Dual transcriptional control by Ear3/COUP: negative regulation through the DR1 direct repeat and positive regulation through a sequence downstream of the transcriptional start site of the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter.

Ear3/COUP is an orphan member of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors and binds most tightly to a direct repeat of AGGTCA with 1 nucleotide in between (DR1). Ear3/COUP also binds with a similar affinity to the palindromic thyroid hormone response element (TRE). This binding preference of Ear3/COUP is same as that of the retinoid X receptor (RXR), which is another member of the superfamily. In the present study, we identified a sequence responsible for Ear3/COUP-mediated transactivation in the region downstream of the transcription start site of the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. This cis-acting sequence was unresponsive to RXR. When the DR1 or TRE sequence was added upstream of the promoter, transactivation by Ear3/COUP was completely abolished, whereas RXR enhanced transcription from the promoter. The mode of action of Ear3/COUP could be utilized to control complex gene expressions in morphogenesis, homeostasis, and development.

NaOH and KOH for preparing activated carbons used in energy and environmental applications

Alkaline hydroxides, especially sodium and potassium hydroxides, are multi-million-ton per annum commodities and strong chemical bases that have large scale applications. Some of them are related with their consequent ability to degrade most materials, depending on the temperature used. As an example, these chemicals are involved in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, biodiesels, soaps and detergents, acid gases removal (e.g., SO2) and others, as well as in many organic synthesis processes. Sodium and potassium hydroxides are strong and corrosive bases, but they are also very stable chemicals that can melt without decomposition, NaOH at 318ºC, and KOH at 360ºC. Hence, they can react with most materials, even with relatively inert ones such as carbon materials. Thus, at temperatures higher than 360ºC these melted hydroxides easily react with most types of carbon-containing raw materials (coals, lignocellulosic materials, pitches, etc.), as well as with most pure carbon materials (carbon fibers, carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes). This reaction occurs via a solid-liquid redox reaction in which both hydroxides (NaOH or KOH) are converted to the following main products: hydrogen, alkaline metals and alkaline carbonates, as a result of the carbon precursor oxidation. By controlling this reaction, and after a suitable washing process, good quality activated carbons (ACs), a classical type of porous materials, can be prepared. Such carbon activation by hydroxides, known since long time ago, continues to be under research due to the unique properties of the resulting activated carbons. They have promising high porosity developments and interesting pore size distributions. These two properties are important for new applications such as gas storage (e.g., natural gas or hydrogen), capture, storage and transport of carbon dioxide, electricity storage demands (EDLC-supercapacitors-) or pollution control. Because these applications require new and superior quality activated carbons, there is no doubt that among the different existing activating processes, the one based on the chemical reaction between the carbon precursor and the alkaline hydroxide (NaOH or KOH) gives the best activation results. The present article covers different aspects of the activation by hydroxides, including the characteristics of the resulting activated carbons and their performance in some environment-related applications. The following topics are discussed: i) variables of the preparation method, such as the nature of the hydroxide, the type of carbon precursor, the hydroxide/carbon precursor ratio, the mixing procedure of carbon precursor and hydroxide (impregnation of the precursor with a hydroxide solution or mixing both, hydroxide and carbon precursor, as solids), or the temperature and time of the reaction are discussed, analyzing their effect on the resulting porosity; ii) analysis of the main reactions occurring during the activation process, iii) comparative analysis of the porosity development obtained from different activation processes (e.g., CO2, steam, phosphoric acid and hydroxides activation); and iv) performance of the prepared activated carbon materials on a few applications, such as VOC removal, electricity and gas storages.

