The UK obesity epidemic:new steering instruments for a new public policy problematic?

Since the 1980s UK government enthusiasm for market reforms has reconfigured the nature and scope of public services. Initially the marketisation of public services changed how public services were provided, increasingly market reforms and pro business policies have also modified the formation and understanding of public policy problematics and how they ought to be resolved. This is particularly noticeable when markets work imperfectly or even fail. UK governments have shown their reluctance to employ regulatory instruments to change the behaviour of companies preferring instead to make use of softer interventions, by focusing on providing advice for consumers and urging individuals to act responsibly. The dilemmas of this approach are explored by discussing the UK's former Labour government's (1997–2010) response to the increase in the incidence of obesity and related health complications.

Revolution or evolution:the challenges of conceptualizing patient and public involvement in a consumerist world

Background Changing the relationship between citizens and the state is at the heart of current policy reforms. Across England and the developed world, from Oslo to Ontario, Newcastle to Newquay, giving the public a more direct say in shaping the organization and delivery of healthcare services is central to the current health reform agenda. Realigning public services around those they serve, based on evidence from service user's experiences, and designed with and by the people rather than simply on their behalf, is challenging the dominance of managerialism, marketization and bureaucratic expertise. Despite this attention there is limited conceptual and theoretical work to underpin policy and practice. Objective This article proposes a conceptual framework for patient and public involvement (PPI) and goes on to explore the different justifications for involvement and the implications of a rights-based rather than a regulatory approach. These issues are highlighted through exploring the particular evolution of English health policy in relation to PPI on the one hand and patient choice on the other before turning to similar patterns apparent in the United States and more broadly. Conclusions A framework for conceptualizing PPI is presented that differentiates between the different types and aims of involvement and their potential impact. Approaches to involvement are different in those countries that adopt a rights-based rather than a regulatory approach. I conclude with a discussion of the tension and interaction apparent in the globalization of both involvement and patient choice in both policy and practice. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Szemléletbeli dilemmák a Public-Private Partnership menedzsmentjében = Management dilemmas in Public-Private Partnership projects

A tanulmány a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) immanens logikai kihívásai közül két kiemelt kérdést elemez: az állami fél közszolgálati-közigazgatási beágyazottságából eredő dilemmákat, valamint az állami és a magánfél eltérő kulturális hátteréből eredő feszültségek jellemzőit. A PPP projektek gyakorlati megvalósítása szempontjából e két kardinális kérdés kifinomult elméleti hátterébe nyújt bepillantást. A közszolgáltatási dilemmák közül azonosítja és tárgyalja a jogszerűség vs. eredményesség, a hatékonyság vs. eredményesség, a centralizáció vs. decentralizáció, a közérdek vs. egyéni szabadságjogok védelme, valamint a kormányzat kicsinyítése vs. jogbiztonság védelme, és a vállalkozói szemlélet vs. közszolgálatiság közti egyensúlyozás kihívásait. Az állami és az üzleti fél kulturális különbözőségének központi motívumaként a döntéshozatalbeli különbséget ragadja meg, és a bizalom szerepét hangsúlyozza a működőképes modell megtalálásának lehetőségeként. = This study analyses two cardinal issues of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects’ immanent challenges: the management dilemmas of public services/governance, and the tensions between the private and public parties due to their different cultural imbeddedness. It provides theoretical insights into these two issues of practical relevance. As public service management dilemmas, it identifies the trade-offs between rights vs. effectiveness, efficiency vs. effectiveness, centralization vs. decentralization, protecting the public interest vs. individual freedom, minimizing government vs. protecting human rights, the entrepreneurial approach vs. public service ethos. The study captures the cultural difference between the public and the private parties in their different approaches to decision making, while it concludes that the role of trust is key in finding feasible solutions for PPP models.

A voice for change? Trust relationships between ombudsmen, individuals and public service providers

There has been a debate for years about what the role of the ombudsman is. This article examines a key component of the role, to promote trust in public services and government. To be able to do this, however, an ombudsman needs to be perceived as legitimate and be trusted by a range of stakeholders, including the user. This article argues that three key relationships in a person’s complaint journey can build trust in an institution, and must therefore be understood as a system. The restorative justice framework is adapted to conceptualize this trust model as a novel approach to understanding the institution from the perspective of its users. Taking two public sector ombudsmen as examples, the article finds that voice and trust need to be reinforced through the relationships in a consumer journey to manage individual expectations, prevent disengagement, and thereby promote trust in the institution, in public service providers, and in government.

