9,17-dione (macrocyclic polyamine)-modified polymer-based monolithic column for CEC was prepared by ring opening reaction of epoxide groups from poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) (GMA-co-EDMA) monolith with macrocyclic polyamine. Conditions such as reaction time and concentration of macrocyclic polyamine for the modification reaction were optimized to generate substantial EOF and enough chromatographic interactions. Anodic EOF was observed in the pH range of 2.0-8.0 studied due to the protonation of macrcyclic polyamine at the surface of the monolith. Morphology of the monolithic column was examined by SEM and the incorporation of macrocyclic polyamine to the poly(GMA-co-EDMA) monolith was characterized by infrared (IR) spectra. Successful separation of inorganic anions, isomeric benzenediols, and benzoic acid derivatives on the monolithic column was achieved for CEC. In addition to hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction played a significant role in the separation process.

含氮氧磷多齿配体稀土烷基配合物的合成、表征及催化丙交酯聚合

1. 合成了三齿水杨醛稀土配合物，发现配体中含有柔性取代基易生成均配物，而刚性较强的配体生成单烷基配合物。考察了单体浓度、聚合时间等因素对配合物催化丙交酯聚合活性的影响。 2. 以含二苯基膦苯胺的β-二酮单亚胺三齿配体合成了双配体单烷基稀土配合物，空间位阻比较大，因而引发丙交酯聚合的速度比较快。 3. 合成了含甲氧基侧基的芳氧胺四齿双烷基配合物，并合成了芳氧胺与茂（茚）混配的稀土单烷基配合物。首次将它们用于丙交酯的聚合，实验结果发现，双烷基配合物中的双烷基是作为双活性中心起作用的。 4. 合成了含双吡咯烷的稀土烷基配合物，将之应用于丙交酯的聚合，发现位阻大的配合物催化聚合可控性好。并应用双吡咯烷配合物进行了丙交酯和己内酯的共聚合研究。

