Figure 5. Trace metal analysis of sediment core PS1506-1

An increase in whole ocean alkalinity during glacial periods could account, in part, for the drawdown of atmospheric CO2 into the ocean. Such an increase was inevitable due to the near elimination of shelf area for the burial of coral reef alkalinity. We present evidence, based on down-core measurements of benthic foraminiferal B/Ca and Mg/Ca from a core in the Weddell Sea, that the deep ocean carbonate ion concentration, [CO3 2-], was elevated by ~25 µmol/kg during each glacial period of the last 800 kyrs. The heterogeneity of the preservation histories in the different ocean basins reflects control of the carbonate chemistry of the deep glacial ocean in the Atlantic and Pacific by the changing ventilation and chemistry of Weddell Sea waters. These waters are more corrosive than interglacial northern sourced waters, but not as undersaturated as interglacial southern sourced waters. Our inferred increase in whole ocean alkalinity can be reconciled with reconstructions of glacial saturation horizon depth and the carbonate budget, if carbonate burial rates also increased above the saturation horizon as a result of enhanced pelagic calcification. The Weddell records display low [CO3 2-] during deglaciations and peak interglacial warmth, coincident with maxima in %CaCO3 in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Should the burial rate of alkalinity in the more alkaline glacial deepwaters outstrip the rate of alkalinity supply, then pelagic carbonate production by the coccolithophores, at the end of the glacial maximum could drive a decrease in ocean [CO3 2-] and act to trigger the deglacial rise in pCO2.

Geochemistry of Early Toarcian carbonates

The Early Toarcian was characterized by two large perturbations to the carbon cycle: a positive trend associated with increased organic matter burial and ocean anoxia, and a pronounced negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE). We contrast the geochemical evolution in the carbonate phases of two successions: one from the Paris Basin (Sancerre core, comprising black shales), the other from the Lusitanian Basin (Peniche section with very minor lithological expression of bottom water anoxia). Our aim was to identify whether these carbon cycle perturbations were related, and differentiate between the common (global) versus regional expressions of the biogeochemical response and ocean chemistry. Our results highlight contrasts in timing of different phases of anoxia in both locations through the widely documented negative CIE. Widespread anoxic conditions were not a necessary prerequisite for generating a pronounced CIE, as required by the recycling (so-called "Küspert") model. The production of carbonate simultaneously dropped during the d13C negative shift in both locations, likely in response to lowered seawater saturation rate induced by substantial absorption of CO2 from the atmosphere. The recovery interval was accompanied by a rapid reestablishment of seawater alkalinity, and primary and carbonate productivity in epicontinental seas, as evidenced by high d13C and Sr/Ca, in contrast with the more open ocean regime in the Lusitanian Basin. Our results confirm that parallels can be draw between the ocean productivity response and feedback during the Toarcian CIE and the PETM. Both events are characterized by ocean acidification and reduced pelagic calcification followed by a peak in nearshore coccolith productivity, which could have helped the recovery from the perturbation.

