Formative evaluation of a parental involvement program for obesity prevention with low-income elementary school children

This study addresses the responses to a postcard campaign with health messages targeting the parents of children in a sample of low-income elementary schools and assesses the feasibility and areas of possible improvements in such a project. The campaign was implemented in Spring 2009 with 4 th grade students (n=1070) in fifteen economically disadvantaged elementary schools in Travis County, Texas. Postcards were sent home with children, and parents filled out a feedback card that the children returned to school. Response data, in the form of self-administered feedback cards (n=2665) and one-on-one teacher interviews (n=8), were qualitatively analyzed using NVivo 8 software. Postcard reception and points of improvement were then identified from the significant themes that emerged including health, cessation or reduction of unhealthy behaviors, motivation, family, and the comprehension of abstract health concepts. ^ Responses to the postcard campaign were almost completely positive, with less than 1% of responses reporting some sort of dislike, and many parents reported a modification of their behavior. However, possible improvements that could be made to the campaign are: increased focus of the postcards on the parents as the target population, increased information about serving size, greater emphasis on the link between obesity and health, alteration of certain skin tones used in the graphical depiction of people on the cards, and smaller but more frequent incentives to return the feedback cards for the students. The program appears to be an effective method of communicating health messages to the parents of 4th grade children.^

SEVERITY OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO GROWTH AND MORBIDITY IN A POPULATION OF PRE-SCHOOLERS IN RURAL GUATEMALA (IRON DEFICIENCY, MORBIDITY, GROWTH)

The objectives of this study were to determine the nature of the relationship between severity of iron deficiency anemia, response to iron treatment, respiratory and gastrointestinal illness and weight change. Seventy-five pre-school children from rural Guatemala received daily oral iron therapy for an eleven week period, and were classified into one of three groups having different degrees of iron deficiency anemia. Anthropometric and biochemical data were collected prior and after iron treatment; morbidity data were collected throughout the period of treatment. The outcome variables were percentage weight change, percentage of total days ill with any type of symptom, percentage of total days ill with gastrointestinal symptoms, percentage of total days ill with respiratory symptoms, percentage of total days ill with combination syndrome symptoms. Age, sex and socio-economic status, were independent of any of the independent or outcome variables used. On the other hand, the level of hemoglobin covaried with the height of the children, the smallest children were the most severely anemic. The relationships between hemoglobin levels and weight change, frequency of morbidity (gastrointestinal, respiratory and combination syndrome) and total number of days ill with any symptomatology were investigated. No statistical significance was found in these analyses except when contrasting children with normal hemoglobin levels to iron deficient children, where the findings indicated the normal children experienced more gastrointestinal morbidity. The same relationship were again analyzed but including delta hemoglobin as covariate in the analysis, this latter one was found to be significant at 7% when the percentage of days ill from gastrointestinal morbidity was tested against the hemoglobin groups. The relationship found indicates that, all other covariates accounted for, the percentage of days ill from gastrointestinal morbidity will decrease approximately 1% for each 1% increase in delta of hemoglobin. ^

THE EFFECT OF IRON SUPPLEMENT ON THE GROWTH OF RURAL INDONESIAN SCHOOL CHILDREN

The effect of oral iron supplementation on blood iron levels and physical growth in 119 Indonesian rural school children was assessed in the double-blind study. The children were classified into anemic and normal groups according to their initial hemoglobin and transferrin saturation levels and were randomly assigned to either iron or placebo treatment for twelve weeks. Biochemical, anthropometric and morbidity data were collected prior to and after the treatment period. Before treatment, anemic subjects were smaller and had higher morbidity than normal subjects. Treatment with 10 mg ferrous sulfate/kg/day for twelve weeks resulted in a significant improvement in blood iron biochemical status of the anemic subjects and in their growth velocity and morbidity. ^

The heart challenge: The effect of regular aerobic exercise on body fat distribution in third and fourth grade school children: A randomized clinical trial