Friedel-crafts反应合成芳香环状齐聚物与开环聚合

芳香环状低聚物的合成是二十世纪八十年代末发展起来的研究领域，其特有的环状结构和可进行可控的开环聚合决定了芳香环状低聚物具有广阔的应用前景。本文从研究单体结构与成环反应的关系出发，开拓了一种合成芳香环状聚醚酮的新方法—改进的Friedel-Crafte反应法，采用该方法成功地合成了一系列新型结构的大环化合物，并首次利用流变仪对开环聚合过程中的流变行为进行了较为系统的观测。根据acoson-Stockmayer环化理论，应用基质辅助激光解吸离子化飞行时间质谱（MAIDL-TOF MS），对一系列芳香环状低聚物组分分布进行分析，研究了芳香环状低聚物的产率、组分分布与单体结构的关系。结果表明：芳香聚醋、聚麟酸醋及芳香聚醚环状低聚物系列中，InCn与1nn呈良好的线性关系，符合J-S理论分布。环状齐聚物的产率与组分分布受单体的中心键角影响，单体的中心键角在100°～120°范围内，其中心键角愈小，γ值愈大。γ值愈大，反应产物中小环化合物的含量越高，而小环化合物的含量的增加是高产率地合成环状齐聚物的前提之一。在此理论的指导下，通过对单体结构的模拟，高选择性地合成了一种新型结构的芳香环状聚硫醋二聚体，对其结构进行了精确的表征，在不同溶剂中得到了该环状二聚体的单晶，单晶X闪ray衍射表明该二聚体为环张力极小的大环化合物。基于上述理论，以有利于成环的邻苯二酞氯为酞基化试剂，对Friedel-Crafts酞基化反应在合成芳香环状齐聚物中的应用进行了系统研究，开拓了一种合成芳香环状预聚体的新方法—改进的Friedel-Crafts酞基化反应法。发现反应体系中Lewis碱的存在有利于选择性地形成环状产物。并进一步确定反应最佳条件为： Lewis碱和催化剂Alcl3与富电单体的摩尔比分别为1.2和3.4; 1,2-二氯乙烷为本反应的最佳溶剂；等当量的反应单体要求缓慢滴加到形成“假高稀”的溶剂体系中；Lewis碱NMP，DMF等都适用于本反应体系。在此优化条件下，以邻苯二酞氯和间苯二酞氯为酞基化试剂，室温下，合成了一系列芳香环状聚醚酮酮、聚醚酮、聚醚矾酮等新型结构的环状齐聚物，利用MALDI-TOF-MS，NMR，GPC，FTIR，DSC，元素分析等手段对环状结构进行了精确的表征；DSC分析表明含邻苯二拨基结构的环状齐聚物为无定型材料；部分产物的产率高达90％。在阴离子引发剂联苯双酚钾存在下，制备的环状齐聚物成功进行了熔融开环聚合，得到了相应结构的高分子量的线性开环聚合产物。其中，含邻苯二拨基结构的环状聚醚酮酮、环状聚醚酮矾的开环聚合产物的比浓粘度分别达到0.42dL／g，0.36 dL／g（0.5％的DMF溶液，25士0.1℃）；四种含间苯二锁基结构的环状齐聚物的开环聚合产物的Tg与常规亲电沉淀反应合成的线性高聚物的Tg相同。含侧甲基的开环聚合产物的Tg比对应的开环聚合的产物的Tg高约5℃。研究结果表明用亲电缩聚方法制备芳香环状聚醚酮与亲核缩聚法相比较，具有成本低廉、反应条件温和丫产率高、易于大规模制备等优势，开拓了一种制备环状化合物的方法。自从美国G.E.公司利用环状聚碳酸酷的开环聚合制备线性聚碳酸醋以来，对芳香环状低聚物的开环聚合过程的研究仅局限在由GPC监测反应某一时刻的产物的分子量，而缺乏对与应用更为接近的开环聚合中的粘度的变化的研究。本文以界面缩聚反应高产率地合成芳香环状双酚A聚酷二聚体为对象，研究了流变仪在开环聚合中的应用。利用流变仪对环状二聚体开环聚合过程进行了较为系统的观测，研究了不同条件下的开环聚合中的流变行为，结果表明，开环聚合存在引发期，而且在引发期，熔融体的粘度低于10Pa·S，超过引发期，粘度呈指数级增长。引发期的长短可以通过引发剂的种类、浓度、开环聚合的温度等条件进行有效地控制。芳香环状聚酷二聚体与环状聚碳酸醋的开环共聚合的流变行为的研究结果表明：开环共聚合可以降低开环聚合的温度，调整引发期，是提高聚合产物的分子量的有效途径。用流变仪对以改进的Friedel-Crafts反应合成的芳香环酮齐聚物的开环聚合中的流变行为进行了监控。在330℃，剪切速率为0.05S-l下，熔融的环状齐聚物的粘度为2.0Pa·S。通过对开环聚合的反应条件的控制，同样实现了开环聚合的可控，通过改变其开环聚合的引发期的长短及粘度的变化规律，可、适应不。条一定为加工设计与成型加工提供理论指导和模型设计，必将进一步推进开环聚合工 艺向应用方向的发展。

外消旋丙交酯的立构选择性聚合

由于具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性，聚乳酸被广泛地应用于组织工程，药物控制释放和环境材料工程等领域。由于聚乳酸的物理、机械和降解等性质在很大程度上决定于其链序列结构，所以丙交醋的立构选择性聚合就成为了一个研究热点。本文合成了一系列无手性席夫碱一铝配合物，并将其用于外消旋丙交醋的立构选择性聚合，此外还对聚合所得的不同立构规整度的聚外消旋丙交酯进行了初步表征。具体的实验结果如下：1．合成了无手性席夫碱一乙基铝配合物（2）和席夫碱一异丙氧基铝配合物（3）。在等摩尔量异丙醇的存在条件下，配合物（2）对rac-LA的开环聚合具有良好的控制性和立体选择性。所得到的聚乳酸是结晶性的聚合物，可以形成一种PLA立体络合物。同核去偶~1HNMR和~(13)CNMR结果表明，它们都是立构嵌段型的聚合物，其平均嵌段长度为11个乳酸单元。端基分析发现：配合物（2）本身没有引发rac-LA的开环聚合，它是在原位先与异丙醇反应生成相应的烷氧基铝化合物，然后，后者再引发rac-LA的开环聚合。因此将席夫碱-异丙氧基铝配合物（3）直接用于引发rac-LA的开环聚合，也具有良好的控制性和立体选择性。2．制备了一系列的席夫碱一铝配合物（5-8）用考察席夫碱配体的性质对催化剂的催化活性和立构选择性的影响。实验结果表明，在苯环上引入较大的取代基（如叔丁基）有助于提高立构选择性，但是增加二元胺桥刚性则会使立构选择性下降。此外，还考察了聚合温度对于配合物（8）／异丙醇催化rac-LA开环聚合的影响，发现降低聚合温度有利于提高全同键接的含量。3．通过控制聚合温度得到了具有不同立构规整度的立构嵌段型聚外消旋乳酸（Pm0.77～0.88）。与PLLA和无规立构聚乳酸不同的是，这些聚外消旋乳酸都可以形成PLA立体络合物，其熔融温度也相对较高；并且随着聚外消旋乳酸的Pm值的增大，其结晶性能也相应增加。

