HIV/Aids-Prävention, Schweiz 2007: befriedigende Situation bei den Jugendlichen, eher problematische Situation in den höheren Altersgruppen.

In der Schweiz gibt es seit 1987 periodisch wiederholte Studien über das Sexualverhalten verschiedener Bevölkerungsgruppen. Damit lassen sich HIV-/STIrelevantes Verhalten sowie die Entwicklung anderer wichtiger Parameter der sexuellen Gesundheit beobachten. Der vorliegende Beitrag entstand auf der Grundlage des neuesten Berichts über das Monitoring der Schweizer Präventionsstrategie gegen HIV/Aids]. Er liefert einen Überblick über das Sexual- und Schutzverhalten von 17-bis 20-jährigen Jugendlichen und vergleicht die entsprechenden Parameter mit jenen anderer Altersgruppen.

Dépistage et prévention chez les aînés: quelles interventions proposer, à qui, et jusqu'à quel âge [Screening and prevention in the elderly: which interventions should be proposed, to whom, and up to what age?].

Recommendations on preventive services rarely mention how to apply them to older people. Even though general criteria (prevalence of disease, quality of screening tests) that influence screening's efficacy remain important, appropriateness of screening in older persons depends much more on individual criteria, such as comorbidity, functional status, and life expectancy. More than with any other age group, patients preferences regarding future investigation and treatment guide the clinical decision. This article focuses on primary and secondary prevention, and discusses specific criteria to consider in each patient. A table summarizes the appropriate recommendations.

Investigation of the Department of Natural Resources Response to Water Pollution complaints involving Lynndana Acres Subdivision, 1998

Investigative report produced by Iowa Citizens' Aide/Ombudsman

Iowa Water Pollution Control Works and Drinking Water Facilities Financing Programs (Joint Programs of the Iowa Finance Authority and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources), Independent Auditor's Reports Financial Statements and Supplemental Information Schedule of Findings, June 30, 2003

State Agency Audit Report

Les groupes de parole de prévention de la récidive au sein des SPIP: une évolution centrée sur la gestion du risque, entre théorie et adaptation pratique

En France, les différentes réorientations pénales et les missions confiées au Service Pénitentiaire d'Insertion et de Probation (SPIP) placent l'évaluation des risques de récidive et leur prévention au centre de la pratique professionnelle des Conseillers Pénitentiaires d'Insertion et de Probation (CPIP). Les récentes évolutions législatives des missions des SPIP, les mutations identitaires et des pratiques qu'elles impliquent -en particulier les Groupes de Paroles de Prévention de la Récidive (GPPR)-, caractérisent une évolution centrée sur la gestion du risque. Partant de critiques dans la littérature sur la notion de gestion du risque de récidive dans les pratiques pénales et de ce qu'elle induit dans les modes d'appréhension des sujets et dans les interventions professionnelles, l'article met en relation les réorientations vers une gestion du risque telles qu'elles peuvent apparaître dans les textes, missions et référentiel du SPIP, avec une évaluation des pratiques professionnelles centrées sur les GPPR intégrés au sein des SPIP. Y a-t-il infiltration et remodelage des pratiques ? Si c'est bien le cas, on examine où se situe le niveau pertinent de cette influence et du réaménagement des pratiques.

Association between GIS-based exposure to urban air pollution during pregnancy and birth weight in the INMA Sabadell Cohort

Background: There is growing evidence that traffic-related air pollution reduces birth weight. Improving exposure assessment is a key issue to advance in this research area.Objective: We investigated the effect of prenatal exposure to traffic-related air pollution via geographic information system (GIS) models on birth weight in 570 newborns from the INMA (Environment and Childhood) Sabadell cohort.Methods: We estimated pregnancy and trimester-specific exposures to nitrogen dioxide and aromatic hydrocarbons [benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene, and o-xylene (BTEX)] by using temporally adjusted land-use regression (LUR) models. We built models for NO2 and BTEX using four and three 1-week measurement campaigns, respectively, at 57 locations. We assessed the relationship between prenatal air pollution exposure and birth weight with linear regression models. We performed sensitivity analyses considering time spent at home and time spent in nonresidential outdoor environments during pregnancy.Results: In the overall cohort, neither NO2 nor BTEX exposure was significantly associated with birth weight in any of the exposure periods. When considering only women who spent < 2 hr/day in nonresidential outdoor environments, the estimated reductions in birth weight associated with an interquartile range increase in BTEX exposure levels were 77 g [95% confidence interval (CI), 7–146 g] and 102 g (95% CI, 28–176 g) for exposures during the whole pregnancy and the second trimester, respectively. The effects of NO2 exposure were less clear in this subset.Conclusions: The association of BTEX with reduced birth weight underscores the negative role of vehicle exhaust pollutants in reproductive health. Time–activity patterns during pregnancy complement GIS-based models in exposure assessment.

