Revisitando o passado: o papel da história na obra romanesca de Franklin Távora

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Um estudo sobre os ensaios jornalísticos de Franklin de Oliveira: a face das críticas rosianas

Este trabalho visa a discutir alguns aspectos da crítica literária produzida em larga escala nos jornais de meados do século XX, conhecida como crítica jornalística ou de rodapé, mais precisamente a contribuição crítica de Franklin de Oliveira (1916-2001) para as três primeiras publicações literárias do autor Guimarães Rosa (1908-1967), Sagarana (1946), Corpo de baile (1956) e Grande sertão: veredas (1956), verificando quais teorias e métodos eram usados por esse crítico para analisar um conjunto de obras que se mostrava, à primeira vista, como desafio aos atentos críticos da época. Franklin de Oliveira, mencionado por Benedito Nunes, em Rumos da crítica (2000), como injustamente esquecido nas referências das publicações acad��micas, deixou um vastíssimo conjunto de ensaios humanísticos sobre música, literatura, política, entre outros, do Ocidente, esclarecendo a importância da arte e da literatura para a formação de um homem total, não alienado e consciente de sua humanidade. Os seus ensaios, de alta erudição, refletem a complexidade da obra rosiana sob o prisma filosófico, político e, principalmente, estético, pois tem o entendimento de que as situações externas à obra literária devem emergir no gênero literário considerando artisticamente o fato exposto. Por isso, para Franklin de Oliveira, Guimarães Rosa foi um escritor revolucionário, por ter realizado uma mímesis que não ficou presa ao seu tempo presente, e, por meio do elemento linguístico, literário e metafísico, conseguiu promover a “transcendentalização” da prosa literária brasileira. Assim, esta dissertação está estruturada em um panorama geral dos assuntos aqui apresentados e em três capítulos, quais sejam: “Por uma definição de crítica literária”, “Do intelectual ao crítico jornalista: Franklin de Oliveira, um humanista por excelência” e “Legado de Franklin de Oliveira à crítica rosiana: sob o foco da revolução rosiana”, a fim de alcançar o entendimento sobre a importância de se estudar as análises escritas em outra época a respeito das obras de um autor de literatura, como Guimarães Rosa, que ainda hoje são muito lidas e discutidas. Para tanto, um dos pressupostos teóricos para este estudo tem em vista o “experienciar dinâmico da obra literária por parte do leitor”, algo salientado pela Estética da recepção no livro A história da literatura como provocação a teoria literária (1994), de Hans Robert Jauss, este trabalho possibilita questionar ou legitimar a tradição de uma crítica por meio da tríade hermenêutica do compreender, interpretar e aplicar.

A maldade na encruzilhada do século XIX: Franklin Távora e O Cabeleira

O romance O Cabeleira, de Franklin Távora, é considerado um marco do regionalismo literário brasileiro. De difícil defi nição, situa-se numa encruzilhada de períodos, estilos, tradições e ideologias, donde emerge uma perspectiva já incompatibilizada com o antigo regime, porém ainda caudatária de id��ias românticas. A questão da maldade, muito presente na narrativa, aponta tais confl uências e problemas, explicitando os limites da visão de mundo do autor.

Lindelof spaces which are indestructible, productive, or D

We discuss relationships in Lindelof spaces among the properties "indestructible". "productive", "D", and related properties. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Bioremediation of PAHs - Limitations and soultions

