Omega-3 Fatty Acids are Related to Abnormal Emotion Processing in Adolescent Boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Background In addition to the core symptoms, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with poor emotion regulation. There is some evidence that children and young adults with ADHD have lower omega-3 levels and that supplementation with omega-3 can improve both ADHD and affective symptoms. We therefore investigated differences between ADHD and non-ADHD children in omega-3/6 fatty acid plasma levels and the relationship between those indices and emotion-elicited event-related potentials (ERPs). Methods Children/adolescents with (n=31) and without ADHD (n=32) were compared in their plasma omega-3/6 indices and corresponding ERPs during an emotion processing task. Results Children with ADHD had lower mean omega-3/6 and ERP abnormalities in emotion processing, independent of emotional valence relative to control children. ERP abnormalities were significantly associated with lower omega-3 levels in the ADHD group. Conclusions The findings reveal for the first time that lower omega-3 fatty acids are associated with impaired emotion processing in ADHD children.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids are Inversely Related to Callous and Unemotional Traits in Adolescent Boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

A number of research studies have reported abnormal plasma fatty acid profiles in children with ADHD along with some benefit of n−3 to symptoms of ADHD. However, it is currently unclear whether (lower) long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are related to ADHD pathology or to associated behaviours. The aim of this study was to test whether (1) ADHD children have abnormal plasma LC-PUFA levels and (2) ADHD symptoms and associated behaviours are correlated with LC-PUFA levels. Seventy-two, male children with (n=29) and without a clinical diagnosis of ADHD (n=43) were compared in their plasma levels of LC-PUFA. Plasma DHA was higher in the control group prior to statistical correction. Callous–unemotional (CU) traits were found to be significantly negatively related to both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and total omega-3 in the ADHD group. The findings unveil for the first time that CU and anti-social traits in ADHD are associated with lower omega-3 levels.

Sintesi di monomeri derivati da acidi carbossilici omega insaturi e successiva sintesi di poliesteri

Il presente lavoro di tesi si inserisce in un progetto basato sulla ricerca di monomeri e polimeri derivati da fonte bio, in un’ottica di transizione verso una chimica green legata alla realizzazione di prodotti ottenuti da risorse rinnovabili e con processi a basso impatto ambientale. I polimeri bio, in particolare, sono prodotti parzialmente o interamente ottenibili da risorse rinnovabili, quali oli vegetali, zuccheri, grassi, resine, proteine, amminoacidi, frazioni lignocellulosiche, etc, e non da petrolio. Tra questi, gli oli vegetali sono interessanti come reagenti di partenza perché permettono di minimizzare l’uso di derivati petrolchimici e sono disponibili in quantità maggiore rispetto al petrolio. Una possibilità di sintesi di polimeri da oli consiste nel trasformare gli acidi grassi, ottenendo composti bifunzionali che possono agire da precursori nella polimerizzazione: in questo modo si possono ottenere molti polimeri lineari, tra cui poliuretani, polieteri, poliesteri, poliammidi, etc. Questo è stato l’approccio seguito per la sintesi dei poliesteri alla base del progetto di tesi. In particolare, il lavoro si è articolato nella sintesi di monomeri e polimeri utilizzando derivati di acidi carbossilici omega insaturi. Inizialmente, trattandosi di prove esplorative sulla fattibilità delle reazioni, è stato utilizzato un precursore commerciale: visti i buoni risultati ottenuti, lo studio è poi proseguito con la sintesi di poliesteri a partire da prodotti di origine naturale. Tutte le polimerizzazioni sono state effettuate in massa. Per ogni reagente, monomero e polimero sono state effettuate analisi NMR (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HSQC, HMBC); su alcuni reagenti e monomeri è stata invece effettuata analisi GC-MS. Infine, su tutti i polimeri ottenuti sono state effettuate analisi ATR, GPC, DSC e TGA.

On the comparison of proof planning systems: Lambda-clam, Omega and IsaPlanner

We present a framework for describing proof planners. This framework is based around a decomposition of proof planners into planning states, proof language, proof plans, proof methods, proof revision, proof control and planning algorithms. We use this framework to motivate the comparison of three recent proof planning systems, lclam, OMEGA and IsaPlanner, and demonstrate how the framework allows us to discuss and illustrate both their similarities and differences in a consistent fashion. This analysis reveals that proof control and the use of contextual information in planning states are key areas in need of further investigation.

