Uso del gas como recurso estrat��gico en la pol��tica exterior rusa. An��lisis de caso Ucrania periodo 2000-2010

Estudio de caso que busca evaluar el uso del gas natural dentro de la pol��tica exterior rusa como recurso estrat��gico en las relaciones con Ucrania. Se describe y analiza c��mo la importancia geoestrat��gica de Ucrania genera una percepci��n de seguridad y relevancia econ��mica en Rusia, por esta raz��n la Federaci��n utiliza el gas natural como mecanismo de presi��n frente al Estado ucraniano para satisfacer sus intereses nacionales en funci��n de los elementos mencionados anteriormente.Todo lo anterior a trav��s de la Teor��a del Heartland desarrollada por Halford Mackinder y El Concepto de ��rea Pivote de Zbigniew Brzezinski para determinar c��mo se genera la importancia del Estado ucraniano frente a Rusia

Estado situacional de los modelos basados en agentes y su impacto en la investigaci��n organizacional

En un mundo hiperconectado, din��mico y cargado de incertidumbre como el actual, los m��todos y modelos anal��ticos convencionales est��n mostrando sus limitaciones. Las organizaciones requieren, por tanto, herramientas ��tiles que empleen tecnolog��a de informaci��n y modelos de simulaci��n computacional como mecanismos para la toma de decisiones y la resoluci��n de problemas. Una de las m��s recientes, potentes y prometedoras es el modelamiento y la simulaci��n basados en agentes (MSBA). Muchas organizaciones, incluidas empresas consultoras, emplean esta t��cnica para comprender fen��menos, hacer evaluaci��n de estrategias y resolver problemas de diversa ��ndole. Pese a ello, no existe (hasta donde conocemos) un estado situacional acerca del MSBA y su aplicaci��n a la investigaci��n organizacional. Cabe anotar, adem��s, que por su novedad no es un tema suficientemente difundido y trabajado en Latinoam��rica. En consecuencia, este proyecto pretende elaborar un estado situacional sobre el MSBA y su impacto sobre la investigaci��n organizacional.

Dynamic modelling of a wind catcher/tower turret for natural ventilation

This paper discusses experimental and theoretical investigations and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling considerations to evaluate the performance of a square section wind catcher system connected to the top of a test room for the purpose of natural ventilation. The magnitude and distribution of pressure coefficients (C-p) around a wind catcher and the air flow into the test room were analysed. The modelling results indicated that air was supplied into the test room through the wind catcher's quadrants with positive external pressure coefficients and extracted out of the test room through quadrants with negative pressure coefficients. The air flow achieved through the wind catcher depends on the speed and direction of the wind. The results obtained using the explicit and AIDA implicit calculation procedures and CFX code correlate relatively well with the experimental results at lower wind speeds and with wind incidents at an angle of 0 degrees. Variation in the C-p and air flow results were observed particularly with a wind direction of 45 degrees. The explicit and implicit calculation procedures were found to be quick and easy to use in obtaining results whereas the wind tunnel tests were more expensive in terms of effort, cost and time. CFD codes are developing rapidly and are widely available especially with the decreasing prices of computer hardware. However, results obtained using CFD codes must be considered with care, particularly in the absence of empirical data.

La(2-x)Ce(x)Cu(1-y)Zn(y)O(4) perovskites for high temperature water-gas shift reaction

The performance of La(2-x)Ce(x)Cu(1-y)Zn(y)O(4) perovskites as catalysts for the high temperature water-gas shift reaction (H T-W G S R) was investigated. The catalysts were characterized by EDS, XRD, BET surface area, TPR, and XANES. The results showed that all the perovskites exhibited the La(2)CuO(4) orthorhombic structure, so the Pechini method is suitable for the preparation of pure perovskite. However, the La(1.90)Ce(0.10)CuO(4) perovskite alone, when calcined at 350/700 degrees C, also showed a (La(0.935)Ce(0.065))(2)CuO(4) perovskite with tetragonal structure, which produced a surface area higher than the other perovskites. The perovskites that exhibited the best catalytic performance were those calcined at 350/700 degrees C and, among these, La(1.90)Ce(0.10)CuO(4) was outstanding, probably because of the high surface area associated with the presence of the (La(0.935)Ce(0.065))(2)CuO(4) perovskite with tetragonal structure and orthorhombic La(2)CuO(4) phase.

