Resolution 616(XXXI): Population and development: priority activities for the period 2006-2008

Includes bibliography

Resolution 644(XXXII) Population and development: priority activities for the period 2008-2010

Includes bibliography

Preparación de un nuevo programa de acción regional para las mujeres de América Latina y el Caribe: actividades y temas prioritarios = Preparation of a new regional programme of action for the women of Latin America and the Caribbean: priority activities and issues

Incluye Bibliografía

Towards a regional housing and human settlements programme, in the framework of the Regional Action Plan of Latin America and the Caribbean on Human Settlements: strategies for priority issues: regional report

Includes bibliography

Progress report priority project on the removal of language barriers

Includes bibliography

Application of the concepts of agro-tourism, agricultural diversification and food and nutrition for the development of Caribbean communities with reference to standards and priority setting

Introduction There is a renewed call for a new approach to development with emphasis on community empowerment or participation, with the belief that more sustainable activities will be undertaken in those communities. Much of that call, however, is coming not from within the communities, but primarily from advocates of change who may have little to do with those communities. What then will the new approach bring apart from a change in who are the decision-makers? And how do we ensure that the change that is called for will, in fact, bring added benefits to the communities themselves? To be sure, there are some successful stories of a community approach to problem solving. However, there are also many more stories of project failures. Serious analytical work, therefore, needs to be done to determine the factors that promote a successful community-based approach; when this approach should be used; and the methodology that should be employed. In an attempt to determine these factors, a brief analysis will be made of some of the governing structures in the subregion and their possible impact on the proposed new approach. Some of the earlier efforts at stakeholder and community approach to projects will also be examined as well as the new development strategy that is prompting the call for this new paradigm. The new paradigm focuses to a large extent on decision-making and community empowerment. With few exceptions, it is short on the promotion of tangible activities that are based on the resource inventory of the communities. This is not surprising, since, as noted before, the advocates of community empowerment may have very little connection with the communities and, in most cases, are unfamiliar with the resource base. Hence, a theoretical case is made, suggesting more style than substance. Another obvious shortcoming of this new paradigm is its continued over- dependence on assistance from the outside to build communities. Externally funded projects, seminars and meetings outside of the communities and foreign technical assistance continue to dominate these projects. While, of course, all communities have basic common needs such as water, health, education and electricity, there is sufficient diversity within communities to allow for tailoring of activities and programmes such that their differences become assets. It is in that context, that agro-tourism activities, standards, agricultural diversification, food and nutrition and priority setting have been chosen as aspects and activities for promoting community development, drawing on the various strengths of communities, rural or urban.

Actividades y temas prioritarios de las Naciones Unidas y de las organizaciones intergubernamentales de América Latina y el Caribe en el tema de la mujer (1975-1995) = Priority activities and issues for women sponsored by the United Nations and by Latin American and Caribbean intergovernmental organizations

Incluye Bibliografía

Child poverty: a priority challenge

This issue of Challenges resumes the analysis of child poverty that was addressed in the first issue of the publication. The main article presents data on child poverty in Latin America, but explicitly measures it with a rights approach. This means considering children to be poor when at least one of their rights is unmet, or when they suffer at least one basic deprivation. Nonetheless, in child poverty, multiple deprivations occur simultaneously, reinforcing each other and undermining children's and adolescents' development.

Road safety: a priority issue for the United Nations

This issue of the Bulletin deals with road safety, which has become an urgent worldwide problem. Given the fact that road accidents are increasing, that they affect the planet's most vulnerable population (namely the lowest income groups in developing countries) and that this is becoming a genuine public health crisis, the United Nations has decided that it is urgent to address the matter. The World Health Organization (WHO) has therefore dedicated the World Health Day 2004 to road safety.Given the urgent need for action, the Chiefs of Transport of the five Regional Economic Commissions of the United Nations held a meeting in Geneva (September 2004), where they agreed to reinforce the studies and projects carried out in this area.Below is a summary of various information sources and initiatives adopted to assess and tackle this modern epidemic and offers a pessimistic outlook for 2020, when road traffic crashes will constitute the third cause of death unless serious action is taken from today.

Proposta para minimizar penalidade do tráfego de melhor esforço (BE) em redes óticas passivas ethernet (EPON): análise através de modelo híbrido analítico/simulado

Neste trabalho, propõe-se uma melhoria na estratégia de escalonamento baseada em pesos das classes de tráfego em redes óticas passivas Ethernet – EPON, de modo a não penalizar demasiadamente a classe tipo melhor esforço (BE). Como suporte, desenvolveu-se um modelo híbrido analítico/simulado para análise de desempenho do fluxo de subida, baseado no atraso total de quadros. A modelagem foi feita utilizando Redes de Petri Coloridas Estocásticas (Stochastic Colored Petri Nets - SCPN) da qual se obtém, por simulação, o tamanho médio da fila que posteriormente é usado para, analiticamente, obter-se o atraso total. Não obstante ao crescimento de aplicações multimídia em tempo real, no ano de 2010, o tráfego tradicional na Internet (navegação web, email, mensagens instantâneas) classificado como melhor esforço ainda foi responsável, sozinho (excluindo transferência de arquivos P2P), por valores em torno de 18% do tráfego na Internet. Somando-se a este percentual as aplicações P2P, que também não são essencialmente sensíveis ao atraso, têm-se uma participação de 58% (o tráfego P2P foi no ano de 2010 responsável por aproximadamente 40% do volume total de informações trafegadas na Internet). Mesmo em previsões feitas para o ano de 2014 o tráfego BE ainda representará aproximadamente 40% do volume total de dados a serem trafegados nas redes IPs mundiais. Estes números demonstram que a preocupação com este tipo de tráfego não pode ser relegada a uma importância secundária em detrimento às aplicações que exigem maior qualidade de serviço. Tomando como base o escalonamento IPACT (Interleaved Polling with Adapting Cycle Time) esta dissertação demonstra que é possível, através da melhoria proposta, obter atrasos menores no tráfego de melhor esforço, sem que as classes de tráfego prioritárias ultrapassem as especificações de atraso recomendadas para cada uma destas.

The endangered species Brycon orbignyanus: genetic analysis and definition of priority areas for conservation

Currently, biodiversity is threatened by several factors often associated with human population growth and the extension of areas occupied by human activity. In particular, freshwater fish fauna is affected by overfishing, deforestation, water pollution, introduction of exotic species and habitat fragmentation promoted by hydroelectric dams, among other environmental impact factors. Several action plans to preserve ichthyofauna biodiversity have been adopted; however, these plans frequently cover only a small number of species, and decisions are often made without strong scientific support. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic aspects of wild groups of Brycon orbignyanus, an endangered fish species, using microsatellites and D-loop regions to identify the genetic structure of the samples and to establish priority areas for conservation based on the genetic patterns of this species. The results indicated that the samples showed levels of genetic variability compatible with others studies with Neotropical fishes. However, the results obtained in the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) for microsatellites (F (ST) = 0.258) and D-loop (F (ST) = 0.234) and the interpopulation fixation index revealed that B. orbignyanus was structured in different subpopulations in the La Plata River basin; the areas with better environmental conditions also showed subgroups with higher rates of genetic variability. Future conservation actions addressing these sites should consider two different management units: the complex formed by the Ivinhema River, Upper Parana, Camargo Port and Ilha Grande groups; and the complex formed by the Verde River and Sucuriu River groups.