Limites da gestão municipal na incorporação de tecnologias: o caso da mamografia na região do Médio Paraíba

O trabalho buscou avaliar as dificuldades e limites da gestão municipal na incorporação de serviços de mamografia em sete municípios selecionados na região do Médio Paraíba. Utilizando abordagem metodológica qualiquantitativa, se desenvolveu a partir do levantamento de dados secundários sobre o parque tecnológico de serviços e a produção de mamografias nos municípios selecionados e da realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas aplicadas junto aos gestores municipais e aos responsáveis pelos setores de Controle, Avaliação e Auditoria das localidades. A análise das entrevistas identificou sete categorias temáticas principais: (1) o conhecimento do nível local sobre o problema de saúde em tela, onde se pode constatar dificuldades para uma análise mais precisa da situação de saúde relacionada ao câncer de mama nas localidades; (2) o conhecimento dos processos de tomada de decisão, onde se pode perceber que a gestão municipal esbarra em uma série de dificuldades que impossibilitam, em muitos casos, a incorporação de tecnologias nos serviços próprios, trazendo como única alternativa a compra dos serviços mamográficos; (3) a oferta e acesso aos exames mamográficos, evidenciando precariedade, pois é facilitada somente a porta de entrada nos serviços de Atenção Básica; (4) a produção dos procedimentos, revelando que, de uma forma geral, os gestores têm se esforçado por cumprir com as metas pactuadas, ainda que o exame das informações disponíveis mostrem que seu alcance encontra-se, via de regra, distante do pretendido; (5) a regulação e monitoramento dos serviços mamográficos, onde pode se perceber a baixa adesão ao Sistema de Regulação nas gestões locais; (6) a satisfação quanto à prestação dos serviços contratados, usualmente avaliadas de forma subjetiva e ancorada tão somente na falta de reclamações; e, por fim, (7) dificuldades na tomada de decisão relativa à incorporação de um serviço mamográfico próprio, que esbarram em impedimentos políticos, administrativos e financeiros. Pode-se concluir que o estudo permitiu extrair subsídios capazes de contribuir para o conhecimento e reflexão sobre as práticas de incorporação tecnológica e monitoramento dos serviços mamográficos na região.

Gestão de custo no transporte marítimo de cargas no Brasil

A importância do transporte aquaviário é dada pelos diferentes modos de navegação, podendo ser por meio fluvial, lacustre e navegação marítima. Para a logística e economia brasileira, este é um modal extremamente importante, haja vista a pluralidade de transporte pelo fato das relações de exportação e importação ocorrerem especialmente por este tipo de modal. No Brasil há cinco modalidades de transportes: o aquaviário, o rodoviário, o aeroviário, o ferroviário e o dutoviário. Serão descritas nos próximos capítulos as características de cada tipo de modal, especificamente dos modais rodoviário e aquaviário, em especial a cabotagem, objeto principal deste estudo. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a atual situação do transporte marítimo no Brasil, especialmente a cabotagem. Através de três parâmetros - custos, tempo de viagem e segurança -, procurar-se-á avaliar o nível de qualidade do modal, visando à identificação da existência de pontos críticos e sugerir possíveis soluções baseadas na logística e na tecnologia, ferramentas fundamentais para a busca da eficácia na redução dos custos de transportes, contribuindo para um melhor resultado dos custos logísticos finais. Para uma reflexão sobre o transporte nacional de mercadorias por via marítima através da cabotagem, serão apresentadas as características principais do transporte marítimo, com suas vantagens e desvantagens e sua importância para a economia brasileira. A crítica envolverá a questão do frete marítimo e suas interrelações, discutindo variáveis que compõem o preço do frete. Ferramentas tecnológicas fundamentais para a eficácia das operações também serão abordadas durante este trabalho. Serão descritas as características dos portos brasileiros, em especial as dos portos do Rio Grande (RS), Santos (SP), Suape (PE) e Rio de Janeiro (RJ), a distancia entre o porto do Rio de Janeiro (RJ) e os demais, bem como o tempo de viagem relacionado entre eles. Explorado pela União diretamente ou mediante concessão (precedida de licitação), o porto organizado, construído e aparelhado para atender necessidades da navegação e da movimentação é administrado pelo Conselho de Autoridade Portuária - CAP -, contando ainda com a figura do OGMO Orgão Gestor de Mão de Obra que controla a força de trabalho nas áreas portuárias, organismos instituídos pela Lei n. 8.630, de 25 de fevereiro de 1993, chamada da Lei de Modernização dos Portos. Por fim serão analisadas as variáveis custo, tempo de viagem e segurança no intuito de contribuir para uma reflexão para o crescimento do transporte de cabotagem no Brasil, procurando identificar um ganho substancial na economia brasileira, através da economia de escala, observados todos os parâmetros necessários para o bom desenvolvimento da logística de transporte de mercadorias por via marítima. Este trabalho abordará a Gestão do Transporte Marítimo de Cargas no Brasil, em especial a cabotagem.

