Viabilidad financiera de proyectos de inversión en energía solar fotovoltaica con conexión a la red comercial en El Salvador.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene por finalidad contribuir al conocimiento sobre la viabilidad financiera de proyectos de inversión en energía solar fotovoltaica, específicamente los conectados a la red comercial. El desarrollo considera la opinión de expertos relacionados con el tema, aunque el universo de estudio realmente es reducido, se logró obtener el apoyo de un representante de la Corporación Alemana GTZ, dos representantes de una empresa distribuidora de energía y un Director de empresa consultora El Salvador Sostenible. Para dar a conocer al lector un esbozo general sobre la evolución del presente estudio, la parte que se refiere a los antecedentes incluyen datos históricos que revela la situación de las inversiones en sistemas fotovoltaicos desde los años 2005 a la fecha, como puede apreciarse no solo ésta nación está interesada en la búsqueda por sustituir el uso del combustible por fuentes renovables (específicamente solar), para la generación de energía eléctrica. A nivel regional e internacional el sector energético avanza a la implementación del uso de tecnologías que arrojan energía limpia proveniente de un recurso que está disponible en forma gratuita como lo es el Sol. Se mencionó al principio se pretende dar a conocer la viabilidad financiera de proyectos FV, y como se verá más adelante este factor depende de muchos otros recursos que no solo podrían encarecer o favorecer el desarrollo de este tipo de proyectos en el país, por ello el aporte que se pretende entregar con éste análisis es de carácter informativo para tomar decisiones de inversión.

Desarrollo de un agente 3D con uso de algoritmos evolutivos y minería de datos

En este Trabajo Fin de Grado se lleva a cabo la implementación de un mundo 3D a través del uso del entorno Unity en el se cual realizará el desarrollo de un agente 3D el cual interactúe con el entorno que le rodea. Para ello haremos uso de algoritmos relacionado con la inteligencia artificial así como aplicación de algoritmos relacionados con la minería de datos tales como redes neuronales basando su aprendizaje en algoritmos evolutivos o arboles de decisión, respectivamente. Así pues, el objetivo de este proyecto es la creación de un agente 3D el cual sea capaz de adaptarse al entorno que le rodea, siendo hostiles algunos de estos entornos. Habrá principalmente 2 entornos los cuales serán una ciudad donde el agente deberá recoger clientes en su rol de taxista y soltarlas reconociendo a través de una serie de variables que personas son de fiar y cuales no. El segundo entorno es una cancha de baloncesto donde el agente deberá aprender a lanzar a canasta y reconocer con qué estados meteorológicos es viable jugar.

Estudio de factibilidad para la producción y comercialización de shampoo de bálsamo y velas aromáticas de la red de mujeres emprendedoras de San Julián, departamento de Sonsonate.

La Escuela de Administración de Empresas en su afán por vincular a los futuros líderes empresariales del país, con la realidad que tendrán que enfrentar, ha establecido contacto con instituciones como el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), que junto con otras instituciones como las alcaldías, organizaciones no gubernamentales y cooperativas, permiten a los estudiantes aplicar los conocimientos adquiridos, contribuyendo a su vez a generarles conciencia social. La realización de este estudio de factibilidad es el resultado de dichos esfuerzos y su objetivo principal es brindar apoyo a unidades productivas conformadas por mujeres de escasos recursos y con deseos de superación tanto económica como social y de esa manera ser parte del desarrollo del municipio de Sonsonate y por consiguiente del país. Este estudio se realizó a la Red de Mujeres Emprendedoras del Municipio de San Julián, quienes se dedican a la producción y comercialización de Shampoo de Bálsamo y Velas Aromáticas, estos productos son elaborados artesanalmente destacando la utilización de recursos propios con los que cuenta este municipio como lo es el Bálsamo. El desarrollo del contenido de dicha investigación ha requerido de la consideración de muchos factores tales como: Estudio de mercado, en el que se analiza la demanda y la competencia, datos que sirvieron como base para determinar los costos de producción, fijar los precios de los productos establecer las formas de comercialización y además realizar una proyección de ventas para tres años; otro de los factores importantes que se consideró es el aspecto técnico en el que se toma en cuenta la ubicación y el tamaño óptimo del proyecto así como el proceso de producción y los requerimientos de materia prima, utensilios y equipo para llevarlo a cabo y se realizó una evaluación económica y financiera en la que se estableció que es rentable producir y comercializar Shampoo de Bálsamo y Velas Aromáticas por lo que debe dársele continuidad al proyecto; contribuyendo a disminuir el asistencialismo y lograr incluir a la mujer en la generación de ingresos para su hogar y a través de esto elevar su autoestima.

