各向异性介质中的地震面波和S波分裂

Surface wave propagation in the anisotropic media and S-wave splitting in China mainland are focused in this M.S. dissertation. We firstly introduced Anderson parameters in the research of surface wave propagation in the anisotropic media were deduced, respectively. By applying the given initial model to the forward calculation of Love wave, we compared dispersion curves of Love wave in the anisotropic media with the one in the isotropic media. the results show that, although the two kind of results are similar with each other, the effect of anisotropy can not be neglected. Furthermore, the variation of anisotropy factors will result in the variation of dispersion curves, especially for high-mode one. The method of grid dispersion inversion was then described for further tectonic inversion. We also deduced inversion equation on the condition that the layered media is anisotropic, and calculated the phase-velocity partial derivatives with respect to the model parameters, P- and S-wave velocities, density, anisotropic parameters for Rayleigh wave and Love wave. Having analyzed the results of phase-velocity partial derivatives, we concluded that the derivatives within each period decreased with the depth increasing, the phase-velocity of surface wave is sensitive to the S-wave velocities and anisotropic factors and is not sensitive to the densities of layers. Dispersion data of Love wave from the events occurred during the period from 1991 to 1998 around the Qinghai and Tibet Plateau, which magnitudes are more than 5.5, have been used in the grid dispersion inversion. Those data have been preprocessed and analyzed in the F-T domain. Then the results of 1°*1° grid dispersion inversion, the pure path dispersion data, in the area of Qianghai and Tibet Plateau were obtained. As an example, dispersion data have been input for the tectonic inversion in the anisotropic media, and the results of anisotropic factors under the region of Qianghai and Tibet Plateau were initially discussed. As for the other part of this dissertation. We first introduced the phenomena of S-wave splitting and the methods for calculation the splitting parameters. Then, We applied Butterworth band-pass filter to S-wave data recorded at 8 stations in China mainland, and analyzed S-wave splitting at different frequency bands. The results show the delay time and the fast polarization directions of S-wave splitting depend upon the frequency bands. There is an absence of S-wave splitting at the station of Wulumuqi (WMQ) for the band of 0.1-0.2Hz. With the frequency band broaden, the delay time of S-wave splitting decreases at the stations of Beijing (BJI), Enshi (ENH), Kunming (KMI) and Mudanjiang (MDJ); the fast polarization direction at Enshi (ENH) changes from westward to eastward, and eastward to westward at Hailaer (HIA). The variations of delay time with bands at Lanzhou (LZH) and qiongzhong (QIZ) are similar, and there is a coherent trend of fast polarization directions at BJI, KMI and MDJ respectively. Initial interpretations to the results of frequency band-dependence of S-wave splitting were also presented.

青藏高原东缘新生代富钾碱性岩的年龄与岩石地球化学特征

The Cenozoic high-Potassium alkaline magma rocks are widely distributed in the eastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau, such as Mangkang, Deqin, Jianchuan, Haidong in the western Yunnan Province, Yanyuan, Muli in the western Sichuan province, including syenite, minette and trachyte and lamprophyres, which formaed a large alkaline-rich magmatic rock zone along the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan fault. Here we present detailed Geochemical and Geochronology study for the Cenozoic high-K alkline magma rocks from Mangkang, Deqin, Jianchuan, Haidong and Muli, Yanyuan, Yanbian, Yaoan (western Yangtze craton). Rocks of our target area include syenite, minette and trachyte. Geochronologic dating and compilation of existing age data suggest magmatism occurred at 32-38Ma and distribute along the Jinsha suture, from Jinping, Daping, Zhenyuan to Haidong, Jianchuan, Deqin, Mangkang, Zaduo to Qiangtang Bandaohu, Zhentouya. They all share same geochemical features such as rich in potassium and alkaline, rich in LREE, slightly negative Eu anomalies, negative anomalies in Nb, Ta, Ti,. These indicate they come from EMU mantle. Geochronologic dating on western Yangtze craton minette surgest minette in Haidong, Yanyuan, Yanbian, Yaoan, Deqin ocurred at 30-37Ma, well minette in Muli ocurred at IMa. Need more detailed geology study to find differece of these two episode magmatism.

