Homogeneous middles vs. heterogeneous tails, and the end of the ‘Inverted-U’: the share of the rich is what it’s all about

This paper examines the current global scene of distributional disparities within-nations. There are six main conclusions. First, about 80 per cent of the world’s population now live in regions whose median country has a Gini not far from 40. Second, as outliers are now only located among middle-income and rich countries, the ‘upwards’ side of the ‘Inverted-U’ between inequality and income per capita has evaporated (and with it the statistical support there was for the hypothesis that posits that, for whatever reason, ‘things have to get worse before they can get better’). Third, among middle-income countries Latin America and mineral-rich Southern Africa are uniquely unequal, while Eastern Europe follows a distributional path similar to the Nordic countries. Fourth, among rich countries there is a large (and growing) distributional diversity. Fifth, within a global trend of rising inequality, there are two opposite forces at work. One is ‘centrifugal’, and leads to an increased diversity in the shares appropriated by the top 10 and bottom 40 per cent. The other is ‘centripetal’, and leads to a growing uniformity in the income-share appropriated by deciles 5 to 9. Therefore, half of the world’s population (the middle and upper-middle classes) have acquired strong ‘property rights’ over half of their respective national incomes; the other half, however, is increasingly up for grabs between the very rich and the poor. And sixth, Globalisation is thus creating a distributional scenario in which what really matters is the income-share of the rich — because the rest ‘follows’ (middle classes able to defend their shares, and workers with ever more precarious jobs in ever more ‘flexible’ labour markets). Therefore, anybody attempting to understand the within-nations disparity of inequality should always be reminded of this basic distributional fact following the example of Clinton’s campaign strategist: by sticking a note on their notice-boards saying “It’s the share of the rich, stupid”.

The Owner Share scheduler for a distributed system

In large distributed systems, where shared resources are owned by distinct entities, there is a need to reflect resource ownership in resource allocation. An appropriate resource management system should guarantee that resource's owners have access to a share of resources proportional to the share they provide. In order to achieve that some policies can be used for revoking access to resources currently used by other users. In this paper, a scheduling policy based in the concept of distributed ownership is introduced called Owner Share Enforcement Policy (OSEP). OSEP goal is to guarantee that owner do not have their jobs postponed for longer periods of time. We evaluate the results achieved with the application of this policy using metrics that describe policy violation, loss of capacity, policy cost and user satisfaction in environments with and without job checkpointing. We also evaluate and compare the OSEP policy with the Fair-Share policy, and from these results it is possible to capture the trade-offs from different ways to achieve fairness based on the user satisfaction. © 2009 IEEE.

Energy sustainability in Latin America and the Caribbean: the share of renewable sources

Includes bibliography

Innovating, gaining market share and fostering social inclusion: success stories in SME development

Includes bibliography

NAFTA and the loss of US market share by Brazil, 1992-2001

Includes bibliography

Trends in the share of railways in transportation

This issue of the FAL Bulletin analyses the history of railways in modal distribution in Latin America, and puts forward recommendations for improving their functioning and making them a real, competitive and sustainable transport option.

Wage share and economic growth in Latin America, 1950-2011

This article builds series of wage shares in gross domestic product (GDP) for 15 Latin American economies individually and as a group for the period 1950-2010. Using different methodologies, it is established that wage share is non-linear and has undergone two major cycles. The article discusses various authors, especially classic and post-Keynesian thinkers, who have explored the relationship between wage share in GDP and economic activity. It is also shown that the post-Keynesian approach is relevant in explaining that the main variables determining real gdp variations include wage share, gross capital formation and exports of goods and services. However, the contribution of wage share to real output growth has declined from the 1980s onwards.

The earnings share of total income in Latin America, 1990-2010

This article analyses the share of total income represented by employment earnings in the countries of Latin America over the last two decades. It first considers the wage share of gross domestic product (gdp) and then adds in the earnings of self-employed workers. The findings indicate that both total wages and total earnings declined as a share of gdp in most of the region’s countries over the period, although there were some exceptions. The reduction in earnings inequality seen over the past decade was not usually accompanied by an increase in the gdp share of earnings. This means that the improvement in personal income distribution was not matched by an improvement in functional distribution.

Human immature dental pulp stem cells share key characteristic features with limbal stem cells

Objectives: Limbal stem cells (LSC) are self-renewing, highly proliferative cells in vitro, which express a set of specific markers and in vivo have the capacity to reconstruct the entire corneal epithelium in cases of ocular surface injury. Currently, LSC transplantation is a commonly used procedure in patients with either uni- or bilateral total limbal stem cells deficiency (TLSCD). Although LSC transplantation holds great promise for patients, several problems need to be overcome. In order to find an alternative source of cells that can partially substitute LSC in cornea epithelium reconstruction, we aimed at investigating whether human immature dental pulp stem cells (hIDPSC) would present similar key characteristics as LSC and whether they could be used for corneal surface reconstruction in a rabbit TLSCD model. Materials: We used hIDPSC, which co-express mesenchymal and embryonic stem cell markers and present the capacity to differentiate into derivative cells of the three germinal layers. TLSCD was induced by chemical burn in one eye of rabbits. After 30 days, the opaque tissue formed was removed by superficial keratectomy. Experimental group received undifferentiated hIDPSC, while control group only received amniotic membrane (AM). Both groups were sacrificed after 3 months. Results and conclusions: We have demonstrated, using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, that hIDPSCs express markers in common with LSC, such as ABCG2, integrin beta 1, vimentin, p63, connexin 43 and cytokeratins 3/12. They were also capable of reconstructing the eye surface after induction of unilateral TLSCD in rabbits, as shown by morphological and immunohistochemical analysis using human-specific antibodies against limbal and corneal epithelium. Our data suggest that hIDPSCs share similar characteristics with LSC and might be used as a potential alternative source of cells for corneal reconstruction.