Effects of the partial replacement of La by M (M=Ce, Ca and Sr) in La(2-x)M(x)CuO(4) perovskites on catalysis of the water-gas shift reaction

The performance of La(2-x)M(x)CuO(4) perovskites (where M = Ce, Ca or Sr) as catalysts for the water-gas shift reaction was investigated at 290 degrees C and 360 degrees C. The catalysts were characterized by EDS, XRD, N(2) adsorption-desorption, XPS and XANES. The XRD results showed that all the perovskites exhibited a single phase (the presence of perovskite structure), suggesting the incorporation of metals in the perovskite structure. The XPS and XANES results showed the presence of Cu(2+) on the surface. The perovskites that exhibited the best catalytic performance were La(2-x)Ce(x)CuO(4) perovslcites, with CO conversions of 85%-90%. Moreover, these perovskites have higher surface areas and larger amounts of Cu on the surface. And Ce has a higher filled energy level than the other metals, increasing the energy of the valence band of Ce and providing more electrons for the reaction. Besides, the La(1.80)Ca(0.20)CuO(4) perovskite showed a good catalytic performance.

O mercado de g��s natural veicular em Curitiba : vis��o dos taxistas

O tema do presente estudo consiste na an��lise da demanda do mercado de taxistas de Curitiba frente �� possibilidade de utiliza����o de um combust��vel alternativo menos oneroso e poluente: o G��s Natural Veicular ��� GNV. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi de analisar o mercado atual do GNV entre os taxistas de Curitiba, verificando a possibilidade de ampliar do uso do GNV por esta frota atrav��s de uma pesquisa de mercado. Os dados da pesquisa servir��o de subs��dios para campanhas de marketing orientadas �� amplia����o acelerada do uso desta tecnologia. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa de satisfa����o para levantar os fatores determinantes para a tomada de decis��o dos taxistas de Curitiba de utilizarem ou n��o um combust��vel alternativo menos oneroso e poluente como o G��s Natural Veicular ��� GNV. O estudo visou obter a percep����o dos taxistas de Curitiba. Com base nos resultados da pesquisa foi poss��vel estabelecer subs��dios para campanhas de marketing orientadas �� amplia����o acelerada do uso desta tecnologia. Para realiza����o da pesquisa, utilizou-se uma pesquisa explorat��ria, com entrevistas individuais da c��pula das organiza����es que trabalham com o G��s Natural, prospectando novos projetos para o futuro e as perspectivas de evolu����o do mercado de GNV em Curitiba, a qual forneceu subs��dios para a pesquisa quantitativa junto aos taxistas da cidade de Curitiba. Constatou-se que somente 36% do p��blico estudado �� usu��rio de g��s natural veicular, mas entre os n��o usu��rios, 82% j�� pensou em instalar o kit g��s. As principais raz��es pelas quais os taxistas pesquisados n��o utilizam o GNV s��o a perda de espa��o no porta-malas e a perda de pot��ncia do ve��culo. Entre os taxistas que utilizam o GNV, no que tange aos atributos relacionados �� rede de distribui����o, a maior insatisfa����o refere-se �� localiza����o dos postos e a maior satisfa����o ��s eventuais filas para abastecimento. Nesses mesmos atributos o que obteve maior ��ndice de import��ncia foi justamente a localiza����o dos postos. Entre os atributos relacionados ao produto, o maior ��ndice de satisfa����o foi o n��vel de polui����o ambiental e a maior insatisfa����o espa��o para armazenamento, sendo o desempenho do ve��culo considerado o mais importante. Quanto aos atributos relacionados aos equipamentos, verificou-se a seguran��a com o maior ��ndice de satisfa����o e de import��ncia.

Impacto da Lei de Acesso �� Informa����o: os casos da Ag��ncia Nacional de Petr��leo, G��s Natural e Biocombust��veis e das ag��ncias reguladoras federais

A publica����o da Lei 12.527 em 2011, a Lei de Acesso �� Informa����o, cuja vig��ncia se deu a partir de maio de 2012, uma vez que o texto previa 180 dias para implementa����o, veio ratificar a institui����o da transpar��ncia como regra e do sigilo como exce����o para todos os n��veis e esferas da administra����o p��blica brasileira. A entrada em vigor da lei colocou o desafio de transform��-la em instrumento efetivo de apoio a um governo mais aberto e responsivo. Assim, a Lei teve repercuss��es importantes nas reparti����es p��blicas, quanto a novos procedimentos e desenhos institucionais para dar conta de sua amplitude e ambi����o. Este trabalho realiza uma an��lise explorativa desses desdobramentos para o primeiro ano e meio de aplica����o, tanto do ponto de vista quantitativo quanto qualitativo, para a pr��xis cotidiana nas Ag��ncias Reguladoras Federais e na Ag��ncia Nacional do Petr��leo, G��s Natural e Biocombust��veis, em particular.