宁夏固原寺口子剖面磁性地层与孢粉植物群初步研究

In Asia continent, several significant environmental events happened during the Cenozoic era, such as uplift of the Tibet Plateau, formation of the Asian Monsoon system, aridification of the temperate inland region in Central Asia. To investigate the history of long-term palaeoclimate evolution during the late Cenozoic, a lacustrine sequence located at Sikouzi, Guyuan county, Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region, was studied. The Sikouzi section is about 2880 m in thickness and has a general continuous nature according to field observation. Thus this thick lacustrine record is an important archive to further understand those environmental events. In this study, detailed field measurement, layer-after-layer description and sampling, and magnetostratigraphy and palynoflora investigations are conducted at the Sikouzi section and some preliminary results have been achieved as follows. Based on Hipparion fauna, pollen data and long distinctive patterns of the local magnetozones, the confident correlation of the Sikouzi magnetostratigraphic polarity to the GPTS (CK95) is best established, indicating that the top boundary of the Sikouzi formation is dated back to -19.8 Ma B.P. and consequently no Oligocene sediments deposited locally. On the other hand, both the field observation and the correlation to GPTS indicate a nearly continuous nature for the whole sequence. The palynological results show that the grassland has been a dominant vegetation in the Sikouzi area since ~19.8 Ma B.P, although some trees/shrubs were present sparsely during the intervals of relatively warm and wet climatic conditions. This implies that the onset of the aridification in northwestern China is dated back to at least 19.8 Ma B.P. ago. The Neogene Global Climatic Optimum (-16.0 Ma B.P.) occurring between the late Early Miocene and the early Middle Miocene is well documented in the Shanwang formation, Shandong Province. However, such event was not found in the Sikouzi record, and neither in the Guide and the Hualong basins, Qinghai province. This may lead us to the conclusion that the East-Asian Summer Monsoon system remained weak during the period of the Miocene Climatic Optimum although the onset of it was traced back to the Early Oligocene. In the Sikouzi area, it was warm between the latest Miocene and the early Pliocene and then became cool in the late Pliocene. This pattern is consistent with the palaeoclimate record of the Pliocene from other areas in the world.

Carbon pools and fluxes measured during a field campaign conducted in 2010 on the Tibetan Plateau at Kema

The Tibetan highlands host the largest alpine grassland ecosystems worldwide, bearing soils that store substantial stocks of carbon (C) that are very sensitive to land use changes. This study focuses on the cycling of photoassimilated C within a Kobresia pygmaea pasture, the dominating ecosystems on the Tibetan highlands. We investigated short-term effects of grazing cessation and the role of the characteristic Kobresia root turf on C fluxes and belowground C turnover. By combining eddy-covariance measurements with 13CO2 pulse labeling we applied a powerful new approach to measure absolute fluxes of assimilates within and between various pools of the plant-soil-atmosphere system. The roots and soil each store roughly 50% of the overall C in the system (76 Mg C/ha), with only a minor contribution from shoots, which is also expressed in the root:shoot ratio of 90. During June and July the pasture acted as a weak C sink with a strong uptake of approximately 2 g C/m**2/ in the first half of July. The root turf was the main compartment for the turnover of photoassimilates, with a subset of highly dynamic roots (mean residence time 20 days), and plays a key role for the C cycling and C storage in this ecosystem. The short-term grazing cessation only affected aboveground biomass but not ecosystem scale C exchange or assimilate allocation into roots and soil.

Landscape-scale soil erosion modelling and ecological restoration for a mountainous watershed in Sichuan, China