The pattern of body fat distribution known as "centralized", and characterized by a predominance of subcutaneous fat on the trunk and a "pot belly", has been associated with an increased risk of chronic disease. These patterns of fat distribution, as well as the lifestyle habit variables associated with adult fatness and chronic morbidity clearly begin to develop during childhood, indicating the need for intervention and primary prevention of obesity, particularly the centralized form, during childhood or adolescence. The purpose of this study was to determine whether regular aerobic exercise could beneficially alter the distribution of body fat in 8 and 9 year old children. One hundred and eighty-eight participants were randomized into either a regular aerobic exercise treatment group or a standard physical education program control group. A variety of aerobic activities was used for intervention 5 days per week during physical education class for a period of 12 weeks. Fat distribution was measured by a number of the most commonly used indices, including ratios of body circumferences and skinfolds and indices derived from a principal components analysis. Change over time in average pulse rate was used to determine if intervention actually occurred. Approximately 10% of the students were remeasured, allowing the calculation of intra- and interexaminer measurement reliability estimates for all indices.^ This study group was comparable to the U.S. population, though the study children were slightly larger for certain measures. No effect of the exercise intervention was found. The most likely explanation for this was inadequacy of the intervention, as indicated by the lack of any change in average pulse rate with treatment. The results of the measurement reliability analysis are reported and indicate that body circumference ratios are more precise than skinfold ratios, particularly when multiple observers are used. Reliability estimates for the principal component indices were also high.^ It remains unclear whether the distribution of body fat can be altered with exercise. It is likely that this issue will remain undecided until one highly reliable, valid, and sensitive measure of fat distribution can be found. ^

Caries de la infancia temprana, demanda de atención odontológica y percepción parental de salud bucal en pre-escolares de riesgo social del Gran Mendoza

La caries de la infancia temprana es un problema de salud pública que afecta con mayor agresividad a preescolares en riesgo social. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer las asociaciones existentes entre estado dental, demanda de atención odontológica, percepción de salud bucal y condición socio-económica en niños preescolares del Gran Mendoza. Material y método: la población estuvo constituida por escolares en una muestra intencionada de 155 niños de nivel inicial residentes en la provincia de Mendoza, pertenecientes al ámbito escolar urbano- marginal. Se registraron los siguientes índices: ceod, CPOD, ceos, CPOS, y sus componentes discriminados, ICDAS II, íNTC (Bordoni, 1998) e índice de placa (Silness y Löe, 1967). Fue aplicado un cuestionario de percepción parental de salud bucal (ECOHIS) y se realizaron encuestas estructuradas sobre tipología de la demanda de atención odontológica y de condiciones socioeconómicas (NBI). Fue determinada la distribución de frecuencias y los intervalos de confianza para cada variable, las medidas de tendencia central y dispersión y se realizaron comparaciones entre grupos mediante la prueba de chi cuadrado con p=0.05. Resultados: 85.8% de la muestra presentó experiencia de caries. Para cada indicador se registraron los siguientes valores: ceod+CPOD= 5.716 +/- 4.08; cd+CD =5,39+3.79; ed+PD= 0.25+- 0.72; y od+OD= 0.08+-0.34; ceos+CPOS=8.89+-8.39; cs+CS=7.63+-6.25; es+PS= 1.23+-3.62; y os+OS= 0.12+0.46; IP= 1.04+-0.48; y INTC=5.65+-3.19. No se observaron diferencias significativas al agrupar los niños por sexo. Al analizar la demanda de atención bucal se observó que el 54,9% efectuó una consulta odontológica, 25% en el último año y 74% en el subsistema de salud pública. El análisis del cuestionario ECOHIS reveló que obtuvo el máximo porcentaje de respuestas cuando se ordenó según la categoría nunca. El único ítem que se relacionó con el estado dental en forma estadísticamente significativa fue el dolor. Conclusiones: Se observa alta prevalencia de caries dental sin que la demanda de atención odontológica haya producido impacto positivo sobre el estado dentario ni sobre la percepción de los padres respecto de la salud bucal.

Relationships among multiple intelligences, motor performance and academic achievement in secondary school children

This study examines the relationships between multiple intelligences, academic achievement and motor performance in a group of secondary school children. Four hundred and eighty schoolchildren participated in this study (171 female and 309 male) with an average age of 13.33 years (SD: 1.41). The Revised self-efficacy Inventory for Multiple Intelligences (IAIM-R) and the motor test Sportcomp were applied, and the average results of the academic year they had made were obtained. The analysis of the results showed how female scored significantly higher on the Linguistic, Spatial and Interpersonal intelligences, and older pupils scored significantly higher on the linguistic and naturalistic intelligences. It was the logical-mathematical intelligence which showed significant relationships with academic performance and it was the intelligence that better predicted this achievement. It was the bodily-kinesthetic intelligence that was significantly related to motor competence and the best intelligence that predicted its achievement. Finally, indicate that schoolchildren with better scores in the motor test were those who scored higher in both academic achievement and all the multiple intelligences, with the exception of musical intelligence.

The cry of our Board School children; a sermon preached at the St. John's Wood Synagogue on ... December 1st, 1894,

Cover title.

Imaginative elements in the written work of school children.

Reprinted fr. The pedagogical seminary, March, 1906, v. 13, p. 82-93.

Preliminary training for drug evaluation and classification. The PRE-School student manual.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.