厚朴中α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性成分研究

本论文由三章组成。 第一章是关于厚朴中具有α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性成分的研究。凹叶厚朴的乙醇提取物显示了较强的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。为了确定其活性成分，在活性测试的指导下，通过溶剂萃取、树脂吸附和反复硅胶柱层析等分离方法从凹叶厚朴乙醇提取物中分离得到6 个生物碱，并用质谱和核磁共振等波谱方法分别鉴定为：木兰箭毒碱，木兰花碱，鹅掌楸碱，蕃荔枝碱，罗默碱和Lysicamine。应用小肠α-葡萄糖苷酶模型测定了它们对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用。其中，番荔枝碱和木兰箭毒碱对α-葡萄糖苷酶相对抑制活性最好，分别为60%和62%；其它四个生物碱成分对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性几乎相当，鹅掌楸碱为46%，罗默碱为51%，Lysicamine 为49%，木兰花碱为51%。 第二章报道了厚朴酚的衍生物及其对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性。根据糖苷酶抑制剂的结构特点，设计合成了一系列厚朴酚的衍生物。厚朴酚经过Mannich 反应和环氧化及开环反应制备了一系列衍生物，经活性测试发现衍生物活性与取代基关系较大，其中5,5′-diallyl-3-((bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)biphenyl-2,2′-diol 的抑制活性最高，为72%。 第三章综述了厚朴的化学成分及药理活性两个方面的研究进展。 The dissertation consists of three chapters. The first chapter is about the study on the constituents with α-glycosidase inhibitory activity from Magnolia officinalis. The EtOH extracts of M. officinalis Rehd. et Wils showed good inhibitory activity against α-Glucosidase. In order to determine the active compounds, bio-assay was used to guide the isolation. Six known alkaloids were isolated by solvent extraction and repeated silica gel column chromatography, and their structures were identified as liriodenine, anonaine, roemerine, lysicamine, magnoflorine and magnocurarine by spectroscopic methods. The inhibitory activity against α-Glucosidase of these alkaloids was measured with alvine screening model of α-glucosidase. Among them, lysicamine and liriodenine have the best inhibitory activity at 60% and 62%, respectively. The other four alkaloids have close inhibitory activity, from 46% to 51%. The second chapter is about the derivation of magnolol and the inhibitory a ctivity of the derivatives. Seven derivatives of magnolol were prepared by Manni-ch reaction, epoxidation followed by ring-opening reaction. Biological activity as say indicated the inhibitory activity was related to substituting groups. Among them, 5,5′-diallyl-3-((bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)biphenyl-2,2′-diol had the highest activity at 72%. The third chapter is a review on the progress of M. officinalis including chemical constituents and pharmacological activity.

Synthesis, Reactivity, and Characterization of Sodium and Rare-Earth Metal Complexes Bearing a Dianionic N-Aryloxo-Functionalized -Ketoiminate Ligand

The synthesis and reactivity of a series of sodium and rare-earth metal complexes stabilized by a dianionic N-aryloxo-functionalized beta-ketoiminate ligand were presented. The reaction of acetylacetone with 1 equiv of 2-amino-4-methylphenol in absolute ethanol gave the compound 4-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)imino-2-pentanone (LH2, 1) in high yield.

Rare-earth-metal mixed hydride/aryloxide complexes bearing mono(cyclopentadienyl) ligands. Synthesis, CO2 fixation, and catalysis on copolymerization of CO2 with cyclohexene oxide

Hydrogenolysis of mono(cyclopentadienyl)-ligated rare-earth-metal bis(alkyl) complexes Cp'Ln-(CH2SiMe3)2(THF) (Ln = Y (1a), Dy (1b), Lu (1c); Cp' = C5Me4SiMe3) with PhSiH3 afforded the mixed hydride/alkyl complexes [Cp'Ln(mu-H)(CH2SiMe3)(THF)](2) (Ln = Y (2a), Dy (2b), Lu (2c)). The overall structure of complexes 2a-c is a C-2-symmetric dimer containing a planar symmetric Ln(2)H(2) core at the center of the molecule. Deprotonation of ArOH (Ar = C6H2-Bu-t(2)-2,6-Me-4) by the metal alkyl group of 2a-c led to formation of the mixed hydride/aryloxide derivatives [Cp'Ln(mu-H)(OAr)](2) (Ln = Y (3a), Dy (3b), Lu (3c)), which adopt the dimeric structure through hydride bridges with trans-accommodated terminal aryloxide groups.

