Grid interfacing of a photovoltaic system using a chain cell converter

With the rapid development of photovoltaic system installations and increased number of grid connected power systems, it has become imperative to develop an efficient grid interfacing instrumentation suitable for photovoltaic systems ensuring maximum power transfer. The losses in the power converter play an important role in the overall efficiency of a PV system. Chain cell converter is considered to be efficient as compared to PWM converters due to lower switching losses, modularized circuit layout, reduced voltage rating of the converter switches, reduced EMI. The structure of separate dc sources in chain cell converter is well suited for photovoltaic systems as there will b several separate PV modules in the PV array which can act as an individual dc source. In this work, a single phase multilevel chain cell converter is used to interface the photovoltaic array to a single phase grid at a frequency of 50Hz. Control algorithms are developed for efficient interfacing of the PV system with grid and isolating the PV system from grid under faulty conditions. Digital signal processor TMS320F 2812 is used to implement the control algorithms developed and for the generation of other control signals.

Retrieval of dust aerosols during night: improved assessment of long wave dust radiative forcing over Afro-Asian regions

Several investigators in the past have used the radiance depression (with respect to clear-sky infrared radiance), resulting from the presence of mineral dust aerosols in the atmosphere, as an index of dust aerosol load in the atmosphere during local noon. Here, we have used a modified approach to retrieve dust index during night since assessment of diurnal average infrared dust forcing essentially requires information on dust aerosols during night. For this purpose, we used infrared radiance (10.5-12.5 mu m), acquired from the METEOSAT-5 satellite (similar to 5 km resolution). We found that the `dust index' algorithm, valid for daytime, will no longer hold during the night because dust is then hotter than the theoretical dust-free reference. Hence we followed a `minimum reference' approach instead of a conventional `maximum reference' approach. A detailed analysis suggests that the maximum dust load occurs during the daytime. Over the desert regions of India and Africa, maximum change in dust load is as much as a factor of four between day and night and factor of two variations are commonly observed. By realizing the consequent impact on long wave dust forcing, sensitivity studies were carried out, which indicate that utilizing day time data for estimating the diurnally averaged long-wave dust radiative forcing results in significant errors (as much as 50 to 70%). Annually and regionally averaged long wave dust radiative forcing (which account for the diurnal variation of dust) at the top of the atmosphere over Afro-Asian region is 2.6 +/- 1.8 W m(-2), which is 30 to 50% lower than those reported earlier. Our studies indicate that neglecting diurnal variation of dust while assessing its radiative impact leads to an overestimation of dust radiative forcing, which in turn result in underestimation of the radiative impact of anthropogenic aerosols.

Enantiospecific synthesis of angular triquinanes

The enantiospecific synthesis of angular triquinanes has been developed starting from the readily available (S)-campholenaldehyde. Two alternate strategies have been used, one employing a Johnson's orthoester Claisen rearrangement followed by an intramolecular cyclopropanation and regioselective cyclopropane ring cleavage, and a second one based on a RCM reaction. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fuzzy Expert Approach with Curtailed Controllers for Improved Reactive Power Dispatch

This paper addresses the problem of curtailing the number of control actions using fuzzy expert approach for voltage/reactive power dispatch. It presents an approach using fuzzy set theory for reactive power control with the purpose of improving the voltage profile of a power system. To minimize the voltage deviations from pre-desired values of all the load buses, using the sensitivities with respect to reactive power control variables form the basis of the proposed Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC). Control variables considered are switchable VAR compensators, On Load Tap Changing (OLTC) transformers and generator excitations. Voltage deviations and controlling variables are translated into fuzzy set notations to formulate the relation between voltage deviations and controlling ability of controlling devices. The developed fuzzy system is tested on a few simulated practical Indian power systems and modified IEEE-30 bus system. The performance of the fuzzy system is compared with conventional optimization technique and results obtained are encouraging. Results obtained for a modified IEEE-30 bus test system and a 205-node equivalent EHV system a part of Indian southern grid are presented for illustration purposes. The proposed fuzzy-expert technique is found suitable for on-line applications in energy control centre as the solution is obtained fast with significant speedups with few number of controllers.