Composição, origem e distribuição de hidrocarbonetos em sedimentos marinhos nas principais regiões portuárias da costa sudeste brasileira

Regiões onde existem atividades portuárias estão mais susceptíveis à contaminação por hidrocarbonetos devido ao trânsito de embarcações e as operações de carga/descarga e, consequentemente, estão mais vulneráveis a sofrer impactos ambientais. Este trabalho avaliou a composição, distribuição e origem de hidrocarbonetos em oito regiões portuárias da costa sudeste brasileira: Santos-SP, São Sebastião-SP, Angra dos Reis-RJ, Itaguaí-RJ, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Arraial do Cabo-RJ, Macaé-RJ e Vitória-ES. Foram coletadas amostras de sedimentos marinhos superficiais (02 cm) em duas campanhas (2009 e 2010). Para a análise dos hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e dos hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) foram utilizadas cromatografia em fase gasosa com detector de ionização de chama e cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas, respectivamente. As concentrações médias e os desvios-padrão do Total de nalcanos (μg g-1), Total de Alifáticos (μg g-1), HPAs Totais (ng g-1) e 16 HPAs prioritários (ng g-1) encontrados foram 6,55 4,52, 123,16 86,12, 1470,24 958,41 e 653,93 482,81 na região do porto de Santos-SP; 2,69 1,16, 35,29 15,22, 756,25 350,28 e 142,35 142,35 na região do porto de São Sebastião-SP; 3,11 2,34, 56,99 78,39, 777,62 821,32 e 82,33 84,62 na região do porto de Angra dos Reis-RJ; 5,58 3,28, 26,55 12,19, 1221,15 1070,87 e 92,28 93,14 na região do porto de Itaguaí-RJ; 5,09 2,03, 179,22 108,16, 3547,27 3081,18 e 1879,05 1792,69 na região do porto do Rio de Janeiro; 1,63 2,15, 51,54 39,50, 366,26 222,89 e 194,83 141,65 na região do porto de Arraial do Cabo-RJ; 3,92 2,69, 50,42 81,30, 643,97 637,61 e 182,46 265,87 na região do porto de Macaé-RJ; e 4,78 4,05, 45,31 32,84, 868,78 874,56 e 258,84 142,89 na região do porto de Vitória-ES, respectivamente. O nível de contaminação por hidrocarbonetos nas regiões estudadas variou de baixo a muito alto, mostrando que estes níveis não são diretamente compatíveis com o tamanho e o desenvolvimento urbano em torno de cada porto. Para a avaliação das fontes de contaminação foram usadas razões diagnósticas selecionadas da literatura. A mistura de fontes (pirolítica e petrogênica) foi considerada predominante na maioria das áreas, indicando a influência das atividades dos portos e dos aportes de entradas de contaminação por vias urbanas, industriais e atmosféricas.

The Ancillary Harvest of Atlantic Menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, Roe on the North Carolina Coast

Gravid Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, are available along the central coast of North Carolina during the fall and are harvested by the purse-seine fleet from the port of Beaufort. Virtually all of the catch, sexually immature fish included, is reduces to fish meal, fish oil, and fish solubles; however, minor quantities of roe from ripening female menhaden are extracted for local consupmtion. Routine and selective port sampling information was used to characterize the seasonal and biostatistical nautre of the roe menhaden catches at Beaufort. Fishermen recognize two size classes of roe Atlantic menhaden: "forerunners," which are usually the smallest and earliest adult menhaden encountered in the Fall Fishery, and "mammy shad," which are the largest menhaden harvested and produce the greatest roe yields. Roe is extracted from femal fish at various points along the reduction process stream and by several techniques. Vessel cremen and factory personnel extract menhaden roe for personal and local consumption. Undetermined quantities of menhaden roe are channeled into local retail seafood markets. Wholesale prices are about $20 per gallon of roe, while retail prices are about $5 per pound. Carteret County, North Carolina, is probably the only area on the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts where menhaden roe is sold in retail seafood markets. The potential of extracting menhaden roe for foreign markets is discussed

Age and growth of sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) in waters off eastern Taiwan

Age and growth of sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) in waters off eastern Taiwan were examined from counts of growth rings on cross sections of the fourth spine of the first dorsal fin. Length and weight data and the dorsal fin spines were collected monthly at the fishing port of Shinkang (southeast of Taiwan) from July 1998 to August 1999. In total, 1166 dorsal fins were collected, of which 1135 (97%) (699 males and 436 females) were aged successfully. Trends in the monthly mean marginal increment ratio indicated that growth rings are formed once a year. Two methods were used to back-calculate the length of presumed ages, and growth was described by using the standard von Bertalanffy growth function and the Richards function. The most reasonable and conservative description of growth assumes that length-at-age follows the Richards function and that the relationship between spine radius and lower jaw fork length (LJFL) follows a power function. Growth differed significantly between the sexes; females grew faster and reached larger sizes than did males. The maximum sizes in our sample were 232 cm LJFL for female and 221 cm LJFL for male.