Introduction 1.1 Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the environment Worldwide industrial and agricultural developments have released a large number of natural and synthetic hazardous compounds into the environment due to careless waste disposal, illegal waste dumping and accidental spills. As a result, there are numerous sites in the world that require cleanup of soils and groundwater. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major groups of these contaminants (Da Silva et al., 2003). PAHs constitute a diverse class of organic compounds consisting of two or more aromatic rings with various structural configurations (Prabhu and Phale, 2003). Being a derivative of benzene, PAHs are thermodynamically stable. In addition, these chemicals tend to adhere to particle surfaces, such as soils, because of their low water solubility and strong hydrophobicity, and this results in greater persistence under natural conditions. This persistence coupled with their potential carcinogenicity makes PAHs problematic environmental contaminants (Cerniglia, 1992; Sutherland, 1992). PAHs are widely found in high concentrations at many industrial sites, particularly those associated with petroleum, gas production and wood preserving industries (Wilson and Jones, 1993). 1.2 Remediation technologies Conventional techniques used for the remediation of soil polluted with organic contaminants include excavation of the contaminated soil and disposal to a landfill or capping - containment - of the contaminated areas of a site. These methods have some drawbacks. The first method simply moves the contamination elsewhere and may create significant risks in the excavation, handling and transport of hazardous material. Additionally, it is very difficult and increasingly expensive to find new landfill sites for the final disposal of the material. The cap and containment method is only an interim solution since the contamination remains on site, requiring monitoring and maintenance of the isolation barriers long into the future, with all the associated costs and potential liability. A better approach than these traditional methods is to completely destroy the pollutants, if possible, or transform them into harmless substances. Some technologies that have been used are high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical decomposition (for example, base-catalyzed dechlorination, UV oxidation). However, these methods have significant disadvantages, principally their technological complexity, high cost , and the lack of public acceptance. Bioremediation, on the contrast, is a promising option for the complete removal and destruction of contaminants. 1.3 Bioremediation of PAH contaminated soil & groundwater Bioremediation is the use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to degrade or detoxify hazardous wastes into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide, water and cell biomass Most PAHs are biodegradable unter natural conditions (Da Silva et al., 2003; Meysami and Baheri, 2003) and bioremediation for cleanup of PAH wastes has been extensively studied at both laboratory and commercial levels- It has been implemented at a number of contaminated sites, including the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989, the Mega Borg spill off the Texas coast in 1990 and the Burgan Oil Field, Kuwait in 1994 (Purwaningsih, 2002). Different strategies for PAH bioremediation, such as in situ , ex situ or on site bioremediation were developed in recent years. In situ bioremediation is a technique that is applied to soil and groundwater at the site without removing the contaminated soil or groundwater, based on the provision of optimum conditions for microbiological contaminant breakdown.. Ex situ bioremediation of PAHs, on the other hand, is a technique applied to soil and groundwater which has been removed from the site via excavation (soil) or pumping (water). Hazardous contaminants are converted in controlled bioreactors into harmless compounds in an efficient manner. 1.4 Bioavailability of PAH in the subsurface Frequently, PAH contamination in the environment is occurs as contaminants that are sorbed onto soilparticles rather than in phase (NAPL, non aqueous phase liquids). It is known that the biodegradation rate of most PAHs sorbed onto soil is far lower than rates measured in solution cultures of microorganisms with pure solid pollutants (Alexander and Scow, 1989; Hamaker, 1972). It is generally believed that only that fraction of PAHs dissolved in the solution can be metabolized by microorganisms in soil. The amount of contaminant that can be readily taken up and degraded by microorganisms is defined as bioavailability (Bosma et al., 1997; Maier, 2000). Two phenomena have been suggested to cause the low bioavailability of PAHs in soil (Danielsson, 2000). The first one is strong adsorption of the contaminants to the soil constituents which then leads to very slow release rates of contaminants to the aqueous phase. Sorption is often well correlated with soil organic matter content (Means, 1980) and significantly reduces biodegradation (Manilal and Alexander, 1991). The second phenomenon is slow mass transfer of pollutants, such as pore diffusion in the soil aggregates or diffusion in the organic matter in the soil. The complex set of these physical, chemical and biological processes is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, biodegradation processes are taking place in the soil solution while diffusion processes occur in the narrow pores in and between soil aggregates (Danielsson, 2000). Seemingly contradictory studies can be found in the literature that indicate the rate and final extent of metabolism may be either lower or higher for sorbed PAHs by soil than those for pure PAHs (Van Loosdrecht et al., 1990). These contrasting results demonstrate that the bioavailability of organic contaminants sorbed onto soil is far from being well understood. Besides bioavailability, there are several other factors influencing the rate and extent of biodegradation of PAHs in soil including microbial population characteristics, physical and chemical properties of PAHs and environmental factors (temperature, moisture, pH, degree of contamination). Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing possible rate-limiting processes during bioremediation of hydrophobic organic contaminants in a contaminated soil-water system (not to scale) (Danielsson, 2000). 1.5 Increasing the bioavailability of PAH in soil Attempts to improve the biodegradation of PAHs in soil by increasing their bioavailability include the use of surfactants , solvents or solubility enhancers.. However, introduction of synthetic surfactant may result in the addition of one more pollutant. (Wang and Brusseau, 1993).A study conducted by Mulder et al. showed that the introduction of hydropropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPCD), a well-known PAH solubility enhancer, significantly increased the solubilization of PAHs although it did not improve the biodegradation rate of PAHs (Mulder et al., 1998), indicating that further research is required in order to develop a feasible and efficient remediation method. Enhancing the extent of PAHs mass transfer from the soil phase to the liquid might prove an efficient and environmentally low-risk alternative way of addressing the problem of slow PAH biodegradation in soil.