Thermal and Sonochemical Degradation Kinetics of Poly(n-butyl methacrylate-co-alkyl acrylates): Variation of Chain Strength and Stability with Copolymer Composition

The thermal degradation of poly(n-butyl methacrylate-co-alkyl acrylate) was compared with ultrasonic degradation. For this purpose, different compositions of poly (n-butyl methacrylate-co-methyl acrylate) (PBMAMA) and a particular composition of poly(n-butyl methacrylate-co-ethyl acrylate) (PBMAEA) and poly(n-butyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate) (PBMABA) were synthesized and characterized. The thermal degradation of polymers shows that the poly(alkyl acrylates) degrade in a single stage by random chain scission and poly(n-butyl methacrylate) degrades in two stages. The number of stages of thermal degradation of copolymers was same as the majority component of the copolymer. The activation energy corresponding to random chain scission increased and then decreased with an increase of n-butyl methacrylate fraction in copolymer. The effect of methyl acrylate content, alkyl acrylate substituent, and solvents on the ultrasonic degradation of these copolymers was investigated. A continuous distribution kinetics model was used to determine the degradation rate coefficients. The degradation rate coefficient of PBMAMA varied nonlinearly with n-butyl methacrylate content. The degradation of poly (n-butyl methacrylate-co-alkyl acrylate) followed the order: PBMAMA < PBMAEA < PBMABA. The variation in the degradation rate constant with composition of the copolymer was discussed in relation to the competing effects of the stretching of the polymer in solution and the electron displacement in the main chain. (C) 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers

Damping of Sands for Varying Saturation

A series of resonant column tests have been performed in the torsional mode of vibration to assess the effect of saturation, starting from the near dry state to the fully saturated state, on the damping ratio of sands corresponding to the threshold strain level. Tests were carried out on three different gradations of sand for various combinations of relative density and effective confining pressure. For fine sands, a certain optimum degree of saturation exists at which the damping ratio minimizes; it is known that a decrease in Sr from a fully saturated state leads to a continuous increase in the matric suction. With an increase in the relative density, the optimum degree of saturation for fine sand increases marginally from 1.38 to 1.49%, but does not show any dependency on the effective confining pressure. In contrast, the minimum values of the damping ratio for medium and coarse sands are found to always correspond to the near dry state. The damping ratio decreases continuously with increases in relative density and effective confining pressure. The threshold strain level has been found to decrease continuously with increases in relative density and effective confining pressure. (C) 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Thermoelectric Properties of In-Doped Cu2ZnGeSe4

Recently, much research has been focused on finding new thermoelectric materials. Cu-based quaternary chalcogenides that belong to A(2)BCD(4) (A = Cu; B = Zn, Cd; C = Sn, Ge; D = S, Se, Te) are wide band gap materials and one of the potential thermoelectric materials due to their complex crystal structures. In this study, In-doped quaternary compounds Cu2ZnGe1-xInxSe4 (x = 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1) were prepared by a solid state synthesis method. Powder x-ray diffraction patterns of all the samples showed a tetragonal crystal structure (space group I-42m) of the main phase with a trace amount of impurity phases, which was further confirmed by Rietveld analysis. The elemental composition of all the samples showed a slight deviation from the nominal composition with the presence of secondary phases. All the transport properties were measured in the temperature range 373-673 K. The electrical resistivity of all the samples initially decreased up to similar to 470 K and then increased with increase in temperature upto 673 K, indicating the transition from semiconducting to metallic behavior. Positive Seebeck coefficients for all the samples revealed that holes are the majority carriers in the entire temperature range. The substitution of In3+ on Ge4+ introduces holes and results in the decrease of resistivity as well as the Seebeck coefficient, thereby leading to the optimization of the power factor. The lattice thermal conductivity of all the samples decreased with increasing temperature, indicating the presence of phonon-phonon scattering. As a result, the thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) of the doped sample showed an increase as compared to the undoped compound.

3D simulation of the micro indentation process and relative problems research

In this paper the finite element method was used to simulate micro-scale indentation process. The several standard indenters were simulated with 3D finite element model. The emphasis of this paper was the differences between 2D axisymmetric cone model and

冲击载荷下饱和砂土中孔隙水压力的变化及其与液化密实的关系

介绍了实验装置与测压系统，实测了饱和砂柱自由落体撞击地面后前期快过程和后期慢过程的水压力的变化。

Efecto de rotación de cultivos y métodos de control de malezas sobre la cenosis de las malezas y el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de los cultivos de soya (Glycine max (L) Merr.) c.v Cristalina y algodón (Gossypium hirsutum) c.v H 373