Op����es reais em projetos de investimentos: o caso de uma planta de liquefa����o de g��s natural com flexibilidade de troca de mercado e de troca de produto

O objetivo deste trabalho �� revisar os principais aspectos te��ricos para a aplica����o de Op����es Reais em avalia����o de projetos de investimento e analisar, sob esta metodologia, um caso real de projeto para investir na constru����o de uma Planta de Liquefa����o de g��s natural. O estudo do caso real considerou a Op����o de Troca de Mercado, ao avaliar a possibilidade de coloca����o de cargas spot de GNL em diferentes mercados internacionais e a Op����o de Troca de Produto, devido �� flexibilidade gerencial de n��o liquefazer o g��s natural, deixando de comercializar GNL no mercado internacional e passando a vender g��s natural seco no mercado dom��stico. Para a valora����o das Op����es Reais foi verificado, atrav��s da s��rie hist��rica dos pre��os de g��s natural, que o Movimento Geom��trico Browniano n��o �� rejeitado e foram utilizadas simula����es de Monte Carlo do processo estoc��stico neutro ao risco dos pre��os. O valor da Op����o de Troca de Mercado fez o projeto estudado mais que dobrar de valor, sendo reduzido com o aumento da correla����o dos pre��os. Por outro lado, o valor da Op����o de Troca de Produto �� menos relevante, mas tamb��m pode atingir valores significativos com o incremento de sua volatilidade. Ao combinar as duas op����es simultaneamente, foi verificado que as mesmas n��o s��o diretamente aditivas e que o efeito do incremento da correla����o dos pre��os, ao contr��rio do que ocorre na Op����o de Troca de Mercado, �� inverso na Op����o de Troca de Produto, ou seja, o derivativo aumenta de valor com uma maior correla����o, apesar do valor total das op����es integradas diminuir.

Uma an��lise comparativa da regula����o de g��s natural entre os mercados do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos

O trabalho tem o objetivo de comparar os principais elementos dos regimes regulat��rios do setor do g��s natural no Brasil e dos Estados Unidos. Ap��s conduzir a caracteriza����o dos dois regimes, o estudo passa a compar��-los e identificar potenciais sinergias e distin����es. Para tanto, em uma primeira etapa, s��o descritos os principais componentes dos mecanismos legais de regula����o de cada pa��s. Em seguida, alguns dos componentes identificados s��o comparados. Finalmente, a ��ltima se����o se dedica a elencar breves conclus��es sobre a compara����o entre os mecanismos de regula����o do setor de g��s dos dois pa��ses.

Atra����o e reten����o de talentos em empresas de engenharia consultiva no setor de petr��leo e g��s natural da cidade de Natal

This study addresses the question of attraction and retention of talent in companies that produce engineering projects in the area of oil and natural gas in the city of Natal. The objectives were to identify the mechanisms that these companies use to attract and retain talented professionals and what the relationship between these practices and performance of these organizations in the market. This is a case study of a qualitative nature which were included in the fullness of companies that work in that class in the capital Potiguar. Have been applied to the managers of these companies structured questionnaires with eleven issues orientativas based on theoretical reference adopted. The research finds that managers understand the word "talent", recognize the importance of the appreciation of its employees and the development of their innate abilities to better organizational performance, much due to the fact they are acting in a market of fierce competition. His companies - though not submit the formal procedures related to the subject in question - have mechanisms that can be characterized as the attraction and retention of talent. The relationships identified in this study are consistent with the results found in other studies and put the information here can serve as the basis for that other managers, including other areas, to reach excellence in their respective industries

Avalia����o da dolomita funcionalizada para remo����o de H2S em g��s natural

The natural gas is an alternative source of energy which is found underground in porous and permeable rocks and being associated or not to the oil. Its basic composition includes methane, other hydrocarbon and compounds such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulphidric gas, mercaptans, water and solid particles. In this work, the dolomite mineral, a double carbonate of calcium and magnesium whose the chemical formula is CaMg(CO3)2, was evaluated as adsorbent material. The material was characterized by granulometric analysis, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, specific surface area, porosity, scanning electronic microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Then the material was functionalized with diethanolamine (dolomite+diethanolamine) and diisopropylamine (dolomite+diisopropylamine). The results indicated that the adsorbents presented appropriate physiochemical characteristics for H2S adsorption. The adsorption tests were accomplished in a system coupled to a gas chromatograph and the H2S monitoring in the output of the system was accomplished by a pulsed flame photometric detector (PFPD). The adsorbents presented a significant adsorption capacity. Among the analyzed adsorbents, the dolomite+diethanolamine presented the best capacity of adsorption. The breakthrough curves obtained proved the efficiency of this process