The Supreme Court Confirmation Process and Its Implications

In recent history, there has been a trend of increasing partisan polarization throughout most of the American political system. Some of the impacts of this polarization are obvious; however, there is reason to believe that we miss some of the indirect effects of polarization. Accompanying the trend of increased polarization has been an increase in the contentiousness of the Supreme Court confirmation process. I believe that these two trends are related. Furthermore, I argue that these trends have an impact on judicial behavior. This is an issue worth exploring, since the Supreme Court is the most isolated branch of the federal government. The Constitution structured the Supreme Court to ensure that it was as isolated as possible from short-term political pressures and interests. This study attempts to show how it may be possible that those goals are no longer being fully achieved. My first hypothesis in this study is that increases in partisan polarization are a direct cause of the increase in the level of contention during the confirmation process. I then hypothesize that the more contention a justice faces during his or her confirmation process, the more ideologically extreme that justice will then vote on the bench. This means that a nominee appointed by a Republican president will tend to vote even more conservatively than was anticipated following a contentious confirmation process, and vice versa for Democratic appointees. In order to test these hypotheses, I developed a data set for every Supreme Court nominee dating back to President Franklin D. Roosevelt¿s appointments (1937). With this data set, I ran a series of regression models to analyze these relationships. Statistically speaking, the results support my first hypothesis in a fairly robust manner. My regression results for my second hypothesis indicate that the trend I am looking for is present for Republican nominees. For Democratic nominees, the impacts are less robust. Nonetheless, as the results will show, contention during the confirmation process does seem to have some impact on judicial behavior. Following my quantitative analysis, I analyze a series of case studies. These case studies serve to provide tangible examples of these statistical trends as well as to explore what else may be going on during the confirmation process and subsequent judicial decision-making. I use Justices Stevens, Rehnquist, and Alito as the subjects for these case studies. These cases will show that the trends described above do seem to be identifiable at the level of an individual case. These studies further help to indicate other potential impacts on judicial behavior. For example, following Justice Rehnquist¿s move from Associate to Chief Justice, we see a marked change in his behavior. Overall, this study serves as a means of analyzing some of the more indirect impacts of partisan polarization in modern politics. Further, the study offers a means of exploring some of the possible constraints (both conscious and subconscious) that Supreme Court justices may feel while they decide how to cast a vote in a particular case. Given the wide-reaching implications of Supreme Court decisions, it is important to try to grasp a full view of how these decisions are made.

Der Judaismus und die parlamentarische Komödie : Rede über d. Täuschungen u. d. nothwendige Reform unseres modernen Repräsentativsystems, geh. bei Gelegenheit d. Budgetdebatte am 7. Febr. 1882 ...

von Iván v. Simonyi

Illustrirter jüdischer Familien-Kalender für das Jahr 5642 : n. E. d. W. vom 24. Sept. 1881 bis 13. Sept. 1882, 4. Jahrg.

hrsg. von Julius Meyer

Karl Gentner als Benjamin Franklin Pinkerton, Rollenbild, in: Giacomo Puccini: Madame Butterfly

Signatur des Originals: S 36/F03879

Karl Gentner als Benjamin Franklin Pinkerton, Rollenbild, in: Giacomo Puccini: Madame Butterfly

Signatur des Originals: S 36/F03900