Heat transfer in laminar flow of non-Newtonian fluids in ducts of elliptical section

Laminar forced convection inside tubes of various cross-section shapes is of interest in the design of a low Reynolds number heat exchanger apparatus. Heat transfer to thermally developing, hydrodynamically developed forced convection inside tubes of simple geometries such as a circular tube, parallel plate, or annular duct has been well studied in the literature and documented in various books, but for elliptical duct there are not much work done. The main assumption used in this work is a laminar flow of a power flow inside elliptical tube, under a boundary condition of first kind with constant physical properties and negligible axial heat diffusion (high Peclet number). To solve the thermally developing problem, we use the generalized integral transform technique (GITT), also known as Sturm-Liouville transform. Actually, such an integral transform is a generalization of the finite Fourier transform where the sine and cosine functions are replaced by more general sets of orthogonal functions. The axes are algebraically transformed from the Cartesian coordinate system to the elliptical coordinate system in order to avoid the irregular shape of the elliptical duct wall. The GITT is then applied to transform and solve the problem and to obtain the once unknown temperature field. Afterward, it is possible to compute and present the quantities of practical interest, such as the bulk fluid temperature, the local Nusselt number and the average Nusselt number for various cross-section aspect ratios. (C) 2006 Elsevier. SAS. All rights reserved.

Efficient linear programming algorithm for the transmission network expansion planning problem

The transmission network planning problem is a non-linear integer mixed programming problem (NLIMP). Most of the algorithms used to solve this problem use a linear programming subroutine (LP) to solve LP problems resulting from planning algorithms. Sometimes the resolution of these LPs represents a major computational effort. The particularity of these LPs in the optimal solution is that only some inequality constraints are binding. This task transforms the LP into an equivalent problem with only one equality constraint (the power flow equation) and many inequality constraints, and uses a dual simplex algorithm and a relaxation strategy to solve the LPs. The optimisation process is started with only one equality constraint and, in each step, the most unfeasible constraint is added. The logic used is similar to a proposal for electric systems operation planning. The results show a higher performance of the algorithm when compared to primal simplex methods.

Test systems and mathematical models for transmission network expansion planning

The data of four networks that can be used in carrying out comparative studies with methods for transmission network expansion planning are given. These networks are of various types and different levels of complexity. The main mathematical formulations used in transmission expansion studies-transportation models, hybrid models, DC power flow models, and disjunctive models are also summarised and compared. The main algorithm families are reviewed-both analytical, combinatorial and heuristic approaches. Optimal solutions are not yet known for some of the four networks when more accurate models (e.g. The DC model) are used to represent the power flow equations-the state of the art with regard to this is also summarised. This should serve as a challenge to authors searching for new, more efficient methods.

Accountability in Smart Microgrids Based on Conservative Power Theory

Smart microgrids offer a new challenging domain for power theories and metering techniques because they include a variety of intermittent power sources which positively impact on power flow and distribution losses but may cause voltage asymmetry and frequency variation. In smart microgrids, the voltage distortion and asymmetry in presence of poly-phase nonlinear loads can be also greater than in usual distribution lines fed by the utility, thus affecting measurement accuracy and possibly causing tripping of protections. In such a context, a reconsideration of power theories is required since they form the basis for supply and load characterization. A revision of revenue metering techniques is also suggested to ensure a correct penalization of the loads for their responsibility in generating reactive power, voltage asymmetry, and distortion. This paper shows that the conservative power theory provides a suitable background to cope with smart grids characterization and metering needs. Simulation and experimental results show the properties of the proposed approach.

Influence of the supply of reactive power in the calculation of the transfer capability

This paper presents some initial concepts for including reactive power in linear methods for computing Available Transfer Capability (ATC). It is proposed an approximation for the reactive power flows computation that uses the exact circle equations for the transmission line complex flow, and then it is determined the ATC using active power distribution factors. The transfer capability can be increased using the sensitivities of flow that show the best group of buses which can have their reactive power injection modified in order to remove the overload in the transmission lines. The results of the ATC computation and of the use of the sensitivities of flow are presented using the Cigré 32-bus system. © 2004 IEEE.

Comparison of algorithms for loss allocation in transmission networks considering power redispatch

An analysis of the performances of three important methods for generators and loads loss allocation is presented. The discussed methods are: based on pro-rata technique; based on the incremental technique; and based on matrices of circuit. The algorithms are tested considering different generation conditions, using a known electric power system: IEEE 14 bus. Presented and discussed results verify: the location and the magnitude of generators and loads; the possibility to have agents well or poorly located in each network configuration; the discriminatory behavior considering variations in the power flow in the transmission lines. © 2004 IEEE.