1973 University of Michigan Football Team

<div><p><b>Back Row: </b>Phil Andrews, Jerry Vogele, Pete Traber, Jim Smith, Rick White, Steve Anderson, Jerry Szara, Mark Elzinga, Rich McAuliffe, Jerry Zuver, Steve Graves, Jim Hackett, Jack Heffernan, Eric Phelps Roger Szafranski</p><p><b>7th Row: </b>Dave Devich, Al Wheeler, Mike Coyne, Jerry Collins, Jack Fairbanks, Pete Paras, Phil Brumbaugh, Jim White, Greg Boik, Gary Zolciak, Jim Hall, John Hennessy, Jim Bolden, Bob Lytle, Bob Furgerson</p><p><b>6th Row: </b>Dan Jilek, Rich Kaminski, Kirk Lewis, Greg Morton, Mike Holmes, Chuck Randolph, Greg Strinko, Les Miles, Frank Moore, Jay Rau, Jim Czirr, Mike Strabley, Matt Caputo, Rick Koschalk, Darrell Truitt</p><p><b>5th Row: </b>Dave Whiteford, Gordon Bell, Tim Davis, Keith Johnson, Calvin O'Neal, Tom Jensen, Bill Hoban, Steve King, Mike Lantry, George Przygodski, Craig McMullen, Don Dufek, Eduardo Gonzalez, Bob Wood, Bill Heneveld</p><p><b>4th Row: </b>Senior manager Jim Bueter, Kurt Kampe, Glenn Franklin, Pat Tumpane, Jeff Perlinger, Dennis Franks, Dave Metz, Steve Strinko, Greg DenBoer, Chuck Heater, Dave Brown, Norm Long, Ed Pollister, Mark Jacoby, Jeff Spahn, Rob Dudzik, John Ceddia, assistant coach Jack Harbaugh</p><p><b>3rd Row: </b>Assistant coach George Mans, assistant coach Gary Moeller, Doug MacKenzie, Larry Banks, Dave Brandon, Carl Russ, Art Fediuk, Jim Armour, John Cherry, Jim Lyall, Mike Day, John Thomas, Jovan Vercel, Gil Chapman, Roy Burks, Dennis Franklin, Bob Lang, assistant coach Elliot Uzelac</p><p><b>2nd Row: </b>Assistant coach Tirrel Burton, assistant coach Frank Maloney, Bob Thornbladh, Doug Troszak, Don Eaton, Larry Cipa, Don Coleman, Ed Shuttlesworth, Dave Gallagher, Paul Seal, Jim Coode, Mike Hoban, Curtis Tucker, Walt Williamson, Gary Hainrihar, Larry Johnson, Head Coach Bo Schembechler, assistant coach Chuck Stobart</p><p><b>Front Row: </b> Assistant coach Jerry Hanlon, Ron Szydlowski, Dave Elliott, Geoff Steger, Greg Koss, Tom Slade, Harry Banks, Clint Haslerig, Larry Gustafson, Barry Dotzauer, Don Warner, Tom Drake, Craig Mutch, Kevin Casey, Jon Cederberg, assistant coach Dennis Brown</p></div>

1974 University of Michigan Football Team

<div><p><b>Back Row: </b> coaches Jerry Hanlon, Chuck Stobart, Gary Moeller, Tom Reed, Jack Harbaugh, Elliott Uzelac, Dennis Brown, Bill McCartney, Jed Hughes, Tirrell Burton</p><p><b>8th Row: </b> *Woody Brown, Jeff Golombiskey, Mike Smith, Rob Carian, Roger Bettis, *Kerry Bankus, Rex Mackall, Bill Cargile, *Bob Snyder, Greg Bartnick, Dave Harding, Dennis Richardson, Max Richardson, *Chuck Palanca</p><p><b>7th Row: </b> Jim Pickens, Andy Jackson, Steve Nauta, Kevin King, Shaun Szenderski, Mike Kenn, *Mike Pawlowicz, Bill Dufek, Walt Downing, Mark Donahue, Paul Moore, Dominic Tedesco, Scott Corbin, John Anderson</p><p><b>6th Row: </b> Derek Howard, Ken Bush, Al Canaday, Phil Brown, Curt Stephenson, Jim Hackett, Terry Stefan, Jack Heffernan, *Steve Nault, Roger Szafranski, Bill Heneveld, Aubrey Miller, Alex Johnson, Joe Holland, Dwight Hicks</p><p><b>5th Row: </b> Jim Bolden, Darrell Truitt, Jerry Zuver, Steve Anderson, Pete Traber, Phil Andrews, Jim Hall, *Gary Zolciak, *Mike Boik, Jerry Vogele, Gerry Szara, Bob Lang, Steve Graves, Eric Phelps, John Ceddia</p><p><b>4th Row: </b> Bob Wood, Rob Lytle, John Hennessey, Jerry Collins, Mike Strabley, *Alan Wheeler, *Matt Caputo, Chuck Randolph, Greg Strinko, Rick Koschalk, Mike Holmes, Mike Coyne, Frank Moore, Jim Smith, Phil Brumbaugh</p><p><b>3rd Row: </b> Dave Whiteford, *Eduardo Gonzales, Gordon Bell, Dave Devich, Les Miles, Dan Jilek, Calvin O'Neal, Kirk Lewis, Jim Czirr, Greg Morton, Tim Davis, Keith Johnson, George Przygodski, Mark Elzinga, Jack Fairbanks</p><p><b>2nd Row: </b> *Glen Franklin, Jeff Perlinger, Mike Lantry, Jim Armour, Pat Tumpane, Carl Russ, Greg DenBoer, Dave Metz, Steve Strinko, Dennis Franks, Bill Hoban, Steve King, Tom Jensen, Don Dufek, coach Bo Schembechler</p><p><b>Front Row: </b> Mark Jacoby, Kurt Kampe, *Kevin Casey, Larry Johnson, Dave Elliott, Tom Drake, co-captain Dave Brown, Chuck Heater, co-captain Dennis Franklin, Gil Chapman, Geoff Steger, Harry Banks, Larry Banks, Jeff Spahn, Doug McKenzie</p><p>* did not remain with team for the season</p></div>