Se determinó la influencia de las prácticas de rotación de cultivos y control de malezas sobre la dinámica de las malezas, y el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento en el cultivo de Soya y Algodón, en terrenos del Centro Experimental del Algodón, ubicado en el municipio de Posoltega, Departamento de Chinandega, se estableció el presente ensayo durante la época de postrera de Agosto 1991 a Enero 1992. Se utilizó un diseño bifactorial en parcelas divididas en bloques completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones siendo los factores en estudios los siguientes: Factor A: Rotación de cultivos (Soya sin inocular-Algodón, soya inoculada-algodón, soya inocutada-soya inoculada, soya sin inocular-soya sin inocular, Ajonjolí-Algodón.) Factor B: Métodos de control de malezas (Control químico, control período crítico, control limpia periódica.). Las rotaciones de soya redujeron la abundancia total de malezas predominando la especie Desmodiun canum. La menor cobertura y menor biomasa fue reflejada por la rotación Soya sin inocular-Soya sin inocular, no obstante la menor diversidad se encontró en la rotación Soya inoculada-Soya inoculada. El control limpia periódica disminuyó la cobertura y abundancia, pero presentó una biomasa intermedia respecto a los otros controles y una diversidad similar. En el cultivo de soya para la variable de altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, número de nódulos por planta y número de nudos no existen diferencias significativas, lo mismo para las variables de rendimientos. En el cultivo del algodón se obtuvo diferencias significativas para las variables de crecimiento y rendimiento. En cuanto a las variables de crecimiento y rendimiento la rotación ajonjolí-algodón reflejó los siguientes valores diámetro de tallo (4.1 mm), altura de planta (134.0 cm), rendimiento Kg/ha (1758). La rotación Soya sin inocular-Soya sin inocular reflejó diámetro de tallo (4.3 mm). altura de planta (65.7 cm) y rendimiento de 1553 kg/ha registrando los mejores resultados.

Efecto de labranza y malezas sobre la presencia de la chicharrita Dalbulus maidis (Dellong y wolcott) y la incidencia del achaparramiento en maíz (Zea mays L.)

En el presente experimento se empleó un diseño de Bloque Completo al Azar en parcela dividida ubicando el factor labranza en la parcela grande y el factor malezas en la parcela pequeña. Los objetivos del experimento fueron determinar el efecto de labranza y malezas de la incidencia de la chicharrita, la Incidencia y severidad del achaparramiento y el rendimiento en grano seco de maíz. También se evaluó cuál de los tratamientos en estudio es el más rentable económicamente en la producción de acuerdo a su estructura: labranza convencional sin malezas (LCSM), labranza convencional con malezas (LCCM), labranza cero sin malezas (LOSM), labranza cero con malezas (LOCM). El experimento se llevó e cabo en el Centro Nacional de Granos Básicos, Managua, en el período comprendido entre Julio y Noviembre de 1991. Los resultados obtenidos no mostraron diferencia estadísticas en cuento el número de D. maidis por planta, pero si se observó una tendencia de mayor incidencia sobre tratamientos estructurados sin malezas. En relación a la incidencia y severidad del achaparremiento así como el rendimiento en grano seco de maíz, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre los tratamientos. Para los componentes del rendimiento se encontró solamente efecto de los tratamientos para el peso de grano seco como para la longitud de mazorca al estudiar los factores de manera separada, no así para su interacción. Los costos agrícolas de los tratamientos y sus rendimientos se analizaron mediante el análisis del Presupuesto Parcial y un Análisis de Dominancia, de acuerdo a esto el análisis económico realizado para evaluar cuál de los diferentes tratamientos es más recomendable e la producción, se determinó que el que obtuvo mejores resultados fue el tratamiento labranza cero con malezas (LOCM), no así para el tratamiento labranza convencional con malezas (LCCM) que obtuvo los menores resultados.

Validación del umbral de acción para el manejo del gusano del fruto Helicoverpa spp (Boddie) Lepidoptera: noctuidae: en el cultivo del tomate Tisma, Nicaragua

Con el objetivo de validar un método determinado por ICTA/CATIE Guatemala, utilizando un umbral de acción para el manejo de Helicoverpa spp también conocido como gusano del fruto, en el cultivo del tomate se estableció un experimento de campo en la época de riego durante el período comprendido (Diciembre 1991 - Abril 1992) en Tisma, Masaya. El estudio se realizó con la colaboración de dos productores de tomate de la zona, en la finca de los productores se establecieron dos parcelas de validación, bajo dos sistemas de manejo: 1. Los productores realizaron aplicaciones periódicas semanales utilizando insecticidas químicos. 2. Aplicación de la mezcla de DIPEL (Bacillus thurinqiensis: 800 gr/mz) y LANNATE (Metomil: 75 gr/mz) según el umbral de acción, cuando se encontró cuatro huevos y/o larvas, o un 8% de frutos dañados por Helicoverpa spp en treinta plantas. El análisis económico de los tratamientos permite afirmar que las parcelas manejadas con umbral son más rentables, se obtiene mayores ingresos y menos costos a las parcelas manejadas por productor. Bajo las condiciones de este ensayo es factible económicamente, la implementación del umbral de acción, y la aplicación de la mezcla, para el combate de Helicoverpa spp en el cultivo del tomate.