Time resolved measurement of cold start hc concentration using the fast FID

Understanding mixture formation phenomena during the first few cycles of an engine cold start is extremely important for achieving the minimum engine-out emission levels at the time when the catalytic converter is not yet operational. Of special importance is the structure of the charge (film, droplets and vapour) which enters the cylinder during this time interval as well as its concentration profile. However, direct experimental studies of the fuel behaviour in the inlet port have so far been less than fully successful due to the brevity of the process and lack of a suitable experimental technique. We present measurements of the hydrocarbon (HC) concentration in the manifold and port of a production SI engine using the Fast Response Flame Ionisation Detector (FRFID). It has been widely reported in the past few years how the FRFID can be used to study the exhaust and in-cylinder HC concentrations with a time resolution of a few degrees of crank angle, and the device has contributed significantly to the understanding of unburned HC emissions. Using the FRFID in the inlet manifold is difficult because of the presence of liquid droplets, and the low and fluctuating pressure levels, which leads to significant changes in the response time of the instrument. However, using recently developed procedures to correct for the errors caused by these effects, the concentration at the sampling point can be reconstructed to align the FRFID signal with actual events in the engine. © 1996 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

Flexible Control of Light Propagation Using a Novel Photonic Crystal Hetero-Waveguide Based on Silicon-on-Insulator Slab

We demonstrate a photonic crystal hetero-waveguide based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) slab, consisting of two serially connected width-reduced photonic crystal waveguides with different radii of the air holes adjacent to the waveguide. We show theoretically that the transmission window of the structure corresponds to the transmission range common to both waveguides and it is in inverse proportion to the discrepancy between the two waveguides. Also the group velocity of guided mode can be changed from low to high or high to low, depending on which port of the structure the signal is input from just in the same device, and the variation is proportional to the discrepancy between the two waveguides. Using this novel structure, we realize flexible control of transmission window and group velocity of guided mode simultaneously.

Order to create a General Board of Health in the Town of Niagara, June 25, 1832

In the early nineteenth century, a widespread outbreak of cholera occurred in continental Europe, eventually spreading to the British Isles. The disease subsequently spread to Canada as impoverished British immigrants seeking a better life arrived in the country. To help curb the spread of the disease, local Boards of Health were created.

Order to create a General Board of Health in the Town of Niagara, June 25, 1832.

In the early nineteenth century, a widespread outbreak of cholera occurred in continental Europe, eventually spreading to the British Isles. The disease subsequently spread to Canada as impoverished British immigrants seeking a better life arrived in the country. To help curb the spread of the disease, local Boards of Health were created.

Instrument of Protest from Edward Barrori Palmer

Instrument of protest from Edward Barrori Palmer, Notary Public of Oakville regarding a protest by Samuel Sutherland, Master of the schooner Elizabeth and Charles McEacherin, mate. The schooner belonged to the Port of Niagara. It set sail from Port Credit to the Port of Niagara. On the 15th day of May there was a violent storm. On the 16th day of May, part of the deck and cargo consisting of lumber went overboard. The mainsail was lost and the jib was split due to the wind. All losses and damages should be borne by the merchants and whomever else it concerned and not by or through the insufficiency of the schooner of neglect by the officers and mariners. This is a 2 ½ page handwritten document, May 16, 1837.

Printed Blank of Certificate of Goods and Exportation

Printed blank of certificate of goods and exportation from a district other than the district of original importation from the District of Niagara, Port of Lewiston. The certificate is for 2 boxes containing Gravatt’s level ordered from Troughton and Simms, London and sent to Mr. S.D. Woodruff, Dec. 21, 1846.

General return showing the quantity of each article transported on the Welland Canal during the year ending December 31st, 1858

General return showing the quantity of each article transported on the Welland Canal during the year ending December 31st, 1858 and the amount of tolls collected thereon (Port of Maitland). This is signed by William Turner, collector (2 page, printed blank), 1858.