Propuesta de un modelo explicativo de la efectividad, rendimiento y control estratégico de la red comercial. Una aplicación al sector financiero

Propósito de la investigación. Lo que está especialmente en cuestión es si la implantación de un modelo de dirección y control de unidades de negocio fundamentado en comportamientos puede derivar en mayores niveles de rendimiento y logros comerciales de dichas unidades. Diseño. Se utiliza el método del caso, eligiéndose dos entidades financieras referentes de banca universal. Metodología. Tras una primera fase cualitativa a través de entrevistas en profundidad para adecuar las escalas a la realidad del sector financiero, se encuesta a los directores de zona y directores de oficina de ambas entidades acerca de elementos como: el control por comportamientos, el rendimiento comercial de los equipos y la efectividad comercial. Análisis de los datos. Se acometen tres tipologías de análisis. Un primer análisis descriptivo de los datos obtenidos que se centra en describir los principales resultados del estudio de los diferentes ítems a través de los valores medios de las escalas originales utilizadas en la investigación. El segundo análisis, de la entidad 1, tiene como objetivo analizar si la relación entre el comportamiento del director de zona y la efectividad en la oficina se explica por el efecto indirecto que tienen los directores de sucursal y el desempeño comercial de la oficina. Para ello se opta por el análisis de mediación a través de la regresión múltiple. El tercer análisis persigue verificar el efecto mediador, obtenido en el segundo análisis, por medio del análisis de ecuaciones estructurales aplicado la entidad 2...

Phytochemical Markers Of Different Types Of Red Propolis.

Propolis is a resin that bees collect from different plant sources and use in the defense of the bee community. The intricate composition of propolis varies depending on plant sources from different geographic regions and many types have been reported. Red coloured propolis found in several states in Brazil and in other countries has known antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Different analytical methods have been applied to studies regarding the chemical composition and plant origins of red propolis. In this study samples of red propolis from different regions have been characterised using direct infusion electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI(-)-MS) fingerprinting. Data from the fingerprints was extracted and analysed by multivariate analysis to group the samples according to their composition and marker compounds. Despite similar colour, the red coloured propolis samples were divided into three groups due to contrasting chemical composition, confirming the need to properly characterise the chemical composition of propolis.

Antibody Recognition Of Plasmodium Falciparum Infected Red Blood Cells By Symptomatic And Asymptomatic Individuals In The Brazilian Amazon.

In the Amazon Region, there is a virtual absence of severe malaria and few fatal cases of naturally occurring Plasmodium falciparum infections; this presents an intriguing and underexplored area of research. In addition to the rapid access of infected persons to effective treatment, one cause of this phenomenon might be the recognition of cytoadherent variant proteins on the infected red blood cell (IRBC) surface, including the var gene encoded P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1. In order to establish a link between cytoadherence, IRBC surface antibody recognition and the presence or absence of malaria symptoms, we phenotype-selected four Amazonian P. falciparum isolates and the laboratory strain 3D7 for their cytoadherence to CD36 and ICAM1 expressed on CHO cells. We then mapped the dominantly expressed var transcripts and tested whether antibodies from symptomatic or asymptomatic infections showed a differential recognition of the IRBC surface. As controls, the 3D7 lineages expressing severe disease-associated phenotypes were used. We showed that there was no profound difference between the frequency and intensity of antibody recognition of the IRBC-exposed P. falciparum proteins in symptomatic vs. asymptomatic infections. The 3D7 lineages, which expressed severe malaria-associated phenotypes, were strongly recognised by most, but not all plasmas, meaning that the recognition of these phenotypes is frequent in asymptomatic carriers, but is not necessarily a prerequisite to staying free of symptoms.