Totally implantable venous catheters: insertion via internal jugular vein with pocket implantation in the arm is an alternative for diseased thoracic walls

Purpose: Insertion of totally implantable catheters via deep vessels that drain into the superior vena cava results in a lower incidence of venous thrombosis and infection as compared to catheters inserted into femoral and arm veins. Superior vena cava obstruction and inadequacy of the thoracic wall are conditions that prevent reservoir implantation in the chest wall. In this article, we describe a technical innovation that enables the pocket to be fixed in the arm while still allowing access to be achieved via the internal jugular vein. Method: The procedure reported maintains the use of the internal jugular vein for access even when the patient's chest is not suited for reservoir implantation, which is localized in the arm. Results: The procedure was successful and no complications occurred. The position of the catheter tip did not alter with arm movement. Conclusion: The implantation of a port reservoir in the arm following venous access via the internal jugular vein is both safe and convenient.

A pocket beach that reaches equilibrium after becoming disconnected from a large system of beaches. Playa Barca (Fuerteventura)

[EN] Playa Barca is a 370 m long beach located within the system of the Leeward beaches on the Jandía peninsula, Fuerteventura. This system of beaches represents one of the major sources of economic income to the island, both because of its natural landscape that attract a specific type of tourism, and because of its particular climate conditions that make these beaches ideal for practicing wind-water sports. Nevertheless, in the past decades, this area has suffered from a significant and worrying coastline retreat. In order to look for an explanation to this retreat, five topographic surveys were carried out in October 1999, February 2001, February 2002, February 2003 and February 2013 to track the beach behavior in the last 15 years. A total station Topcon GTS-303D was used for this purpose. Surveys were carried out during low spring tides, so that the outer limit was the furthest possible depending on wave conditions. The inner limit covered part of the dunes in the backshore. From these topographic data both coastline changes and the sedimentary balance have been obtained.

Development and implementation of a S/W platform to automatically receive and share satellite data

Relazione del lavoro di creazione e implementazione della piattaforma software che sviluppa l’archivio del progetto SATNET. I satelliti universitari hanno un tempo di vista della propria Stazione di Terra di pochi minuti al giorno: SATNET risponde all’esigenza di comunicare con un satellite universitario in orbita bassa per più dei pochi minuti al giorno che una singola Stazione di Terra permette. Questo avviene grazie a una rete di Stazioni di Terra Satellitari collegate da specifiche missioni comuni che mettono in condivisione dati ricevuti da uno o più satelliti, aumentando il rendimento dati/giorno di questi e permettendo una migliore fruizione delle Stazioni di Terra stesse. Il network sfrutta Internet come canale di connessione, e prevede la presenza di un archivio nel quale memorizzare i dati ricevuti, per poi renderne possibile la consultazione e il recupero. Oggetto di questo lavoro di tesi è stato lo sviluppo e l’implementazione di tale archivio: utilizzando un sito web dinamico, il software risponde a tutte le richieste evidenziate nel paragrafo precedente, permettendo a utenti autenticati di inserire dati e ad altri di poterne avere accesso. Il software è completo e funzionante ma non finito, in quanto manca la formulazione di alcune richieste; per esempio non è stato specificato il tipo di informazioni che è possibile caricare in upload, né il tipo di campi richiesti nel modulo di registrazione dei vari utenti. In questi casi sono stati inseriti campi generici, lasciando all’utente la possibilità di modificarli in seguito. Il software è stato dunque concepito come facilmente personalizzabile e modificabile anche da utenti inesperti grazie alla sola lettura della tesi, che rappresenta quindi una vera e propria guida per l’utilizzo, l’installazione, la personalizzazione e la manutenzione della piattaforma software. La tesi evidenzia gli obiettivi e le richieste, mostrando l’aspetto del sito web e le sue funzionalità, e spiega passo per passo il procedimento per la modifica dell’aspetto delle pagine e di alcuni parametri di configurazione. Inoltre, qualora siano necessarie modifiche sostanziali al progetto, introduce i vari linguaggi di programmazione necessari allo sviluppo e alla programmazione web e aiuta l’utente nella comprensione della struttura del software. Si conclude con alcuni suggerimenti su eventuali modifiche, attuabili solo a seguito di un lavoro di definizione degli obiettivi e delle specifiche richieste. In futuro ci si aspetta l’implementazione e la personalizzazione del software, nonché l’integrazione dell’archivio all’interno del progetto SATNET, con l’obiettivo di migliorare e favorire la diffusione e la condivisione di progetti comuni tra diverse Università Europee ed Extra-Europee.