Sichuanissa Tiibetin ylängön metsäkato on pysähtynyt mutta eroosio-ongelmat jatkuvat Viikin tropiikki-instituutin tutkija Ping ZHOU kartoitti trooppisen metsänhoidon alaan kuuluvassa väitöskirjatyössään maaperän eroosioalttiutta ja sen riippuvuutta metsäkasvillisuudesta Jangtsen tärkeää sivuhaaraa Min-jokea ympäröivällä n. 7400 neliökilometrin suuruisella valuma-alueella Sichuanin Aba-piirikunnassa. Aineistonaan hän käytti muun muassa satelliittikartoitustietoja ja mittaustuloksia yli 600 maastokoealalta. Tutkimuksen nimi suomeksi on "Maaperän eroosion mallinnus ja vuoristoisen valuma-alueen ekologinen ennallistaminen Sichuanissa Kiinassa". Aikaisempien tutkimusten perusteella oli tiedossa että metsien häviäminen tällä alueella pysähtyi jo 1980-luvun alussa. Sen jälkeen on metsien pinta-ala hitaasti kasvanut etupäässä sen vuoksi, että teollinen puunhakkuu luonnonmetsissä kiellettiin kokonaan v. 1998 ja 25 astetta jyrkemmillä rinteillä myös maatalouden harjoittaminen on saatu lopetetuksi viljelijöille tarjottujen taloudellisten houkuttimien avulla. Täten myös pelto- ja laidunmaata on voitu ennallistaa metsäksi. Ping Zhou pystyi jakamaan 5700 metrin korkeuteen saakka kohoavan vuoristoalueen eroosioalttiudeltaan erilaisiin vyöhykkeisiin rinteen kaltevuuden, sademäärän, kasvipeitteen ja maalajin perusteella. Noin 15 prosentilla tutkitun valuma-alueen pinta-alasta, lähinnä Min-joen pääuomaa ympäröivillä jyrkillä rinteillä, eroosioriski oli suuri tai erittäin suuri. Eri tyyppisellä kasvillisuudella oli hyvin erilainen vaikutus eroosioalttiuteen, ja myös alueen sijainti vuoriston eri korkeuksilla vaikutti eroosioon. Säästyneet lähes luonnontilaiset havumetsät, joita on etupäässä vuoriston ylimmissä osissa 2600-4000 metrin korkeudella, edistävät tehokkaasti metsän luontaista uudistumista ja levittäytymistä vaurioituneille alueille. Säilyneiden metsien puulajikoostumus antoi tutkimuksessa mahdollisuuden ennustaa metsien tulevaa kehitystä koko tutkitulla valuma-alueella sen eri korkeusvyöhykkeissä ja eri maaperätyypeillä. Ennallistamisen kannalta ongelmallisimpia olivat alueet joilta metsäpeite oli lähinnä puiden teollisen hakkuun vuoksi kokonaan hävinnyt ja joilla maaperä yleisesti oli eroosion pahoin kuluttama. Näillä alueilla ei ole tehty juuri mitään uudistamis- tai ennallistamistoimenpiteitä. Niillä metsien ennallistaminen vaatii myös puiden tai pensaiden istuttamista. Tähän sopivia ovat erityisesti ilmakehän typpeä sitovat lajit, joista alueella kasvaa luontaisena mm. sama tyrnilaji joka esiintyy myös Suomessa. Työssä tutkittiin yli kahdeksankymmenen paikallisen luontaisen puulajin (joista peräti noin kolmannes on havupuulajeja) ekologisia ominaisuuksia ja soveltuvuutta metsien ennallistamiseen. Avainasemassa työn onnistumisen kannalta ovat nyt paikalliset asukkaat, joiden maankäytön muutokset ovat jo selvästi edistänet luonnonmetsän ennalleen palautumista. Suomen Akatemia rahoitti vuosina 2004-2006 VITRI:n tutkimushanketta, josta Ping Zhou'n väitöskirjatyö muodosti keskeisen osan. Kenttätyö Sichuanissa avasi mahdollisuuden hedelmälliseen monitieteiseen yhteistyöhön ja tutkijavaihtoon Kiinan tiedeakatemian alaisen Chengdun biologiainstituutin (CIB) kanssa; tämä tieteellinen kanssakäyminen jatkuu edelleen.

