The description of stencilling by Gilles Filleau des Billettes: transcription and translation

This article presents the description of stencilling by Gilles Filleau des Billettes. The description sets out a method for stencilling letters, words, and texts, and specifies equipment for doing the work; it forms the basis for a reconstruction of the equipment and method, which is presented in a parallel article in this volume of Typography papers (see E. Kindel, 'A reconstruction of stencilling based on the description by Gilles Filleau des Billettes', Typography papers, 9, pp. 28–65). The original French text, approximately 10,000 words in length, is here transcribed and accompanied by a parallel English translation. Introductory notes on the preparation of both texts are provided; images of stencil letters found among the papers of Sébastien Truchet, Des Billettes’s colleague, are shown in an appendix.

The Poems of T. S. Eliot [Book design by Paul Luna]

Book design, consisting of typographic design and composition formatting, and commissioning of custom scripting and custom typeface design to implement the book's typography.

Population structure and reproductive period of the tropical hermit crab Calcinus tibicen (Decapoda : Diogenidae) in the region of Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil

The population of the hermit crab Calcinus tibicen in the Ubatuba region was studied with emphasis on seasonal abundance, seasonal size-frequency distribution, sex-ratio, and reproductive period based on the percentage of ovigerous females. The animals were collected at 2-month intervals for 2 consecutive years (from January 1993 to November 1994). Total mean animal size in shield length was 5.14 +/- 1.23 mm for males, 4.23 +/- 0.79 mm for females, and 4.53 +/- 0.60 for ovigerous females. A discontinuity in reproduction was observed, with an absence of ovigerous females in July (winter) and a high incidence from September to May (spring to autumn). Calcinus tibicen is sexually dimorphic in relation to size, with a higher growth rare in males. The sex-ratio pattern changes with season, indicating that it is more a function of season or habitat than of size.

Morphometry and sexual maturity of the tropical hermit crab Calcinus tibicen (Crustacea, Anomura) from Brazil

Ontogenetic changes in relative growth were studied in the hermit crab Calcinus tibicen in order to determine its growth phases with sexual maturity. Specimens were collected at 2-month intervals for two consecutive years. A total of 570 individuals was collected and analysed. Total mean animal size in terms of shield length was 5.14±1.23mm for males, 4.23±0.79mm for females and 4.53±0.60mm for ovigerous females. Sexual dimorphism in chela dimensions was stronger in males than in females. Differences between males and females were found in left propodus length (LPL) and height (LPH) versus shield length (SL) and wet weight (WW) versus SL relationships. Males showed a high positive allometry, while juveniles and adult females were isometric for the LPL/SL relationship. Negative allometry was observed in adult females in the LPL/SL relationship. The size at which a differentiation occurred in the growth of the chelipeds and in the weight gain of males and females was between 3.0 and 3.2mm SL, suggesting that sexual maturity occurs in small-sized individuals in the life cycle of C. tibicen.

Saint Lucia: the Yachting Sector

This study is a measure of the impact of the yachting sector in Saint Lucia specific to the terms of reference as presented by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). This study is part of the project: Development of a Subregional Marinebased Tourism Strategy, co-funded by the Government of the Netherlands, which is aimed at the development of sustainable yachting in the Eastern Caribbean and focuses on the island arc from the British Virgin Islands in the north to Trinidad and Tobago in the south. This study was compiled based on information gathered through interviews, reviewing of existing data and current findings and observations in areas where data was not presented. This study reviews specifically the yachting sector, or pleasure boat industry, which can be defined as a complex set of activities that are required to sustain boating and cruising in Saint Lucia. These activities are emphasized by yachting tourists, who are visitors to the island, staying for more than 24 hours on their vessels. A comp