Policy Transfer and the Sustainability of Public Private Partnership in Ireland::A conceptual analysis

There has been private sector involvement in the delivery of public services in the Irish State since its foundation. This involvement was formalised in 1998 when Public Private Partnership (PPP) was officially introduced. Ireland is a latecomer to PPP and, prior to the credit crisis, was seen as a ‘rapid follower’ relying primarily on the UK PPP model in the procurement of infrastructure in transport, education, housing/urban regeneration and water/wastewater.  PPP activity in Ireland stalled during the credit crisis, and some projects were cancelled, but it has taken off again recently with part of the Infrastructure and Capital Investment Plan 2016 – 2021 to be delivered through PPP showing continuing political commitment to PPP.  Ireland’s interest in PPP cannot be explained by economic rationale alone, as PPP was initiated during a period of prosperity. We consider three alternative explanations: voluntary adoption – where the UK model was closely followed; coercive adoption – where PPP policy was forced upon Ireland; and institutional isomorphism – where institutional creation and change was promoted to aid public sector organisations in gaining institutional legitimacy. We find evidence of all three patterns, with coercive adoption becoming more relevant in recent years. Ireland’s rapid uptake of PPP differs from other European countries, mostly because when PPP was introduced in 1998, the Irish State was in an economic position where it could have directly procured necessary infrastructure. This paper therefore asks why PPP was adopted and how this adoption pattern has affected the sustainability of PPP in Ireland.  This paper defines PPP; examines the background to the PPP approach adopted in Ireland; outlines the theoretical framework of the paper: transfer theory and institutional theory; discusses the methodology; reports on findings and gives conclusions.   

E-Government Collaboration in the Swedish Public Sector : Multiple Studies on Collaboration Facilitators and Collaboration Modes

Collaboration in the public sector is imperative to achieve e-government objectives such as improved efficiency and effectiveness of public administration and improved quality of public services. Collaboration across organizational and institutional boundaries requires public organizations to share e-government systems and services through for instance, interoperable information technology and processes. Demands on public organizations to become more open also require that public organizations adopt new collaborative approaches for inviting and engaging citizens in governmental activities. E-government related collaboration in the public sector is challenging, however, and collaboration initiatives often fail. Public organizations need to learn how to collaborate since forms of e-government collaboration and expected outcomes are mostly unknown. How public organizations can collaborate and the expected outcomes are thus investigated in this thesis by studying multiple collaboration cases on the acquisition and implementation of a particular e-government investment (digital archive). This thesis also investigates how e-government collaboration can be facilitated through artifacts. It is done through a case study, where objects that cross boundaries between collaborating communities in the public sector are studied, and by designing a configurable process model integrating several processes for social services. By using design science, this thesis also investigates how an m-government solution that facilitates collaboration between citizens and public organizations can be designed. The thesis contributes to literature through describing five different modes of interorganizational collaboration in the public sector and the expected benefits from each mode. It also contributes with an instantiation of a configurable process model supporting three open social e-services and with evidence of how it can facilitate collaboration. This thesis further describes how boundary objects facilitate collaboration between different communities in an open government design initiative. It contributes with a designed mobile government solution, thereby providing proof of concept and initial design implications for enabling collaboration with citizens through citizen sourcing (outsourcing a governmental activity to citizens through an open call). This thesis also identifies research streams within e-government collaboration research through a literature review and the thesis contributions are related to the identified research streams. This thesis gives directions for future research by suggesting that future research should focus further on understanding e-government collaboration and how information and communication technology can facilitate collaboration in the public sector. It is suggested that further research should investigate m-government solutions to form design theories. Future research should also examine how value can be co-created in e-government collaboration.

Servicios a usuarios: La recuperación de la información y los lenguajes documentales

En este último cuarto de siglo XX lo que fue apenas necesario solo hace diez años, hoy es imperioso, tratándose de la recuperación de la información. La inmensa masa de información que hoy circula en el mundo, rompe toda posibilidad humana, individual o colectiva de abarcarla, de almacenarla y lo más importante, de darla a conocer.La forma tradicional de buscar materiales para sacar información va quedando atrás, corta ante un cúmulo tan grande de bibliografía, general o especializada que hoy se publica.Las bibliotecas que no utilizan técnicas modernas para entresacar, de toda esta información la que le conviene al lector, y siguen manejando documentos con la lentitud con que se manejaron hace un siglo, están limitado el servicio, que deben ser dinámico y acorde con los tiempos que se viven, a un servicio que ya no cumple con las necesidades para las cuales fue creado.

Public and user participation in public service delivery: tensions in policy and practice

Social-scientific analysis of public-participation initiatives has proliferated in recent years. This review article discusses some key aspects of recent work. Firstly, it analyses some of the justifications put forward for public participation, drawing attention to differences and overlaps between rationales premised on democratic representation/representativeness and those based on more technocratic ideas about the knowledge that the public can offer. Secondly, it considers certain tensions in policy discourses on participation, focusing in particular on policy relating to the National Health Service and other British public services. Thirdly, it examines the challenges of putting a coherent vision for public participation into practice, noting the impediments that derive from the often-competing ideas about the remit of participation held by different groups of stakeholders. Finally, it analyses the gap between policy and practice, and the consequences of this for the prospects for the enactment of active citizenship through participation initiatives.