Prenatal exposure to traffic-related air pollution and ultrasound measures of fetal growth in the INMA Sabadell cohort

Background: Few studies have used longitudinal ultrasound measurements to assess the effect of traffic-related air pollution on fetal growth.Objective: We examined the relationship between exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and aromatic hydrocarbons [benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene, and o-xylene (BTEX)] on fetal growth assessed by 1,692 ultrasound measurements among 562 pregnant women from the Sabadell cohort of the Spanish INMA (Environment and Childhood) study.Methods: We used temporally adjusted land-use regression models to estimate exposures to NO2 and BTEX. We fitted mixed-effects models to estimate longitudinal growth curves for femur length (FL), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), biparietal diameter (BPD), and estimated fetal weight (EFW). Unconditional and conditional SD scores were calculated at 12, 20, and 32 weeks of gestation. Sensitivity analyses were performed considering time–activity patterns during pregnancy.Results: Exposure to BTEX from early pregnancy was negatively associated with growth in BPD during weeks 20–32. None of the other fetal growth parameters were associated with exposure to air pollution during pregnancy. When considering only women who spent 2 hr/day in nonresidential outdoor locations, effect estimates were stronger and statistically significant for the association between NO2 and growth in HC during weeks 12–20 and growth in AC, BPD, and EFW during weeks 20–32.Conclusions: Our results lend some support to an effect of exposure to traffic-related air pollutants from early pregnancy on fetal growth during mid-pregnancy.

Iowa Water Pollution Control Works and Drinking Water Facilities Financing Programs, (Joint Programs of the Iowa Finance Authority and The Iowa Department of Natural Resources), Independent Auditor's Reports, Financial Statements and Supplemental Information, June 30, 2004

State Audit Reports

Les tests génétiques peuvent-ils être utiles pour la prévention cardiovasculaire? [Are genetic tests useful for cardiovascular prevention?].

Recent progresses in genetics have opened new avenues to further our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease, raising, new expectations in the field of personalized medicine. Genetic tests may have a high predictive value for rare monogenic diseases. The situation is very different for common polygenic diseases, such as myocardial infarction, type 2 diabetes or stroke. The results from recent genome-wide association studies have provided useful information for research, but have not yet been proven to be clinically useful. It is therefore currently not recommended to conducted genetic testing to guide cardiovascular prevention neither in clinical nor in public health settings.

Evaluation des campagnes de prévention contre le SIDA en Suisse : Les personnels hospitaliers : rapport final 1988

Cette étude est destinée à: 1) évaluer l'impact des messages de prévention chez le personnel hospitalier sous les deux aspects de la vie professionnelle et de la vie privée (connaissance sur les modes de transmission du VIH, représentation et attitudes, comportements, estimation du risque couru de contamination par le VIH dans l'exercice de la profession, attitudes face au dépistage / face à l'information / face au secret médical, etc); 2) décrire les diverses problématiques en relation avec le SIDA chez le personnel hospitalier; 3) évaluer le rôle possible de multiplicateur de messages de prévention de cette population: si ce rôle existe, va-t-il dans le sens d'un renforcement de l'action préventive ou au contraire d'un affaiblissement de cette action par la diffusion de contre-messages ?

Optimal Design of Permit Markets with an Ex Ante Pollution Target, August 2006

In this paper, we examine the design of permit trading programs when the objective is to minimize the cost of achieving an ex ante pollution target, that is, one that is defined in expectation rather than an ex post deterministic value. We consider two potential sources of uncertainty, the presence of either of which can make our model appropriate: incomplete information on abatement costs and uncertain delivery coefficients. In such a setting, we find three distinct features that depart from the well-established results on permit trading: (1) the regulator’s information on firms’ abatement costs can matter; (2) the optimal permit cap is not necessarily equal to the ex ante pollution target; and (3) the optimal trading ratio is not necessarily equal to the delivery coefficient even when it is known with certainty. Intuitively, since the regulator is only required to meet a pollution target on average, she can set the trading ratio and total permit cap such that there will be more pollution when abatement costs are high and less pollution when abatement costs are low. Information on firms’ abatement costs is important in order for the regulator to induce the optimal alignment between pollution level and abatement costs.

Iowa Water Pollution Control Works and Drinking Water Facilities Financing Programs, (Joint Programs of the Iowa Finance Authority and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources), Independent Auditor's Reports, Financial Statements and Supplementary Information, Schedule of Findings, June 30, 2005

State Audit Reports