Implementation of a probabilistic based framework for safety assessment of existing timber elements

The assessment of existing timber structures is often limited to information obtained from non or semi destructive testing, as mechanical testing is in many cases not possible due to its destructive nature. Therefore, the available data provides only an indirect measurement of the reference mechanical properties of timber elements, often obtained through empirical based correlations. Moreover, the data must result from the combination of different tests, as to provide a reliable source of information for a structural analysis. Even if general guidelines are available for each typology of testing, there is still a need for a global methodology allowing to combine information from different sources and infer upon that information in a decision process. In this scope, the present work presents the implementation of a probabilistic based framework for safety assessment of existing timber elements. This methodology combines information gathered in different scales and follows a probabilistic framework allowing for the structural assessment of existing timber elements with possibility of inference and updating of its mechanical properties, through Bayesian methods. The probabilistic based framework is based in four main steps: (i) scale of information; (ii) measurement data; (iii) probability assignment; and (iv) structural analysis. In this work, the proposed methodology is implemented in a case study. Data was obtained through a multi-scale experimental campaign made to old chestnut timber beams accounting correlations of non and semi-destructive tests with mechanical properties. Finally, different inference scenarios are discussed aiming at the characterization of the safety level of the elements.

Thin panels of cement composites reinforced with recycled fibres for the shear strengthening of reinforced concrete elements

A new technique was developed for producing thin panels of a cement based material reinforced with relatively high content of steel fibres originated from the industry of tyre recycling. Flexural tests with notched and un-notched specimens were carried out to characterize the mechanical properties of this Fibre Reinforced Cement Composite (FRCC) and the results are presented and discussed. The values of the fracture mode I parameters of the developed FRCC were determined by performing inverse analysis with test results obtained in three point notched beam bending tests. To appraise the potentialities of these FRCC panels for the increase of the shear capacity of reinforced (RC) beams, numerical research was performed on the use of developed FRCC panel for shear reinforcement by applying the panels in the lateral faces of RC beams deficiently reinforced in shear.

Investigating the durability of FRP-masonry elements immersed in water

Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in using fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) for strengthening masonry elements. It has been observed that these materials, when used for externally bonded reinforcement (EBR), improve the performance of masonry components. However, issues such as durability and long-term performance of strengthened elements are still open. The bond between composite material and masonry substrate is a critical mechanism in EBR strengthening techniques, and therefore its durability and long-term performance should be deeply investigated and characterized. In the present study, the influence of water immersion on the bond performance is investigated by performing single-lap shear bond tests on two sets of GFRP-strengthened specimens immersed in water for six months. Different surface preparation techniques are used for each set of specimens to study their effect on the bond degradation. The specimens are prepared following the wet lay-up procedure. The observations and the obtained results are presented and discussed.

Análise derivativa de dados hiperespectrais medidos em nível de campo e orbital para caracterizar a composição de águas opticamente complexas na Amazônia

A técnica de análise derivativa de dados espectrais foi usada para estudar a variação dos constituintes opticamente ativos (COAs) na água, por meio de dados de campo e de imagens do sensor orbital Hyperion/EO-1. A imagem Hyperion usada neste estudo foi adquirida no dia 23 de junho de 2005, no final do período de cheia. Uma campanha de campo foi realizada entre 23 e 29 de junho de 2005, para coletar dados espectrais e limnológicos in situ. A imagem foi pré-processada visando eliminar faixas de pixels anômalos e convertida de valores de radiância para reflectância de superfície, portanto, corrigidos dos efeitos de absorção e espalhamento atmosféricos. Uma análise da correlação foi realizada para examinar a associação da reflectância e de sua primeira derivada espectral com as concentrações dos COAs. Melhores resultados foram obtidos após a diferenciação dos espectros, o que ajudou a reduzir a influência de efeitos indesejáveis, provindos de diferentes fontes de radiância, sobre as medidas de reflectância da superfície da água realizadas em ambos os níveis de aquisição de dados. Por meio de ajustes de regressões empíricas, considerando o conjunto de dados Hyperion, a primeira derivada espectral em 711 nm explicou 86% da variação da concentração de sedimentos inorgânicos em suspensão (µg.l-1) e a primeira derivada espectral em 691 nm explicou 73% da variação na concentração da clorofila-alfa (µg.l-1). As relações de regressão foram não-lineares, pois, em geral, as águas que se misturam na planície de inundação Amazônica se tornam opticamente complexas. A técnica de análise derivativa hiperespectral demonstrou potenciais para mapear a composição dessas águas.

Brazil nuts: determination of natural elements and aflatoxin

A study was carried out to evaluate the association of levels of radioactivity, selenium and aflatoxin in shelled Brazil nuts, which were classified in different sizes, for export. The selenium determinations were performed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (LOQ = 3.0 µg g-1), and aflatoxins were detected by Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LOQ = 0.85 µg kg-1), recovery rates were between 92 and 100%. Radioactivity was measured by high-resolution gamma spectrometry. The selenium mean concentration was (22.7 ± 7.4) µg g-1. (n = 30). Mean activities determined for the following radium isotopes were: 15.77 Bq kg-1 for 224Ra, 104.8 Bq kg-1 for 226Ra and 99.48 Bq kg-1 for 228Ra. For 226Ra, the levels did not vary significantly with nut sizes, although such differences were observed for 224Ra and 228Ra. There was no statistically significant association between the level of selenium and the activity of radionuclides, however, there was correlation between the radionuclides. Aflatoxins above the quantification limit were not found.

Force elements and reaction forces

"Series title: Springerbriefs in applied sciences and technology, ISSN 2191-530X"

Elements of comparative zoology, by J. S. Kingsley.

2nd ed

The elements of embryology. By M. Foster ... and Francis M. Balfour ...

Pt. 1