Understanding Red Blood Cell Parameters In The Context Of The Frailty Phenotype: Interpretations Of The Fibra (frailty In Brazilian Seniors) Study.

Frailty and anemia in the elderly appear to share a common pathophysiology associated with chronic inflammatory processes. This study uses an analytical, cross-sectional, population-based methodology to investigate the probable relationships between frailty, red blood cell parameters and inflammatory markers in 255 community-dwelling elders aged 65 years or older. The frailty phenotype was assessed by non-intentional weight loss, fatigue, low grip strength, low energy expenditure and reduced gait speed. Blood sample analyses were performed to determine hemoglobin level, hematocrit and reticulocyte count, as well as the inflammatory variables IL-6, IL-1ra and hsCRP. In the first multivariate analysis (model I), considering only the erythroid parameters, Hb concentration was a significant variable for both general frailty status and weight loss: a 1.0g/dL drop in serum Hb concentration represented a 2.02-fold increase (CI 1.12-3.63) in an individual's chance of being frail. In the second analysis (model II), which also included inflammatory cytokine levels, hsCRP was independently selected as a significant variable. Each additional year of age represented a 1.21-fold increase in the chance of being frail, and each 1-unit increase in serum hsCRP represented a 3.64-fold increase in the chance of having the frailty phenotype. In model II reticulocyte counts were associated with weight loss and reduced metabolic expenditure criteria. Our findings suggest that reduced Hb concentration, reduced RetAbs count and elevated serum hsCRP levels should be considered components of frailty, which in turn is correlated with sarcopenia, as evidenced by weight loss.

Prominent Role Of Platelets In The Formation Of Circulating Neutrophil-red Cell Heterocellular Aggregates In Sickle Cell Anemia.

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Evaluation Of Red Cell And Reticulocyte Parameters As Indicative Of Iron Deficiency In Patients With Anemia Of Chronic Disease.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mature red cell and reticulocyte parameters under three conditions: iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, and anemia of chronic disease associated with absolute iron deficiency. Peripheral blood cells from 117 adult patients with anemia were classified according to iron status, and inflammatory activity, and the results of a hemoglobinopathy investigation as: iron deficiency anemia (n=42), anemia of chronic disease (n=28), anemia of chronic disease associated with iron deficiency anemia (n=22), and heterozygous β thalassemia (n=25). The percentage of microcytic red cells, hypochromic red cells, and levels of hemoglobin content in both reticulocytes and mature red cells were determined. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to evaluate the accuracy of the parameters in differentiating between the different types of anemia. There was no significant difference between the iron deficient group and anemia of chronic disease associated with absolute iron deficiency in respect to any parameter. The percentage of hypochromic red cells was the best parameter to discriminate anemia of chronic disease with and without absolute iron deficiency (area under curve=0.785; 95% confidence interval: 0.661-0.909, with sensitivity of 72.7%, and specificity of 70.4%; cut-off value 1.8%). The formula microcytic red cells minus hypochromic red cells was very accurate in differentiating iron deficiency anemia and heterozygous β thalassemia (area under curve=0.977; 95% confidence interval: 0.950-1.005; with sensitivity of 96.2%, and specificity of 92.7%; cut-off value 13.8). The indices related to red cells and reticulocytes have a moderate performance in identifying absolute iron deficiency in patients with anemia of chronic disease.