全缘叶绿绒蒿的谱系生物地理学研究

青藏高原是我国植物多样性和特有性最高的地区，其中横断山区由于复杂的地质变迁历史和独特的地貌已成为研究物种多样性的一个热点。全缘叶绿绒蒿是分布于青藏高原及其周边地区的高山植物，该物种的谱系生物地理学研究不仅有助于揭示横断山区的物种分化机制及地理分布格局的形成过程，而且有助于探讨青藏高原隆升及新生代晚期气候变化对横断山区物种遗传结构的影响。 本研究对全缘叶绿绒蒿的12 个群体、153 个个体的叶绿体DNA trnS-trnfM片段进行了序列测定，比对校正后该片段的长度为877－962 bp，其中含6 个突变位点和5 个插入缺失（两个7 bp，两个39 bp，一个6 bp）。根据这些变异，可分为12 种叶绿体单倍型（H1-H12）。全缘叶绿绒蒿在物种水平上的核苷酸多态性分别为π = 0.00152 和θ = 0.00122，单倍型多样性为HE 为0.791，群体之间的遗传分化系数FST 为0.46579。中性检测结果显示无论在物种水平还是在群体水平，都没有显著偏离中性模式，说明该物种近期没有经历明显的瓶颈效应或奠基者效应等历史事件。我们从地理上将全缘叶绿绒蒿的群体分为四个地区，即云南、川西、川北和青海地区。AMOVA 分析显示群体间的遗传分化系数FST为0.46579，大多数的核苷酸多态性来自群体内（53.42%），其次来自于地区内的群体间（40.44%），而四个地区之间的分化非常小，仅占6.14%。失配分析显示在整个物种的分布范围内呈现单峰式样（r = 0.0475, P = 0.07924），这种分布虽然是不显著的，但P 值接近显著的临界，说明可能存在不明显的扩散，但在各个地区内的群体都没有扩散的迹象。 比较单倍型的地理分布和单倍型之间的进化关系，发现川西和川北地区存在明显差异，这两个地区都拥有比较古老的单倍型，也具有地区特异的稀有单倍型，因此很可能是全缘叶绿绒蒿在冰期时的避难所。云南地区只具有一个古老单倍型H1，这种分布可能是由川西和川北避难所的南迁造成的，也可能该地区自身就是古老单倍型H1 的发源地。青海地区只有两种古老的单倍型，由于冰期后物种有往高纬度迁移的趋势，因此这个地区的单倍型可能是在冰期后由川西和川北迁移过去的。全缘叶绿绒蒿在横断山区单倍型的片段化分布及多个避难所的存在可能与该地区独特的高山低谷相间地貌以及受多次冰期影响有密切关系。

高山松（Pinus densata）同倍性杂交物种形成的生态遗传学研究

种间杂交在自然界中普遍存在。杂交可以为群体带来多方面的遗传改变，具有重要的进化生物学意义。越来越多的证据表明，同倍性杂交物种形成是一种重要物种形成途径，在动、植物物种进化中扮演着重要的角色。同倍性杂交物种形成意味着一个稳定的、可育的、与亲本种间形成生殖隔离的杂种群体建立起来，但不改变染色体的数目。这种生殖隔离被认为是通过快速的染色体重组、生态分化、或空间分离形成的。对于现存杂交种的对比分析和对同倍性杂交物种形成的理论模拟都表明，适应性分化和生态转变在同倍性杂交物种形成中起着至关重要的作用。来自于生态成种的研究也表明生态选择自身就可以导致生殖隔离的形成和新物种的形成。尽管如此，我们对同倍性杂交物种形成过程的研究仍然较多地关注于染色体重组及相应的遗传效应；对于自然选择，特别是生态选择在同倍性杂交成种过程中的作用模式缺乏全面地了解。 本研究以同倍性杂交种－高山松为研究对象，利用地理信息学技术、基于天然群体取样的性状对比分析和人工杂交手段，全面地定量描述了高山松及其亲本种间的生态分化、生态转变下的天然群体生殖适应性、以及生态选择下的形态变异和种间杂交可配性。以此探讨了高山松的杂交成种过程，生态转变和自然选择的重要性以及它们与杂交种适应性、形态变异和生殖隔离之间的关系。利用地理信息学手段，对高山松及其亲本种间的生态分化对比分析表明：高山松与其亲本种间形成了明显的生态转变；在自然选择的作用下，高山松已经具备了对于青藏高原东南缘横断山区高山地带独特的生态适应性；相对于亲本种，它的适应性特征体现为混合型，在某些性状上它高出亲本种的适应性，在另一些性状上，它体现出居中、较低或者类似于亲本种适应性；高山松适生区由于地形地貌的复杂性，往往不连续，呈间断状。基于四个反映结实效率的性状、小孢子母细胞减数分裂异常现象及花粉萌发率在种间的对比分析表明，这些反映生殖状态的指标，在三个种及群体间并没有显著差异；相对于亲本种的天然群体，居于青藏高原的高山松群体，表现出了正常的授粉效率和生殖适应性。高山松天然群体正常的生殖效率表明，它经历了生态转变过程中的选择作用，已经具备了在新生境下，繁殖发展下去的生殖适应性。 在大规模群体取样的基础上，通过对反映植物个体发育和营养状态的球果和针叶形态性状的对比分析，我们发现，高山松及其亲本种间的形态变异存在以下特征：第一，绝大多数性状，在种间和种内群体间都存在着显著的差异，并且大部分性状的差异主要体现在种间；第二，高山松在大部分形态性状上介于两个亲本种之间，少数性状表现为超亲分离、类似于某个亲本或无种间差别；第三，在多数性状上，和亲本种相比，高山松群体都拥有较大的变异幅度。第四，在临近亲本种的群体中，高山松的形态特征更类似于所临近的亲本种。上述形态变异特征及其与气象、土壤、经纬度、海拔等因子间普遍的相关性，意味着生态选择在高山松成种过程中起了重要作用。总的来说，形态性状变异的总体模式揭示出：高山松在选择作用下的遗传和表型的精炼过程中已经形成了自身适应于高原环境的、稳定而有效的形态发育模式和资源利用方式，甚至是恰当的防御机制。 本研究通过云南松×油松的单交实验和油松×高山松部分双列杂交实验，检验了高山松及其亲本种间的杂交可配性。结果表明，就平均水平而言，高山松及其亲本种间的种间杂交结实可配性低于种内杂交，但个别种间杂交组合的结实可配性可能高于种间杂交；高山松及其亲本种间正在或已经形成了部分的合子后生殖障碍；现存的高山松群体及其亲本种间的生态地理隔离可能是很有效的生殖隔离形式，一方面做为合子前生殖隔离，它能避免种间相互传粉、阻碍种间杂交的发生，另一方面做为合子后生殖隔离，它能清除掉可能存在的劣势回交产物。 综合已有的证据，我们提出了高山松同倍性杂交物种形成模型：高山松的同倍性杂交成种是与青藏高原隆升过程以及隆升过程中所产生的全新生态空间紧密相关的；青藏高原隆升导致了生态环境的剧变，创造了全新的生态位，在选择的作用下，拥有综合了双亲遗传基础的杂种基因型开始占领这个全新的生态位；在分化的生态选择的持续作用下，杂种基因型在新的生境下稳定下来，形成了独立于亲本种的资源利用方式、形态特征和繁育系统，具备了完善的生殖和生态适应性；此时，一个与亲本种间以生态隔离存在的同倍性杂交种－高山松形成了；随着分化的生态选择的持续进行,高山松与亲本种间的内在生殖隔离不断加强。