Studies on the Effects of Bottom Trawling on the Benthic Fauna off Veraval Coast, Gujarat

Bottom trawling is one among the most destructive human induced physical disturbances inflicted to seabed and its living communities. The bottom trawls are designed to tow along the sea floor, which on its operation indiscriminately smashes everything on their way crushing, killing, burying and exposing to predators the benthic fauna. Bottom trawling causes physical and biological damages that are irreversible, extensive and long lasting. The commercial trawling fleet of India consists of 29,241 small and medium-fishing boats. The northwest coast of India has the largest fishing fleet consisting of 23,618 mechanized vessels, especially the bottom trawlers. However, attempts were not made to study the impact of bottom trawling along Northwest coast of India. The estimated optimum fleet size of Gujarat is 1,473 mechanised trawlers while 7402 commercial trawlers are operated from the coast of Gujarat. Veraval port was designed initially for 1,200 fishing trawlers but 2793 trawlers are being operated from this port making it the largest trawler port of Gujarat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bottom trawling on the substratum and the associated benthic communities of commercial trawling grounds of Veraval coast. The study compared the differences between the samples collected before and after experimental trawling to detect the impacts of bottom trawling. Attempts were made to assess the possible impact of bottom trawling on:(i) the sediment characteristics (ii)the sediment heavy metals (iii) epifauna (iv) macrobenthos and (v) meiobenthos. This study is expected to generate information on trawling impacts of the studied area that will help in better management of the biological diversity and integrity of the benthic fauna off Veraval coast. An exhaustive review on the studies conducted around the world and in India on impact of bottom trawling on the benthic fauna is also detailed.In the present study, the bottom trawling induced variations on sediment organic matter, epifauna, macrobenthos and meiobenthos were evident. It was also observed that the seasonal/ natural variations were more prominent masking the trawling effect on sediment texture and heavy metals. Enforcement of control of excess bottom trawlers and popularization of semi pelagic trawls designed to operate a little distance above the sea bottom for off bottom resources will minimize disturbance on the sea bottom. Training and creating awareness in responsible fishing should be made mandatory requirements, to the coastal communities. They should be made wardens to protect the valuable resources for the benefit of sustainability. To protect the biodiversity and ecosystem health, the imminent need is to survey and make catalogue, identification of sensitive areas or hot spots and to adopt management strategies for the conservation and biodiversity protection of benthic fauna. The present study is a pioneering work carried out along Veraval coast. This thesis will provide a major fillip to the studies on impact of bottom trawling on the benthic fauna along the coast of India.

Agricultural, architectural and archaeological evidence for the role and ecological adaptation of a scattered mountain oasis in Oman

The recent discovery of the monumental 5000 years old tower tombs on top of the up to 1850 m high Shir plateau has raised numerous questions about the economic and infrastructural basis of the agro-pastoral-piscicultural society which likely has constructed them. The scattered oasis settlement of Maqta, situated just below the towers in a rugged desert environment has therefore been studied from 2001 to 2003 to understand its prehistoric and present role along the ancient trade route which connected the inner-Omani Sharqiya across the southern Hajar mountains with the ocean port of Tiwi. Maqta consists of a central area with 59 buildings and 12 scattered temporary settlements comprising a total of about 200 semi-nomadic inhabitants and next to 900 sheep and goats. The 22 small springs with a flow rate between 5 and 1212-l h^-1 are watering 16 terrace systems totaling 4.5 ha of which 2.9 ha are planted to date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.), 0.4 ha to wheat landraces (Triticum durum and Triticum aestivum) during the cooler winter months, 0.4 are left fallow and 0.8 h are abandoned. During a pronounced drought period from 2001 to 2003, the springs’ flow rate declined between 38% and 72%. Most of the recent buildings of the central housing area were found empty or used as temporary stores by the agro-pastoral population watching their flocks on the surrounding dry mountains. There is no indication that there ever was a settlement older than the present one. A number of Hafit (3100–2700 BC) and Umm an-Nar (2700–2000 BC) tombs just above the central housing area and further along one of the trade routes to the coast are the only indication of an old pastoral landuse in Maqta territory where oasis agriculture may have entered only well after 1000 AD. With this little evidence of existence during the 3rd millennium BC, Maqta is unlikely to have played any major role favouring the construction of the nearby monumental Shir tower tombs other than providing water for herders and their flocks, early migrant traders or tower tomb constructors.

Comparison of subspace and ARX models of a waveguide's terahertz transient response after optimal wavelet filtering

A quasi-optical deembedding technique for characterizing waveguides is demonstrated using wide-band time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. A transfer function representation is adopted for the description of the signal in the input and output port of the waveguides. The time-domain responses were discretized and the waveguide transfer function was obtained through a parametric approach in the z-domain after describing the system with an AutoRegressive with eXogenous input (ARX), as well as with a state-space model. Prior to the identification procedure, filtering was performed in the wavelet domain to minimize both signal distortion, as well as the noise propagating in the ARX and subspace models. The optimal filtering procedure used in the wavelet domain for the recorded time-domain signatures is described in detail. The effect of filtering prior to the identification procedures is elucidated with the aid of pole-zero diagrams. Models derived from measurements of terahertz transients in a precision WR-8 waveguide adjustable short are presented.