Solvency considerations in the gamma-omega surplus model

Ce mémoire de maîtrise traite de la théorie de la ruine, et plus spécialement des modèles actuariels avec surplus dans lesquels sont versés des dividendes. Nous étudions en détail un modèle appelé modèle gamma-omega, qui permet de jouer sur les moments de paiement de dividendes ainsi que sur une ruine non-standard de la compagnie. Plusieurs extensions de la littérature sont faites, motivées par des considérations liées à la solvabilité. La première consiste à adapter des résultats d’un article de 2011 à un nouveau modèle modifié grâce à l’ajout d’une contrainte de solvabilité. La seconde, plus conséquente, consiste à démontrer l’optimalité d’une stratégie de barrière pour le paiement des dividendes dans le modèle gamma-omega. La troisième concerne l’adaptation d’un théorème de 2003 sur l’optimalité des barrières en cas de contrainte de solvabilité, qui n’était pas démontré dans le cas des dividendes périodiques. Nous donnons aussi les résultats analogues à l’article de 2011 en cas de barrière sous la contrainte de solvabilité. Enfin, la dernière concerne deux différentes approches à adopter en cas de passage sous le seuil de ruine. Une liquidation forcée du surplus est mise en place dans un premier cas, en parallèle d’une liquidation à la première opportunité en cas de mauvaises prévisions de dividendes. Un processus d’injection de capital est expérimenté dans le deuxième cas. Nous étudions l’impact de ces solutions sur le montant des dividendes espérés. Des illustrations numériques sont proposées pour chaque section, lorsque cela s’avère pertinent.

Refolding of omega conotoxin peptide derived from marine snail, Conus magus, to evaluate its analgesic effects

Oxidative refolding is one of the key challenges hampering the development of peptide based compounds as therapeutics. The correct refolding for three disulfide peptide like w-Conotoxi n MVIIA is difficult and crucial for biological activity. This work advanced knowledge of chemical and biological for improve oxidative refolding of synthetic w-Conotoxi n MVIIA in base of Conus magus venom. The present study aimed to set up an appropriate and effective protocols for refolding of disulfide-rich w-Conotoxin MVIIA. In this study, the crude peptide was protected with Acm group, according to the right amino acid sequences (Synthesized by Australian Company). The crude peptide was purified by H PLC. To prepare the peptide to refolding, innovative deprotection applied molar ratio (AMR) method was performed based on mercury. Accuracy of deprotection was approved by reverse phase chromatography. The deprotected target peptide (omega-conotoxin) was determined by SDS-PAGE. Then the Oxidative refolding of target peptide was performed in six protocol based on Guanidinium chloride and oxidized and reduced Glutathione. Analgesic effect of refolded peptide was surveyed with formalin test in mice Balb/c. Non neurotoxic effects of target peptides were survey with ICV injection in mice model (C57/BL6). The innovative deprotection protocol performed based on the best ratio of mercury/2-mercaptoethanol adjusted to 1mg/10p1 in 90 minute. The results showed the yield and purity of omega-conotoxin MVIIA as 93 and 95%, respectively. Refolding of 40 mg omega Conotoxin with GSSG and GSH on ratio of 10:1 and 20 mM ammonium acetate showed the best analgesic effect compared with the other methods. The result showed 95.5% yield and 98% purity of omega-conotoxin MVIIA in this refolding method. Related refolding method reduced 85% pain in experimented mice using 7 ng of the peptide. That was 71.5 fold stronger than morphine and 2 times than standard Prialt®. And it was not neurotoxic in mice. In this study, refolding method for omega-conotoxin MVIIA was optimized in the fourth factor including: reducing the time, amount and number of reagent and increase the efficiency. We introduced new method for deprotection of omega-conotoxin MVIIA. Effective, economic and applied refolding and deprotecti on method was performed in this research may al so be applied to similar omega conotoxin peptides.