青藏高原东北部祁连圆柏树木年轮学研究中的年龄与个体生长问题

树木年轮的生长与气候因子、立地环境条件以及树木自身生长节律等密切相关。一方面，干旱半干旱区的树木年轮宽窄能够比较真实地记录过去的气候变化，据此，可以利用树木年轮资料重建干旱半干旱区过去几百年甚至上千年的气候变化。另一方面，立地环境条件也可能改变年轮生长与气候因子之间的响应关系。 有“世界屋脊”之称的青藏高原地区的气候变化与亚洲季风及全球气候系统密切相关。青藏高原也是世界上地形最复杂的高原，具有极其复杂的地形、地貌。因此，在青藏高原尤其是其东北部的干旱半干旱区开展树木年轮气候学及生态学研究具有极其重要的意义。本研究的目标就是利用树木年轮生态学方法研究树龄、立地条件等对青藏高原东北部祁连圆柏树木年轮宽度生长的可能影响。 为实现以上目标，本研究拟订了以下主要研究内容：探究祁连圆柏树种的年轮宽度生长对气候的响应关系中的年龄问题;比较每个样方内的个体径向生长变化以及三个样方内祁连圆柏个体径向生长规律;探讨导致个体径向生长差异的可能原因。 本文的研究材料为青藏高原常见的长寿树种祁连圆柏，研究方法是国际上通用的树木年轮学研究方法和手段。主要结果归纳如下： 1）依据国际树木年轮库的标准，建立了青藏高原东北部包括德令哈、乌兰、香日德、油葫芦、青羊沟、芒扎、东沟七个采样点的树木年轮年表。 2）运用响应函数、相关函数及单因素方差分析等方法分析了年龄因素对树木年轮生长与气候关系的可能影响。结果为：年龄在200-500年之间的祁连圆柏径向生长对气候变化的响应关系比较好。幼树对气候变化的响应相对差。而当树龄大于500年时，尽管由于树木内部生理变化，对气候变化的响应相对减弱，但是单因素方差分析结果显示这种减弱未能达到显著水平。因此，总体而言，我们认为长寿的祁连圆柏树种是重建古气候的理想材料。 3）通过设立样方，分析了样方内个体径向生长之间的相关性和差异性，以及生长释放与抑制事件发生的规律。同时还探讨了树间距离、立地微环境、限制性气候因子等对树木年轮生长的可能影响。主要研究结果：青藏高原东北部祁连圆柏年轮宽度序列中生长抑制事件发生的频率相对生长释放事件低很多，且存在个体间的差异;不同样方内个体径向生长之间的相关性有差别，乌兰样方内单棵树年轮宽度指数序列之间的相关性比香日德样方以及德令哈样方内单棵树年轮宽度指数序列之间的相关性差;乌兰样方内树木年轮生长受立地微环境的影响比较大。 本论文中年龄相关的树木年轮生长与气候因子响应关系的研究进一步证实了祁连圆柏在重建古气候方面的应用价值;通过设立样方进行祁连圆柏种群内个体差异及立地条件对比方面的研究结果对重建青藏高原地区的气候变化、了解采样地的干扰历史以及树木年轮采样工作等也同样具有重要的参考意义。