CROMATOGRAFIA DE AFINIDADE COM CORANTE RED A versus TROCA IÔNICA-PERMEABILIDADE EM GEL: COMPARAÇÃO DA PRATICIDADE NA PURIFICAÇÃO DE ENTEROTOXINA ESTAFILOCÓCICA A

Culture supernatant of Staphylococcus aureus 722 in 3% triptone plus 1% yeast extract was used for EEA purification, proceeding comparison between dye ligand Red A affinity chromatography and classic chromatography. The capture of SEA with Amberlite CG-50 allowed rapid enterotoxin concentration from the culture supernatant. However, the ratio of 15 mg of the resin to a total of 150 mg of the toxin satured the resin, giving only 10 to 30% of SEA recuperation from the supernatant. The elution of concentrated material throught the Red A column resulted in a recovery of 60,87% of the toxin, and required 76 hours, indicating advantage on classic chromatography. Ion exchange column plus gel filtration recovered only 6,5 % of the SEA, and required 114 hours to conclude the procedure. The eletrophoresis of purified SEA indicated high grade of toxin obtained from Red A column, with 90 % of purity, compared to 60 % of classic column.

Análise espacial e sazonal da leptospirose no município de São Paulo, SP, 1998 a 2006

OBJETIVO: Analisar a distribuição espacial e sazonal da leptospirose, identificando possíveis componentes ecológicos e sociais para a sua transmissão. MÉTODOS: Foram georreferenciados 2.490 casos em cada distrito do município de São Paulo, SP, registrados de 1998 a 2006. Os dados foram obtidos do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Foram realizados mapas temáticos com as variáveis taxa de incidência, letalidade, taxa de alfabetização, renda média mensal, número de moradores por domicilio, abastecimento de água e rede de esgoto. Para identificar o padrão espacial (disperso, em aglomerado ou randômico), foram analisadas pelo Índice de Moran global e local. Foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman para testar associações entre as variáveis com padrão espacial em aglomerados. RESULTADOS: O padrão espacial em aglomerados foi observado nas variáveis taxa de incidência de leptospirose, taxa de alfabetização, renda média mensal, número de moradores por domicílio, abastecimento de água e rede de esgoto. Foram notificados 773 casos no período seco e 1.717 no úmido. A incidência e a letalidade estão correlacionadas com as condições socioeconômicas da população, independentemente do período. CONCLUSÕES: A leptospirose está distribuída por todo o município de São Paulo e sua incidência aumenta no período das chuvas. No período seco, os locais de aparecimento dos casos coincidem com as áreas de piores condições de moradia e, durante o período úmido, também aumenta em outros distritos, provavelmente devido à proximidade de rios e córregos.

Factors associated with stages of change for red meat and vegetable intake by Japanese-Brazilians

Stages of change assess individual motivation for lifestyle changes, contributing to the development of more effective intervention strategies. The objective of the present study was to identify factors associated with stages of change for lower intake of red meat and higher intake of vegetables in a cross-sectional analysis of 578 Japanese-Brazilians aged 30-90 years. In adjusted logistic regression models, the odds ratios for women (OR = 1.89; 95%CI: 1.154; 3.103) and physically active individuals (OR = 1.00; 95%CI: 1.000; 1.001) were positively associated with stage of "action" for the higher intake of vegetables. Inverse associations were observed between central obesity (OR = 0.5; 95%CI: 0.351; 0.887) and highest tertile of red meat intake (OR = 0.50; 95%CI: 0.302; 0.817), as well as a positive association between age (OR = 1.04; 95%CI: 1.020; 1.070) and the stage of "action" to the lower intake of meat were verified. Motivation for Japanese-Brazilians to change their food intake was linked to lifestyle. Stage of change is an important factor in mediating food intake behavior change.

Composição de lancheiras de alunos de escolas particulares de São Paulo

OBJETIVO: Avaliar qualitativamente a composição das lancheiras de crianças do segundo ao quinto ano do ensino fundamental de escolas privadas de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: O delineamento do estudo foi transversal e a coleta de dados foi realizada em cinco unidades de uma rede particular de ensino, localizadas em regiões distintas da Grande São Paulo. A observação dos lanches ocorreu em três dias não consecutivos do ano de 2008 para cada criança. A amostra foi constituída pela totalidade de crianças do segundo ao quinto ano do ensino fundamental (n=501). Os alunos foram categorizados segundo a presença ou não de cada um dos grupos de alimentos nas lancheiras em pelo menos um dos três dias de observação. RESULTADOS: Dentre as crianças estudadas, 82% trouxeram cereais; 67% sucos artificiais e outras bebidas; 65% leite e alimentos lácteos; 51% bolo, bolacha e barra de cereais recheados e/ou com cobertura e 35% embutidos, em pelo menos uma dia de coleta. A frequência de frutas e sucos naturais foi de 33%, e de verduras e legumes foi de 4%. Meninas levaram para a escola com mais frequência frutas e hortaliças (p<0,05). Alunos maiores deixaram de levar lanche à escola mais frequentemente do que os menores nos três dias de observação (11 e 4%, respectivamente; p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A composição das lancheiras dos escolares, apesar de alguns aspectos positivos, mostrou-se inadequada. Houve excesso de alimentos industrializados, geralmente ricos em açúcares, gorduras e sódio e baixa presença de frutas, verduras e legumes.