1975 University of Michigan Football Team

<div><p><b>Back Row: </b>Chris Grieves, Bob Franks, Gregg Willner, Dave Goldwaithe, Mark Slaughter, John Mandich, Pat Watts, James Blue, Nick Labun, Tony Woodford, C. Newhof, Jeff Lawley</p><p><b>9th Row: </b>Steve Knickerbocker, Kyron Williams, Stacy Johnson, John Weisenburger, Bob Hollway, Chip Pederson, Dale Keitz, Tim Malinak, Leon Richardson, Rock Lindsay, Lewis Smith, Woody Brown</p><p><b>8th Row: </b>Scott Smith, Mark Braman, Bob Patek, Jon Giesler, Mark Torzy, Curtis Greer, William Jackson, Jerry Meter, Rick Leach, Dave Stavale, Tom Melita</p><p><b>7th Row: </b>Mike Smith, Tom Seabron, Mark DeSantis, Frank Bell, Harlan Huckleby, Gene Johnson, Mark Schmerge, Russell Davis, John Arbeznik, Andy Jackson, Dennis Richardson</p><p><b>6th Row: </b>Joe Holland, Steve Nauta, Kevin King, Max Richardson, Dave Harding, Mike Kenn, Dominic Tedesco, Jim Pickens, Ray Johnson, Phil Brown, Ken Bush, Roger Bettis</p><p><b>5th Row: </b>Roger Szafranski, Dwight Hicks, Scott Corbin, Mark Donahue, Bill Dufek, Rex Mackall, John Anderson, Derek Howard, Greg Bartnick, Walt Downing, Terry Stefan, Asst. Coach Bill McCartney</p><p><b>4th Row: </b>Asst. Coach Paul Schudel, Curt Stephenson, Rob Carian, Phil Andrews, Eric Phelps, Steve Graves, Gerry Szara, Jim Hackett, Pete Traber, Steve Anderson, Bob Wood, Darrell Truitt, Phil Brumbaugh, Asst. Coach Jack Harbaugh</p><p><b>3rd Row: </b>Asst. Coach Gary Moeller, Asst. Coach Tom Reed, Asst. Coach Jed Hughes, Jerry Zuver, Rick White, Jim Hall, Mike Strabley, Jerry Vogele, Jim Smith, Rob Lytle, John Hennessy, Bob Lang, Jim Bolden, John Ceddia, A. Miller, Asst. Coach Dennis Brown</p><p><b>2nd Row: </b>Asst. Coach Tirrel Burton, Asst. Coach Jerry Hanlon, Greg Morton, Tom Jensen, George Przygodski, Mike Holmes, Co-Captain Kirk Lewis, Jeff Perlinger, Steve King, Dan Jilek, Jim Czirr, Bill Hoban, Calvin O'Neal, Chuck Randolph, Asst. Coach Chuck Stobart</p><p><b>Front Row: </b> Mark Elzinga, Jerry Collins, Kurt Kampe, Rick Koschalk, Dave Devich, Co-captain Gordon Bell, Co-Captain Don Dufek, Tim Davis, Keith Johnson, Les Miles, Dave Whiteford, Greg Strinko, Head Coach Bo Schembechler</p></div>