Ecologia da ictiofauna do estuário do rio Paciência, Ilha do Maranhão - Brasil

Os sistemas estuarinos funcionam como importante habitat para várias especies de peixes, atraves das redes de canais de mare. Sob o ponto de vista ecologico, a comunidade ictiofaunística desempenham importante funcao no balanco energetico dos varios niveis tróficos dos ecossistemas estuarinos. Neste contexto, o presente estudo objetivou: determinar as distribuições espaco-temporais da ictiofauna; explicar suas características comportamentais e ecologicas; comparar a composicao da biomassa relativa, guildas ecologicas e funcionais em diferentes sistemas estuarinos da costa Norte; investigar a influencia das variaveis bioticas e abioticas e sua correlacao com os padroes biologicos da ictiofauna e identificar alteracoes na integridade biotica dos canais de mare estudados, utilizando a ictiofauna. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de amostragens bimestrais nos canais de mare Iguaiba, Grande e Cristovao, no periodo de janeiro/2006 a setembro/2007, utilizando redes de emalhar e tapagem. Paralelamente, foram tomadas amostras na camada superficial da agua para determinacao das variaveis fisico-quimicos e dos nutrientes inorganicos dissolvidos. Na caracterizacao ecologica das especies, foram empregados indices que estimam a diversidade, equitabilidade e riqueza. O Indice de Integridade Biotica foi aplicado para avaliar os efeitos das possiveis alteracoes ambientais na ictiofauna. Tecnicas univariadas (ANOVA, Kruskall-Wallis) e multivariadas (Cluster, nMDS, SIMPER, COIA e curvas ABC) foram usadas para comparar as especies e os locais de capturas. No total foram capturados 12.219 peixes distribuídos em 55 especies e 27 familias. As familias Sciaenidae, Ariidae, Carangidae, Engraulidae e Mugilidae apresentaram maior riqueza de especies. Ariopsis bonillai e Cetengraulis edentulus, apresentaram maior contribuicao para a formacao de grupos mais similares; Stellifer naso e Cynoscion acoupa foram responsaveis pela dissimilaridade entre os grupos formados. Cerca de 66% dos peixes capturados foram representados por individuos jovens, confirmando a condicao de bercario dos sistemas estuarinos. Os registros ictiofaunisticos entre o Golfao Marajoara e Maranhense apontam a ocorrência de 140 especies. Especies marinhas visitantes ocasionais e de agua doce ocorreram ocasionalmente. Marinhas estuarino-oportunistas e estuarino dependentes apresentaram maior contribuicao no Golfao Maranhense, ja as estuarino residentes apresentaram biomassa elevada em todos os sistemas estuarinos investigados. Detritivoros ocorreram principalmente no Pará e zoobentivoros no Maranhao. A ocorrencia de piscivoros foi inversamente proporcional a abundancia de juvenis. A co-estrutura formada entre variaveis ambientais-peixes foi significativa. As variaveis salinidade, pH, silicato, amonio, fosfato e nitrato influenciaram na estrutura da ictiofauna. Nenhuma especie se associou a ambientes com elevadas concentracoes de nutrientes inorganicos. As curvas ABC demonstraram que o ambiente estuarino encontra-se moderadamente perturbado, enquanto o indice de integridade caracterizou a qualidade ambiental dos canais de mare entre muito pobre a regular. O estudo mostrou que os canais de mare são importantes areas de criacao devido a dominancia de juvenis; a ictiofauna apresenta sazonalidade em relacao aos periodos hidrologicos; a comunidade peixes presente nos canais de mare pode atuar como indicadora da qualidade de ecossistemas submetidos a pulsos de mares. Considera-se, portanto, a protecao dos canais entre-mares dos manguezais uma ação essencial para o manejo dos recursos pesqueiros, uma vez que existe uma forte relacao entre abundancia da ictiofauna e a composição estrutural do habitat.

Shell occupation by the South Atlantic endemic hermit crab Loxopagurus loxochelis (Moreira, 1901) (Anomura: Diogenidae)

The evaluation of population characteristics, particularly those of endemic species, aids in population preservation and management. Hermit crabs present an innate behavior of occupying shells, which tends to individual needs and limits their distribution. This study characterized the pattern of occupation of gastropod shells by the hermit Loxopagurus loxochelis in three bays of the southwestern coast of Brazil. Monthly collections were made from January/1998 to December/1999 in the bays Ubatumirim (UBM), Ubatuba (UBA) and Mar Virado (MV) with a shrimping boat. Overall, ten species of gastropod shells were occupied by L. loxochelis. The shell of Olivancillaria urceus represented 66.8% of those occupied. Morphometric relationships demonstrated a differential occupation of the more abundant shells among demographic groups, where most of the males occupied O. urceus, non-ovigerous females occupied O. urceus and Buccinanops cochlidium, and ovigerous females occupied B. cochlidium and Stramonita haemastoma. Most of the individuals occupied the more abundant shells, considered adequate for the morphology of this hermit crab species. Thus, the studied bays seem to be stable and propitious environments for population perpetuation and the settlement of new individuals.