Assessment of cattle genetic introgression into domestic yak populations using mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers

Hybridization between yak Poephagus grunniens and taurine Bos taurus or indicine B. indicus cattle has been widely practiced throughout the yak geographical range, and gene flow is expected to have occurred between these species. To assess the impact of cattle admixture on domestic yak, we examined 1076 domestic yak from 29 populations collected in China, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and Russia using mitochondrial DNA and 17 autosomal microsatellite loci. A cattle diagnostic marker-based analysis reveals cattle-specific mtDNA and/or autosomal microsatellite allele introgression in 127 yak individuals from 22 populations. The mean level of cattle admixture across the populations, calculated using allelic information at 17 autosomal microsatellite loci, remains relatively low (mY(cattle) = 2.66 +/- 0.53% and Q(cattle) = 0.69 +/- 2.58%), although it varies a lot across populations as well as among individuals within population. Although the level of cattle admixture shows a clear geographical structure, with higher levels of admixture in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Mongolian and Russian regions, and lower levels in the Himalayan and Pamir Plateau region, our results indicate that the level of cattle admixture is not significantly correlated with the altitude across geographical regions as well as within geographical region. Although yak-cattle hybridization is primarily driven to produce F-1 hybrids, our results show that the subsequent gene flow between yak and cattle took place and has affected contemporary genetic make-up of domestic yak. To protect yak genetic integrity, hybridization between yak and cattle should be tightly controlled.

Phylogenetic study of complete cytochrome b genes in musk deer (genus Moschus) using museum samples

As an endangered animal group, musk deer (genus Moschus) are not only a great concern of wildlife conservation, but also of special interest to evolutionary studies due to long-standing arguments on the taxonomic and phylogenetic associations in this group. Using museum samples, we sequenced complete mitochondrial cytochrome b genes (1140 bp) of all suggested species of musk deer in order to reconstruct their phylogenetic history through molecular information. Our results showed that the cytochrome b gene tree is rather robust and concurred for all the algorithms employed (parsimony, maximum likelihood, and distance methods). Further, the relative rate test indicated a constant sequence substitution rate among all the species, permitting the dating of divergence events by molecular clock. According to the molecular topology, M. moschiferus branched off the earliest from a common ancestor of musk deer (about 700,000 years ago); then followed the bifurcation forming the M. berezouskii lineage and the lineage clustering M. fuscus, M. chrysogaster, and M. leucogaster (around 370,000 years before present), interestingly the most recent speciation event in musk deer happened rather recently (140,000 years ago), which might have resulted from the diversified habitats and geographic barriers in southwest China caused by gigantic movements of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in history. Combining the data of current distributions, fossil records, and molecular data of this study, we suggest that the historical dispersion of musk deer might be from north to south in China. Additionally, in our further analyses involving other pecora species, musk deer was strongly supported as a monophyletic group and a valid family in Artiodactyla, closely related to Cervidae. (C) 1999 Academic Press.

Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Oriental voles: genus Eothenomys (Muridae, Mammalia)

Oriental voles of the genus Eothenomys are predominantly distributed along the Southeastern shoulder of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Based on phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1143 bp) obtained from 23 specimens (eight species)