Alternating Copolymerization of Cyclohexene Oxide and Carbon Dioxide Catalyzed by Noncyclopentadienyl Rare-Earth Metal Bis(alkyl) Complexes

The syntheses of several dialkyl complexes based on rare-earth metal were described. Three beta-diimine compounds with varying N-aryl substituents (HL1 = (2-CH3O(C6H4))N=C(CH3)CH=C(CH3)NH(2-CH3O(C6H4)), HL2 = (2,4,6-(CH3)(3) (C6H2))N=C(CH3)CH=C(CH3)NH(2,4,6-(CH3)(3)(C6H2)), HL3 = PhN=C(CH3)CH(CH3) NHPh) were treated with Ln(CH2SiMe3)(3)(THF)(2) to give dialkyl complexes L(1)Ln (CH2SiMe3)(2) (Ln = Y (1a), Lu (1b), Sc (1c)), L(2)Ln(CH2SiMe3)(2)(THF) (Ln = Y (2a), Lu (2b)), and (LLu)-Lu-3(CH2SiMe3)(2)(THF) (3). All these complexes were applied to the copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and carbon dioxide as single-component catalysts.

Rare-Earth Metal Bis(alkyl)s Supported by a Quinolinyl Anilido-Imine Ligand: Synthesis and Catalysis on Living Polymerization of epsilon-Caprolactone

The tridentate ligand N-(2-((2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-8-amine (HL) was prepared. Treatment of HL with 1 equiv of Ln(CH2SiMe3)(3)(THF)(2) afforded the corresponding rare-earth metal bis(alkyl) complexes LLn(CH2SiMe3)(2)(THF)(n) (Ln = Sc, n = 0 (1); Y, n = 1 (2); Lu, n = 0 (3)) in high yields. Variable-temperature H-1 NMR spectral analysis showed that these complexes were fluxional at room temperature. Complexes 1 and 3 were THF-free, where the metal center adopted a square-pyramidal geometry, while in 2 the metal center generated a distorted octahedral geometry owing to the coordination of a THF molecule.

Highly cis-1,4 selective polymerization of dienes with homogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts based on NCN-pincer rare earth metal dichioride precursors

The first aryldiimine NCN-pincer ligated rare earth metal dichlorides (2,6-(2,6-C6H3R2N=CH)(2)C6H3)LnCl(2)(THF)(2) (Ln = Y, R = Me (1), Et (2), Pr (3); R = Et, Ln = La (4), Nd (5), Gd (6), Sm (7), Eu (8), Tb (9), Dy (10), Ho (11), Yb (12), Lu (13)) were successfully synthesized via transmetalation between 2,6-(2,6-C2H3-R2N=CH)(2)-C6H3Li and LnCl(3)(THF)(1 similar to 3.5). These complexes are isostructural monomers with two coordinating THF molecules, where the pincer ligand coordinates to the central metal ion in a kappa C:kappa N: kappa N' tridentate mode, adopting a meridional geometry.

Isoprene polymerization with indolide-imine supported rare-earth metal alkyl and amidinate complexes

Reaction of 7-{(N-2,6-R)iminomethyl)}lindole (HL1, R = dimethylphenyl; HL2, R = diisopropylphenyl) and rare-earth metal tris(alkyl)s, Ln(CH2SiMe3)(3)(THF)(2), generated new rare-earth metal bis(alkyl) complexes LLn(CH2SiMe3)(2)(THF) [L = L-1: Ln = Lu. (1a), Sc (1b); L = L-2 : Ln = Lu (3a), Se (3b)] and mono(alkyl) complexes L-2 Lu-2(CH2SiMe3) (4a). Treatment of alkyl complexes 1a and 4a with N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide afforded the corresponding amidinates (LLu)-Lu-1{iPr(2)NC(CH2SiMe3) NiPr2}(2) (2a) and L-2 Lu-2{iPr(2)NC(CH2SiMe3)NiPr2} (5a), respectively.