Inflamación celular en pacientes sometidos a cirugía electiva tratados con carbohidratos de baja carga glicémica, ácidos grasos omega 3 y antioxidantes

Antecedentes y Objetivos. La creciente complejidad de la Especialidad de Cirugía Plástica, ha inducido a su ramificación en varias subespecialidades. Una de las limitantes de la Cirugía Plástica ha sido la obesidad, enfermedad que conlleva complicaciones, aumenta el riesgo de inconvenientes y hace insuficiente el resultado proyectado para la estética y la función. El objetivo del presente trabajo es mostrar la importancia de la evaluación de la inflamación celular en la preparación de pacientes sometidos a cirugía electiva, previamente tratados con dieta con carbohidratos de baja carga glicémica, ácidos grasos omega 3 y 6 y antioxidantes. Material y Método. Realizamos un estudio longitudinal prospectivo cuasi-experimental no aleatorio de 23 pacientes que solicitaron intervenciones de Cirugía Plástica y aceptaron entrar en el protocolo de diagnóstico y tratamiento de inflamación celular. Primero realizamos el cuestionario de Reporte de Inflamación Celular "RIS" y tomamos a los pacientes pruebas de inflamación celular y de ácido eicosapentaenóico (EPA), ácido decosaexaenóico (DHA), acido araquidónico (AA) y ácido dihomogamalinoléico (DGLA) al ingreso y antes de la cirugía. Analizamos los datos con estadística descriptiva y comparamos los rangos con la prueba McNemar y de hipótesis t de student, del sistema SPSS. Resultados. Tras aplicar el RIS a los 23 pacientes antes de la preparación con dieta y tras un periodo de 1 a 3 meses, evaluamos las respuestas de cada uno de los cuestionarios a través de las pruebas no paramétricas, encontrando diferencia significativa en los 14 items. Se mejoró considerablemente a la alza el EPA; el DHA y el AA sin cambios significativos; y el DGLA disminuyó considerablemente. Con t de student encontramos variación significativa en los fosfolípidos del plasma y no hubo diferencia significativa entre los DHA y AA. Conclusiones. Demostramos así la efectividad de la dieta de los omegas, que contribuye a la disminución de la sintomatología inicial de los pacientes.

Contribución de los Acidos Grasos Omega-3 para la Memoria y la Función Cognitiva

Una disminución de la función cognitiva y de la memoria se considera que es una consecuencia normal del envejecimiento. Los ácidos grasos omega-3 poliinsaturados son cada vez más propuestos como suplementos dietéticos con la capacidad de reducir el riesgo de deterioro cognitivo, incluyendo la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). Objetivo: Estudiar el efecto de los omega-3 en el deterioro cognitivo a través de la revisión de estudios recientes de observación, intervención y experimentales. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed, Medline, Cochrane y Embase para los estudios epidemiológicos y clínicos en la literatura internacional que utilizan combinaciones de las siguientes palabras clave: "la enfermedad de Alzheimer", "deterioro cognitivo leve", "función cognitiva", "factores dietéticos", "ácidos grasos omega-3", "EPA y DHA". Conclusiones: Los estudios han demostrado el papel protector de los ácidos grasos omega-3 en el deterioro cognitivo leve, demencia y en el riesgo y la progresión de la enfermedad de Alzheimer en los adultos mayores. Se necesitan más estudios para comprender el mecanismo de acción de los ácidos grasos omega-3 sobre la cognición. Las dosis, la composición de cápsulas de EPA y DHA y el tiempo de suplementación deben ser explorados.

Fabrication of heterogeneous biocatalyst tethering artificial prosthetic groups to obtain omega-3-fatty acids by selective hydrolysis of fish oils

The active site of lipase from Bacillus thermocathenolatus was selectively modified with allyl and naphthyl chains at different positions. Lipase immobilization and selective tethering of a naphthyl side chain to its position 320 improve both the hydrolysis rate of fish oils and the selectivity towards the eicosapentaenoic acid acyl chains. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016.

Abbondanze chimiche degli elementi del picco del ferro nel sistema stellare omega centauri

La misura di abbondanze chimiche degli elementi alfa e di quelli del gruppo del ferro per indagare l'origine delle stelle e degli ammassi globulari di una galassia si è rivelata uno strumento molto versatile e potente. Questo lavoro di tesi intende studiare in particolare le abbondanze di Sc, V e Zn per il sistema stellare Omega Centauri, sistema considerato il residuo di una galassia sferoidale nana distrutta dall'interazione con la Via Lattea. L'analisi chimica di Sc, V e Zn (solitamente sottoabbondanti nelle galassie sferoidale nane) può porre importanti vincoli per capire la natura di questo sistema.