Integrated planning of electric power distribution networks

In this work, a heuristic model for integrated planning of primary distribution network and secondary distribution circuits is proposed. A Tabu Search (TS) algorithm is employed to solve the planning of primary distribution networks. Evolutionary Algorithms (EA) are used to solve the planning model of secondary networks. The planning integration of both networks is carried out by means a constructive heuristic taking into account a set of integration alternatives between these networks. These integration alternatives are treated in a hierarchical way. The planning of primary networks and secondary distribution circuits is carried out based on assessment of the effects of the alternative solutions in the expansion costs of both networks simultaneously. In order to evaluate this methodology, tests were performed for a real-life distribution system taking into account the primary and secondary networks.

Power Oscillation index - A tool for investigation into unbalance phenomena in the distribution Networks

Unbalance and harmonics are two major distortions in the three-phase distribution systems. In this paper an investigation into unbalance phenomena in the distribution networks using instantaneous space vector theory, is presented. Power oscillation index (POI) and effective power factor (PFe) are calculated in the network nodes for several unbalance loading conditions. For system analysis a general power flow algorithm for three-phase four-wire radial distribution networks, based on backward-forward technique, is applied. Results obtained from several case studies using medium and low voltage test feeder with unbalanced load, are presented and discussed. © 2010 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.

Fluxo de potência trifásico probabilístico para redes de distribuição usando o método de estimação por pontos

In this paper the point estimation method is applied to solve the probabilistic power flow problem for unbalanced three-phase distribution systems. Through the implementation of this method the probability distribution functions of voltages (magnitude and angle) as well as the active and reactive power flows in the branches of the distribution system are determined. Two different approaches of the point estimation method are presented (2m and 2m+1 point schemes). In order to test the proposed methodology, the IEEE 34 and 123 bus test systems are used. The results obtained with both schemes are compared with the ones obtained by a Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS).

Planejamento da expansão de sistemas de transmissão considerando a retirada de linhas de transmissão

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Planejamento da expansão de sistemas de transmissão usando transformadores defasadores

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

Fluxo de potência em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica considerando incertezas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Planejamento de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica de média e baixa tensão

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

Análise e desenvolvimento de algoritmos eficientes de programação linear para o problema de planejamento de sistemas de transmissão a longo prazo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Projeto multicritério de filtros harmônicos passivos para instalações industriais utilizando técnicas de inteligência computacional

Devido ao auge do crescimento industrial na Região Norte e, em especial, o Pólo Industrial de Manaus (PIM), são necessários obter ferramentas matemáticas que facilitem ao especialista tomar decisões sobre a seleção e dimensionamento dos filtros harmônicos que proporcionam neutralizar os efeitos prejudiciais dos harmônicos gerados pelas cargas não lineares da indústria e alcançar conformidade com os padrões das normas de qualidade de energia correspondentes. Além disso, como os filtros harmônicos passivos têm a capacidade de gerar potência reativa à rede, estes meios são eficazes compensadores de potência reativa e, portanto, podem conseguir uma economia significativa no faturamento de energia elétrica consumida por essas instalações industriais. Esta tese tem como objetivo geral desenvolver um método matemático e uma ferramenta computacional para a seleção da configuração e parâmetros do projeto de um conjunto de filtros harmônicos passivos para sistemas elétricos industriais. Nesta ótica, o problema de otimização da compensação de harmônicos por meio de filtros passivos foi formulado como um problema multiobjetivo que considera tanto os objetivos da redução da distorção harmônica como da efetividade econômica do projeto considerando as características das tarifas brasileiras. Todavia, a formulação apresentada considera as restrições relevantes impostas pelas normas brasileiras e estrangeiras. A solução computacional para este problema foi conseguida, usando o algoritmo genético NSGA-II que determina um conjunto de soluções ótimas de Pareto (Fronteira) que permitem ao projetista escolher as soluções mais adequadas para o problema. Por conseguinte, a ferramenta computacional desenvolvida tem várias novidades como: não só calcula os parâmetros que caracterizam os filtros, como também seleciona o tipo de configuração e o número de ramos do filtro em cada barra candidata de acordo com um conjunto de configurações pré-estabelecidas; têm implementada duas normas para a avaliação das restrições de qualidade de energia (Prodist-Módulo 8 e IEEE 519-92) que podem ser selecionadas pelo usuário; determina soluções com bons indicadores de desempenho para vários cenários característicos e não característicos do sistema que permitem a representação das as variações diárias da carga; das variações dos parâmetros do sistema e dos filtros; avalia o custo das contas de energia numa rede elétrica industrial que tem diferentes condições de operação (cenários característicos); e avalia o efeito econômico de filtros de harmônicos como compensadores de potência reativa. Para desenvolver a ferramenta computacional adequada desta tese, foi empregado um modelo trifásico em coordenadas de fase para redes de energia elétrica industriais e de serviços onde foram feitos vários programas utilizando várias ferramentas computacionais adicionais. Estas ferramentas compreendem um programa de varredura de freqüência, um programa do fluxo de harmônicos por injeção de correntes e um programa de fluxo de potência à freqüência fundamental. Os resultados positivos desta tese, a partir da análise de vários exemplos práticos, mostram as vantagens do método desenvolvido.