Transient Activation of Meox1 Is an Early Component of the Gene Regulatory Network Downstream of Hoxa2

Hox genes encode transcription factors that regulate morphogenesis in all animals with bilateral symmetry. Although Hox genes have been extensively studied, their molecular function is not clear in vertebrates, and only a limited number of genes regulated by Hox transcription factors have been identified. Hoxa2 is required for correct development of the second branchial arch, its major domain of expression. We now show that Meox1 is genetically downstream from Hoxa2 and is a direct target. Meox1 expression is downregulated in the second arch of Hoxa2 mouse mutant embryos. In chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), Hoxa2 binds to the Meox1 proximal promoter. Two highly conserved binding sites contained in this sequence are required for Hoxa2-dependent activation of the Meox1 promoter. Remarkably, in the absence of Meox1 and its close homolog Meox2, the second branchial arch develops abnormally and two of the three skeletal elements patterned by Hoxa2 are malformed. Finally, we show that Meox1 can specifically bind the DNA sequences recognized by Hoxa2 on its functional target genes. These results provide new insight into the Hoxa2 regulatory network that controls branchial arch identity.

Identification of cyclins A1, E1 and vimentin as downstream targets of heme oxygenase-1 in vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is an essential physiological process and an important factor in disease pathogenesis. However, its exploitation as a clinical target has achieved limited success and novel molecular targets are required. Although heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) acts downstream of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to modulate angiogenesis, knowledge of the mechanisms involved remains limited. We set out identify novel HO-1 targets involved in angiogenesis. HO-1 depletion attenuated VEGF-induced human endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and tube formation. The latter response suggested a role for HO-1 in EC migration, and indeed HO-1 siRNA negatively affected directional migration of EC towards VEGF; a phenotype reversed by HO-1 over-expression. EC from Hmox1(-/-) mice behaved similarly. Microarray analysis of HO-1-depleted and control EC exposed to VEGF identified cyclins A1 and E1 as HO-1 targets. Migrating HO-1-deficient EC showed increased p27, reduced cyclin A1 and attenuated cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity. In vivo, cyclin A1 siRNA inhibited VEGF-driven angiogenesis, a response reversed by Ad-HO-1. Proteomics identified structural protein vimentin as an additional VEGF-HO-1 target. HO-1 depletion inhibited VEGF-induced calpain activity and vimentin cleavage, while vimentin silencing attenuated HO-1-driven proliferation. Thus, vimentin and cyclins A1 and E1 represent VEGF-activated HO-1-dependent targets important for VEGF-driven angiogenesis.

Obtenção e identificação de grânulos de polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA) presentes em biomassa de um reator descontínuo sequencial (SBR) com tratamento de águas residuais

As implicações ambientais dos plásticos convencionais, produzidos através de combustíveis fósseis, não permitem a sua utilização de forma sustentável pela sociedade devido aos seus problemas de degradabilidade e à sua dependência de matérias-primas não renováveis. Surgem então os polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA) como uma alternativa ambientalmente sustentável, já que conseguem reproduzir grande parte das aplicações dos plásticos ditos normais, tendo as grandes vantagens de serem biodegradáveis e produzidos a partir de uma fonte de carbono renovável. Mais recentemente, de forma a tornar a produção do PHA mais sustentável, tem-se desenvolvido o conceito de associar a produção destes polímeros ao tratamento de efluentes líquidos através do processo de lamas ativadas. Apesar destas vantagens todo o processo que envolve a produção do PHA é ainda dispendioso. Esta dissertação insere-se na estratégia de tentar minorar esses custos. Uma das formas de o fazer será na otimização de técnicas de quantificação do PHA em culturas mistas. Neste trabalho o principal objetivo reside na avaliação da capacidade da metodologia de análise de imagem, acoplada a microscopia de fluorescência, como método de quantificação de PHA. Pretende-se também explorar a produção de PHA a partir da simulação de um sistema de tratamento de águas residuais implementado num reator descontínuo sequencial (SBR) em regimes cíclicos de feast/famine, aliando assim a função de tratamento de efluentes líquidos com a produção de um produto de valor acrescentado como é o PHA. Deste modo, foi montada uma instalação com um sistema de lamas ativadas num SBR cujo principal objetivo era produzir PHA. Este objetivo de produzir PHA através do regime de alimentação dinâmica aeróbia com uma alimentação com acetato como fonte de carbono, e sem controlo do pH foi conseguido, atingindo-se um máximo de concentração mássica de 0,37 mg PHA/mg SST e de concentração volumétrica de 1785 mg PHA/L. Em relação à capacidade de tratamento, comprovou-se a adequabilidade do sistema utilizado para a remoção da carga orgânica devido a uma elevada captação de nutrientes do afluente pela biomassa. Foram encontradas algumas limitações na metodologia de análise de imagem ao nível da transformação da bidimensionalidade da área projetada dos grânulos de PHA nas imagens para a sua tridimensionalidade real, na gama de concentração de PHA na qual a metodologia é válida e na amostragem relativamente curta. Contudo, foi possível comprovar a potencialidade deste método obtendo-se um R2 de 0,80 para o modelo de previsão da concentração mássica de PHA. Deste modo, pode-se concluir que esta é uma metodologia promissora para quantificar PHA em amostras de licor misto.