Not Simply A Matter Of Fish Intake.

Background and aims: Recent findings have highlighted enhanced fish consumption as a potential measure to increase intake of healthy fatty acids, particularly omega-3. The generalizability of this recommendation, however, may fall short by differences in fish species and cooking techniques. Hence, we investigated how these 2 variables affect the lipid content in fish flesh. Methods and Results: Nine species of freshwater, deep sea or shore fish were grilled, steamed or fried with or without the addition of soybean oil, olive oil or butter. The lipid composition was analysed and a significant difference was observed in cholesterol, saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, and omega-6 fatty acids contents between species (p<0.05). The use of soybean or olive oil was associated with a significant change in flesh concentration of polyunsaturated, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study calls attention to the specific lipid content that must be expected from different fish species and cooking techniques.

Otimização das condições de produção de ésteres etílicos a partir de óleo de peixe com elevado teor de ácidos graxos ômega-3

The production of ethyl esters by alcoholysis is an alternative for splitting triacylglycerols due to the possibility of using low temperatures, which results in oxidative protection of the polyunsaturated fatty acids. Ethyl esters produced under mild conditions of temperature could be used as substrate for obtaining structured lipids. The reaction parameters of production of ethyl esters from fish oil with high content of omega-3 fatty acids by alcoholysis were optimized using response surface methodology. An experimental design (2³) (with levels +1 and -1, six axial points with levels -alpha and +alpha and three central points) was applied. The variables investigated were concentration of catalyst, amount of ethyl alcohol and temperature. Ethyl ester conversion was monitored by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and the best result obtained was 95% conversion rate. The optimal conditions were 40 °C, 1% of NaOH and 36% of ethanol.

Importância da gordura alimentar na prevenção e no controle de distúrbios metabólicos e da doença cardiovascular

A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) reiterou recentemente que o consumo de dietas inadequadas e a inatividade física estão entre os dez principais fatores de mortalidade. Diversos ensaios aleatorizados demonstram que intervenções alimentares adequadas podem diminuir ou prevenir significativamente o aparecimento de várias doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Neste contexto, o papel da dieta vem sendo exaustivamente avaliado em estudos clínicos e epidemiológicos. Assim, já foi bem estabelecido na literatura que a quantidade e o tipo de gordura alimentar exercem influência direta sobre fatores de risco cardiovascular, tais como a concentração de lípides e de lipoproteínas plasmáticas, bem como sua associação a processos inflamatórios. Os ácidos graxos participam de complexos sistemas de sinalização intracelular, função que vem sendo bastante explorada. Os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados não somente influenciam a composição das membranas, metabolismo celular e sinais de tradução, mas também modulam a expressão de genes, regulando a atividade e a produção de diversos fatores de transcrição. A proposta deste artigo é rever tópicos relevantes referentes ao metabolismo de lípides e os relacionar a terapias nutricionais que possam contribuir para a prevenção e o tratamento de doenças associadas.

Association between osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis in women: a cross-sectional study

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Osteoporosis has frequently been observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The present study was undertaken in order to evaluate factors associated with osteoporosis among women with rheumatoid arthritis. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study, carried out in a public hospital in São Paulo. METHODS: The participants were 83 women with rheumatoid arthritis (53.7 ± 10.0 years old). Bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The patients were divided into three groups according to BMD: group 1, normal BMD (n = 24); group 2, osteopenia (n = 38); and group 3, osteoporosis (n = 21). Tests were performed to compare differences in means and correlations, with adjustments for age, duration of disease and cumulative corticosteroid. The relationships between clinical factors, physical activity score, dietary intake, body composition and biochemical parameters were analyzed using linear regression models. RESULTS: Mean calcium, vitamin D and omega-6 intakes were lower than the recommendations. Associations were found between BMD and age, disease duration, parathyroid hormone concentration and fat intake. The linear regression model showed that being older, with more years of disease and lower weight were negatively correlated with BMD [Total femur = 0.552 + 0.06 (weight) + 0.019 (total physical activity) - 0.05 (age) - 0.003 (disease duration); R² = 48.1; P < 0.001]. CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that nutritional factors and body composition are associated with bone mass in women with rheumatoid arthritis.