Male reproductive system of the red brocade hermit crab Dardanus insignis (Diogenidae) and its relationship to other family members

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Life-history traits of the red brocade hermit crab Dardanus insignis on the subtropical Brazilian coast

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Water Rights and Land Values in the West-Central Plains

Irrigation is vital to the economic activity of the west-central Great Plains. The crops grown, the distribution of center-pivot irrigation systems, and the basic transportation infrastructure is the same in northwest Kansas, northeast Colorado, and southwest Nebraska. But buyers of agricultural land face a different price for irrigated cropland in each of the states, even when the production characteristics of the land are similar. After accounting for factors like productivity and local property tax differences, we argue that it is the difference in water marketing rights between the three states that explains the price difference. The link between land values and water marketing rights is statistically developed by using Ordinary Least Squared (OLS) regression techniques. After adjusting for differences in property taxes, the analysis reveals that the implicit value of full water-marketing rights in the region is approximately $1,026 per acre. This valuation is within the range of estimates provided by other comparable studies across the country.

A New Species of Fissurella from Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo Archipelago, Brazil (Vetigastropoda, Fissurellidae)

Fissurella mesoatlantica n. sp. is endemic to the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, Brazil, located approximately in the middle Atlantic (00 degrees 55N. 29 degrees 20W). The species is very similar to F. clenchi from the mainland Brazilian coast, differing in having a taller. more richly sculptured shell and by anatomical details. such its the papillae of mantle border and epipodial tentacles. A complete anatomical description is included.

Concentrations of total organic carbon on vertical profiles in waters of the Weddell Sea measured on water bottle sample during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-X/6

Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) were measured during early austral Spring 1992 at a number of stations along the 6°W meridian between 47° and 60°S. This included the Polar Front in the north, the zone of melting sea-ice in the south, and waters of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in between. Concentrations of DOC were low in deep water (34-38 ?M) with generally similar or slightly higher values in the surface mixed layer (38-55 ?M). DOC:DON ratios are wider in surface water than in deep water, i.e. surface accumulations contain relatively C-rich dissolved organic matter. The highly variable distribution of the surface DOC was not related to hydrographic or biotic features (fronts, plankton development) indicating the lability and transient occurrence of this material. Growth rates of bacteria were determined in subsamples from 51 0.8-?m-filtered batches of seawater incubated in the dark at in-situ temperature. Thymidine and leucine uptake and bacterial biomass change as well as changes in dissolved organic carbon in the batches, and oxygen consumption in parallel incubations correlated linearly over 2 weeks of incubation which allowed extrapolation to in-situ conditions. Bacterial growth in these experiments depended strongly on the amount of initial DOC. Growth in water from greater depth (1000 m) containing 38 ?M DOC was minimal, as were DOC-decrease and oxygen consumption. Higher rates were observed in surface water slightly enriched with DOC, and highest rates in surface water amended with DOC-rich melted sea ice. Bacterial growth efficiencies (biomass C-increase vs DOC consumed) were about 30%. The experiments showed that at least 40-60% of the DOC in excess of deep water concentrations was available to bacteria.

Bryoliths constructed by bryozoans in symbiotic associations with hermit crabs, Golfe d'Arguin, Mauritania

The Golfe d'Arguin offshore of northern Mauritania hosts a rare modern analogue for heterozoan carbonate production in a tropical marine setting. Dominated by ocean upwelling and with additional fertilisation by iron-rich aeolian dust, this naturally eutrophic marine environment lacks typical photozoan communities. A highly productive, tropical cosmopolitan biota dominated by molluscs and suspension-feeders such as bryozoans and balanids characterises the carbonate-rich surface sediments. Overall biodiversity is relatively low and the species present are tolerant against the eutrophic and low-light conditions, the strong hydrodynamic regime governed by ocean upwelling, and the unstable, soft-bottom seafloor with few hard substrata. Here, we describe an ectosymbiosis between the hermit crab Pseudopagurus granulimanus (Miers, 1881) and monospecific assemblages of the encrusting cheilostome bryozoan Acanthodesia commensale (Kirkpatrick and Metzelaar, 1922) that cohabits vacant gastropod shells. Nucleating on an empty gastropod shell, the bryozoan colonies form multilamellar skeletal crusts that produce spherical encrustations and extend the living chamber of the hermit crab through helicospiral tubular growth. This non-obligate mutualistic symbiosis illustrates the adaptive capabilities and benefits from a close partnership in a complex marine environment, driven by trophic conditions, high water energies and instable substratum. Sectioned bryoliths show that between 49 and 97 % of the solid volume of the specimens consists of bryozoan skeleton.