Prdm1 acts downstream of a sequential RA, Wnt and Fgf signaling cascade during zebrafish forelimb induction

Vertebrate limb induction is triggered in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) by a cascade of signaling events originating in the axial mesoderm. While it is known that Fgf, Wnt and retinoic acid (RA) signals are involved in this cascade, their precise regulatory hierarchy has not been determined in any species. tbx5 is the earliest gene expressed in the limb bud mesenchyme. Recently, another transcription factor, Prdm1, has been shown to be crucial for zebrafish forelimb development. Here, we show that Prdm1 is downstream of RA, Wnt2b and Tbx5 activity. We find that RA activity, but not Fgf signaling, is necessary for wnt2b expression. Fgf signaling is required for prdm1 expression in the fin bud, but is not necessary for the initiation of tbx5 expression. We propose a model in which RA signaling from the somitic mesoderm leads to activation of wnt2b expression in the intermediate mesoderm, which then signals to the LPM to trigger tbx5 expression. tbx5 is required for Fgf signaling in the limb bud leading to activation of prdm1 expression, which in turn is required for downstream activation of fgf10 expression.

Downstream movement of lampreys and fishes in the Carp Lake River, Michigan /

Includes bibliographical references (page 3).

Study of the effects of turnout design on registration accuracy of propeller meters placed in downstream ends of turnout pipes /

Mode of access: Internet.

Time of travel and dispersion of solutes in a 36.4-mile reach of the North Platte River downstream from Casper, Wyoming /

Bibliography: p. 17.

Hydrologic data on channel adjustments 1970 to 1975, on the Rio Grande downstream from Cochiti Dam New Mexico before and after closure /

"May 1979."

Theoretical analysis of the downstream influence of stagnation point mass transfer.

"Aeronautical Research Laboratory. Contract no. AF 33(616)-7064. Project no. 7064."

Phänomenologie des Geistes.

Mode of access: Internet.

Platōnos Phaidōn = Platon's Phädon /

Greek text.

Über grundsteuer in Teutschland und vollständiger abriss der west-phälischen finanz-geschichte und der verwaltung des staatsvermögens im ehemaligen könig reiche Westphalen.

Mode of access: Internet.

Large-eddy simulation of heat transfer downstream of a backward-facing step

Large-eddy simulation is used to predict heat transfer in the separated and reattached flow regions downstream of a backward-facing step. Simulations were carried out at a Reynolds number of 28 000 (based on the step height and the upstream centreline velocity) with a channel expansion ratio of 1.25. The Prandtl number was 0.71. Two subgrid-scale models were tested, namely the dynamic eddy-viscosity, eddy-diffusivity model and the dynamic mixed model. Both models showed good overall agreement with available experimental data. The simulations indicated that the peak in heat-transfer coefficient occurs slightly upstream of the mean reattachment location, in agreement with experimental data. The results of these simulations have been analysed to discover the mechanisms that cause this phenomenon. The peak in heat-transfer coefficient shows a direct correlation with the peak in wall shear-stress fluctuations. It is conjectured that the peak in these fluctuations is caused by an impingement mechanism, in which large eddies, originating in the shear layer, impact the wall just upstream of the mean reattachment location. These eddies cause a 'downwash', which increases the local heat-transfer coefficient by bringing cold fluid from above the shear layer towards the wall.