Estudo e implementa����o de algoritmos inteligentes para detec����o e classifica����o de falhas na medi����o de g��s natural

This master dissertation presents the study and implementation of inteligent algorithms to monitor the measurement of sensors involved in natural gas custody transfer processes. To create these algoritmhs Artificial Neural Networks are investigated because they have some particular properties, such as: learning, adaptation, prediction. A neural predictor is developed to reproduce the sensor output dynamic behavior, in such a way that its output is compared to the real sensor output. A recurrent neural network is used for this purpose, because of its ability to deal with dynamic information. The real sensor output and the estimated predictor output work as the basis for the creation of possible sensor fault detection and diagnosis strategies. Two competitive neural network architectures are investigated and their capabilities are used to classify different kinds of faults. The prediction algorithm and the fault detection classification strategies, as well as the obtained results, are presented

An��lise da recupera����o em reservat��rio de g��s com baixa permeabilidade (TIGHT GAS) atrav��s do fraturamento hidr��ulico

With the increasing of energetic consumption in the worldwile, conventional reservoirs, known by their easy exploration and exploitation, are not being enough to satisfy this demand, what has made necessary exploring unconventional reservoirs. This kind of exploration demands developing more advanced technologies to make possible to exploit those hydrocarbons. Tight gas is an example of this kind of unconventional reservoir. It refers to sandstone fields with low porosity, around 8%, and permeabilities between 0.1 and 0.0001 mD, which accumulates considerable amounts of natural gas. That natural gas can only be extracted by applying hydraulic fracturing, aiming at stimulating the reservoir, by creating a preferential way through the reservoir to the well, changing and making easier the flow of fluids, thus increasing the productivity of those reservoirs. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is analyzing the recovery factor of a reservoir by applying hydraulic fracturing. All the studies were performed through simulations using the IMEX software, by CMG (Computer Modelling Group), in it 2012.10 version

O princ��pio constitucional da redu����o das desigualdades regionais e o transporte de g��s natural

In a country of continental dimensions as Brazil, one of the top challenges to its economic growth is the logistic related to energetical demand supply. We live now in the era of environmental protection and, in this new context of priorizations, it passes trough the search for alternative energies for the energetic matrix, due the petroleum elevated costs in the global market (and its finitude), but also due its pollution over the environment. This attempt of substitution needs solutions related to the national reality, into a national long term developing plan and based at a juridical-economic analysis of its realization. This study will look for, also based in an economical analysis, the juridical legitimity of choosing natural gas as the new protagonist of national economic growth (as a substitute of petroleum) and the necessary boost that must be done by law, based on an economic policy focused strictly for that fact, as a modifying agent of this reality. This study, therefore, will always be turned to a constitutional aspect, respecting the principles of economic order and the goal of reducing regional inequalities, which must influence the making off of a developing plan. At the end, it will try to demonstrate the juridical viability of such undertaking, tuned in jus-economical criteria. Another goal is related to the analysis of the natural gas industry, due the regulation of its transport has a major importance for national energetic integration, not only because this activity be characterized as a net industry, still under control of a natural monopoly, but also because the competitive or cooperative profile that should be priorized at the beginning of the economic planning for this activity (such as investment policies and its own rules that will submit private agents)

Regula����o do livre acesso no transporte de g��s natural �� luz da ordem econ��mica da Constitui����o de 1988

In the middle of modern social changes produced by globalization and capitalism, several markets have changed. States have left the direct coordination of these markets (chiefly public utility sector in the form of monopolies), introducing regulation in order to promote competition. These changes have affected natural gas industry by promoting competition as a key factor to the development and the increase of firms in this market. The regulatory reform of natural gas industry ocurred in EUA and Europe Union and it has produced its first results. In Brazilian context, Constitutional Amendment nbr. 09 and Federal Law nbr. 9.478/97 ( Petroleum Law ) opened the natural gas market to a broad range of private economic agents and they finished the monopoly over the industry before managed by Petrobras. The new regulatory framework of Brazilian natural gas industry has designed competition as a central element to the new form of managment of business and contractual relationships of this industry. Among the regulatory instruments, open access regulation in natural gas pipelines is directed to promote competition. The questions arised about its implementation in Brazilian context are studied in the present work, in which it is discussed the constitutional rules and principles are to be applied to the open access regulation within the theme of statal regulation of economy present in constitutional economic order