1976 University of Michigan Football Team

<div><p><b>Back Row: </b>Assistant Coaches: Larry Gustafson, Bob Thornbladh, Jerry Hanlon, Tirrel Burton, Dennis Brown, Chuck Stobart, Paul Schudel, Gary Moeller, Bill McCartney, Jack Harbaugh, Tom Reed, Dave Elliott, Tim Davis, Lou Angelo, Eqp. Mgr. Jon Falk, Trainer Lindsy McLean</p><p><b>8th Row: </b>Roger Gaudette, Jim Kozlowski, Virgil Williams, Chris Godfrey, Ron Pratl, Dick Novak, Doug Marsh, Irvin Johnson, Keith Gilmore, Jim Humphries, * , Dan Murray, * , Dave Angood</p><p><b>7th Row: </b>Mike Harden, Mel Owens, Michael Davis, George Lilja, Mark Kochanski, John Powers, Chuck Hetts, Bob Taylor, Garrett Quinn, Mike Jolly, Ralph Clayton, John Wangler, David Payne</p><p><b>6th Row: </b>Gerald Diggs, Gary Weber, Lawrence Reid, Gene Bell, Ron Simpkins, Roosevelt Smith, Lewis Smith, William Jackson, Stacy Johnson, Jeff Bednarek, Mike Leoni, Tony Leoni, Jay Allen, Larry Crockett</p><p><b>5th Row: </b>Woody Brown, Gregg Willner, Chris Grieves, Tim Malinak, Mark Braman, * , Jon Giesler, Dave Kadela, Kyron Williams, * , * , Nick Labun, Tom Keller, * .</p><p><b>4th Row: </b>Mgr. Bob Brown, Chip Pederson, Bob Patek, Dale Keitz, Curtis Greer, Tom Seabron, Jerry Meter, John Arbeznik, Mark DeSantis, Bob Hollway, Tom Melita, Mark Torzy, Rock Lindsay, Ed Kasparek</p><p><b>3rd Row: </b>Roger Bettis, * , Dave Harding, Kevin King, Steve Nauta, Max Richardson, Dom Tedesco, Mark Schmerge, Gene Johnson, Russell Davis, Rick Leach, Greg Bartnick, Harlan Huckleby, Mike Smith, Ray Johnson, * .</p><p><b>2nd Row: </b>Roger Szafranski, Jim Pickens, Dwight Hicks, Mark Donahue, Walt Downing, Steve Anderson, Eric Phelps, Rick White, Curt Stephenson, Phil Andrews, Steve Graves, John Anderson, Bill Dufek, Mike Kenn, Derek Howard, Rex Mackall</p><p><b>Front Row: </b> Jim Hackett, Gerry Szara, Jerry Zuver, John Hennessy, Greg Morton, Co-Capt. Calvin O'Neal, Co-Capt. Kirk Lewis, Co-Capt. Rob Lytle, Jim Smith, Bob Wood, Jim Bolden, Bob Lang, Jerry Vogele, John Ceddia, Head Coach Bo Schembechler</p><p>* = left the team</p></div>

Minorities and women in state and local governments, 1974 /

Chiefly tables.

New developments in occupational stress : proceedings of a conference held in Los Angeles, California, 13 November 1978 /

Mode of access: Internet.