Viability of fibroblasts cultured under nutritional stress irradiated with red laser, infrared laser, and red light-emitting diode

Phototherapy is noninvasive, painless and has no known side effect. However, for its incorporation into clinical practice, more well-designed studies are necessary to define optimal parameters for its application. The viability of fibroblasts cultured under nutritional stress irradiated with either a red laser, an infrared laser, or a red light-emitting diode (LED) was analyzed. Irradiation parameters were: red laser (660 nm, 40 mW, 1 W/cm(2)), infrared laser (780 nm, 40 mW, 1 W/cm(2)), and red LED (637 +/- 15 nm, 40 mW, 1 W/cm(2)). All applications were punctual and performed with a spot with 0.4 mm(2) of diameter for 4 or 8 s. The Kruskal-Wallis test and analysis of variance of the general linear model (p <= 0.05) were used for statistical analysis. After 72 h, phototherapy with low-intensity laser and LED showed no toxicity at the cellular level. It even stimulated methylthiazol tetrazolium assay (MTT) conversion and neutral red uptake of fibroblasts cultured under nutritional stress, especially in the group irradiated with infrared laser (p = 0.004 for MTT conversion and p < 0.001 for neutral red uptake). Considering the parameters and protocol of phototherapy used, it can be concluded that phototherapy stimulated the viability of fibroblasts cultured under nutritional deficit resembling those found in traumatized tissue in which cell viability is reduced. (C) 2011 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). [DOI: 10.1117/1.3602850]

In Vivo Effects on the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A(165) Messenger Ribonucleic Acid of an Infrared Diode Laser Associated or Not with a Visible Red Diode Laser

Objective: This study investigated and correlated the kinetic expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A(165) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) with the associated use or not of an infrared laser and a visible red laser during the wound healing in rats. Background Data: There is a lack of scientific evidence demonstrating the influence of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the expression of VEGF mRNA in vivo. Materials and Methods: Forty-five Wistar rats were randomly allocated to one of three groups: I (n = 5, nonoperated animals), II (n = 25, operated animals), and III (n = 25, animals operated and subjected to laser irradiation). A surgical wound was performed using a scalpel in the right side of the tongue of operated animals. In group III, two sessions of laser irradiation were performed, one right after the surgical procedure (infrared laser, 780 nm, 70mW, 35 J/cm(2)) and the other 48 h later (visible red laser, 660 nm, 40mW, 5J/cm(2)). Five animals each were sacrificed 1, 3, 5, and 7 days postoperatively in groups II and III, and samples of tongue tissue were obtained. The animals of group I were sacrificed on day 7. Total RNA was extracted using guanidine-isothiocyanate-phenol-chloroform method. The results of horizontal electrophoresis after reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction permitted the ratio of VEGF-A(165) mRNA and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA expression for groups I, II, and III to be assessed (two-way analysis of variance and Tukey test, p<0.05). Results: The expression of VEGF-A(165) mRNA in group II (0.770 +/- 0.098) was statistically greater than that observed in groups I (0.523 +/- 0.164) and III (0.504 +/- 0.069) in the first day after surgery (p<0.05). Significant differences between the groups were not observed in other time periods. Conclusion: LLLT influenced the expression of VEGF-A(165) mRNA during wound healing after a surgical procedure on the tongue of Wistar rats.