O impacto das Bibliotecas Escolares na promoção dos Hábitos de Leitura

Dada a importância que é atribuída à leitura, entendida como ferramenta essencial para a plena inserção dos cidadãos na sociedade, a luta pela melhoria dos níveis de leitura e literacia da população portuguesa tornou-se um desígnio nacional bastante enfatizado nas últimas décadas. Vários estudos sobre hábitos de leitura efectuados na década de 80/90, quer a nível nacional quer internacional, vieram pôr a descoberto as fragilidades de Portugal e o seu atraso em relação aos restantes países da Europa. Os portugueses não revelavam as competências necessárias para ter sucesso na sociedade da informação. O sistema educativo tem um papel chave na mudança que é urgente operar, residindo os alicerces dessa mudança na promoção da leitura e da literacia. É neste contexto que surge a criação da Rede de Bibliotecas Escolares, lançada em 1996, como medida conjunta do Ministério da Educação e da Cultura, com vista a criar condições para que os portugueses pudessem alcançar níveis de leitura mais favoráveis e mais próximos dos restantes países europeus. A promoção da leitura passa a ser uma área de intervenção prioritária das bibliotecas escolares em Portugal. Face aos baixos níveis de literacia dos alunos portugueses, revelados pelo PISA 2000, o governo dá continuidade às suas políticas de promoção da leitura e da literacia. No ano de 2007 é apresentado o Plano Nacional de Leitura (PNL), fazendo-se o apelo à mobilização de todos como condição essencial para a sua eficácia - elevar os níveis de literacia dos portugueses. É importante dar nota que o PNL e as Bibliotecas Escolares estão fortemente conectados, funcionando estas como os “alicerces” que suportam o desenvolvimento dos projectos do PNL. Os resultados desta “parceria” e de todas as iniciativas com vista à promoção da leitura e da literacia têm-se revelado bastante profícuos, e a prová-lo estão os resultados do PISA 2009. Tendo os anos de 2000 e 2009 como domínio de referência a leitura, constatou-se que nesse período de tempo houve uma clara melhoria dos níveis de literacia dos portugueses. Não obstante uma ligeira descida verificada nos resultados do ano de 2012, a OCDE sublinhou as melhorias que o país obteve desde que começou a ser avaliado. No entanto, julgamos pertinente dar nota que, para além desta evolução se ter verificado não apenas em Portugal, há países que evoluíram de forma muito mais acelerada, encontrando-se numa posição mais favorável que Portugal (25º posição), no ranking dos países da OCDE. Com o estudo que aqui apresentamos, baseado na análise de um universo de 8 bibliotecas escolares do concelho de Felgueiras, pretendemos conhecer a realidade destas bibliotecas dentro do contexto nacional. Foi nosso objetivo verificar se cumprem o seu papel na promoção dos hábitos de leitura e da literacia, de que forma o fazem, e as dificuldades concretas com que se deparam. As conclusões apontam-nos para uma realidade que não difere muito da realidade das restantes bibliotecas do país, das quais temos conhecimento. Os professores bibliotecários cumprem o seu papel na promoção dos hábitos de leitura, deparando-se com a falta de apoio de meios humanos, aspecto que se tem agravado de forma preocupante nos últimos anos. A conjuntura atual de desinvestimento nos serviços públicos, não poderia deixar de se fazer sentir. Constatamos no entanto que, apesar das adversidades, as BEs não se reduzem a meros centros de recursos e a locais de lazer para quem as queira visitar. Têm um papel ativo, tomam incitativas diversas de promoção da leitura / literacia, nos moldes definidos pelo MABE, com estímulo à leitura autónoma. Procuram articular as suas acções com os docentes e, em simultâneo, vencer a relativa indiferença e desinteresse destes pela biblioteca, motivando-os para as suas actividades e procurando levá-los a ver na BE um parceiro ativo, capaz de os apoiar na concretização dos programas curriculares e na análise de resultados escolares dos alunos como base para delinear estratégias pedagógicas comuns. Por fim, constatamos que apesar de as BEs procurarem integrar nas suas atividades a comunidade exterior à escola, a adesão, sobretudo das famílias, tem sido débil: os encarregados de educação aderem relativamente bem ao papel de público passivo, mas não assumem o papel de interlocutores ativos, como se pretende. Estas conclusões, ousamos dizer, remetem-nos para a necessidade urgente de uma reflexão séria por parte do Estado Português, em relação à Educação e às suas prioridades.