Manganese: Minerals, Microbes, and the Evolution of Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Oxygenic photosynthesis fundamentally transformed our planet by releasing molecular oxygen and altering major biogeochemical cycles, and this exceptional metabolism relies on a redox-active cubane cluster of four manganese atoms. Not only is manganese essential for producing oxygen, but manganese is also only oxidized by oxygen and oxygen-derived species. Thus the history of manganese oxidation provides a valuable perspective on our planet’s environmental past, the ancient availability of oxygen, and the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. Broadly, the general trends of the geologic record of manganese deposition is a chronicle of ancient manganese oxidation: manganese is introduced into the fluid Earth as Mn(II) and it will remain only a trace component in sedimentary rocks until it is oxidized, forming Mn(III,IV) insoluble precipitates that are concentrated in the rock record. Because these manganese oxides are highly favorable electron acceptors, they often undergo reduction in sediments through anaerobic respiration and abiotic reaction pathways.

The following dissertation presents five chapters investigating manganese cycling both by examining ancient examples of manganese enrichments in the geologic record and exploring the mineralogical products of various pathways of manganese oxide reduction that may occur in sediments. The first chapter explores the mineralogical record of manganese and reports abundant manganese reduction recorded in six representative manganese-enriched sedimentary sequences. This is followed by a second chapter that further analyzes the earliest significant manganese deposit 2.4 billon years ago, and determines that it predated the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis and thus is supporting evidence for manganese-oxidizing photosynthesis as an evolutionary precursor prior to oxygenic photosynthesis. The lack of oxygen during this early manganese deposition was partially established using oxygen-sensitive detrital grains, and so a third chapter delves into what these grains mean for oxygen constraints using a mathematical model. The fourth chapter returns to processes affecting manganese post-deposition, and explores the relationships between manganese mineral products and (bio)geochemical reduction processes to understand how various manganese minerals can reveal ancient environmental conditions and biological metabolisms. Finally, a fifth chapter considers whether manganese can be mobilized and enriched in sedimentary rocks and determines that manganese was concentrated secondarily in a 2.5 billion-year-old example from South Africa. Overall, this thesis demonstrates how microbial processes, namely photosynthesis and metal oxide-reducing metabolisms, are linked to and recorded in the rich complexity of the manganese mineralogical record.

Thermal stability and spectroscopic properties of Er3+-doped niobium tellurite glasses for broadband amplifiers

Three Er3+-doped tellurite glasses with compositions of 70TeO(2)-30ZnO, 70TeO(2)-20ZnO-10Nb(2)O(5) and 70TeO(2)-20ZnO-5BaO-5Nb(2)O(5) have been investigated for developing fiber and planar broadband amplifiers and lasers. The optical spectroscopic properties and thermal stability of Er3+-doped tellurite glasses have been discussed. The results show that the incorporation of Nb2O5 increases the thermal stability of Er3+-doped tellurite glasses significantly, Er3+-doped niobium tellurite glasses 70TeO(2)-20ZnO-10Nb(2)O(5) and 70TeO(2)-20ZnO-5BaO-5Nb(2)O(5) exhibit the good thermal stability (DeltaT > 150degreesC), the large emission cross-section (>10 x 10(-21) cm(2)) and broad full width at half maximum (similar to65 nm), will be preferable for broadband Er3+-doped fiber amplifiers. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Three-photon-excited upconversion luminescence of niobium ions doped silicate glass by a femtosecond laser irradiation

We report on the bluish green upconversion luminescence of niobium ions doped silicate glass by a femtosecond laser irradiation. The dependence of the fluorescence intensity on the pump power density of laser indicates that the conversion of infrared irradiation to visible emission is dominated by three-photon excitation process. We suggest that the charge transfer from O-2-to Nb5+ can efficiently contribute to the bluish green emission. The results indicate that transition metal ions without d electrons play an important role in fields of optics when embedded into silicate glass matrix. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America.

Comportamento mecânico de cerâmica produzida a partir de reciclagem de para-brisa de automóvel

É crescente o interesse nos materiais cerâmicos, devido as suas características como baixa massa específica e maior resistência a ambientes agressivos do que a maioria das ligas metálicas. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de produzir a partir de material descartado, cerâmicas em diferentes temperaturas de sinterização e avaliar a sua tensão de ruptura em ensaio de flexão de três pontos e a confiança desta medida. Devido ao custo de produzir pó de vidro, tanto pelo alto gasto de energia para fundir a matéria-prima como pelo consumo de minerais industriais, foi proposto utilizar vidro de para-brisa obsoleto reduzindo despesas operacionais e definindo um destino econômico e ambiental viável para estes rejeitos. A metodologia consistiu-se na obtenção do pó de vidro com características adequadas para ser conformado e sinterizado. Foram usadas duas composições e quatro tratamentos térmicos para obter oito materiais. Uma composição com apenas o pó oriundo da moagem de para-brisa e outra com este pó mais 4% de óxido de nióbio. A resistência à flexão dos produtos obtidos foi avaliada. Utilizou-se a estatística de Weibull para caracterizar estes resultados. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o material de composição pó de vidro e temperatura final de sinterização de 650C obteve a maior resistência mecânica entre os materiais sintetizados. A adição do óxido de nióbio provoca um decréscimo na resistência mecânica se comparada com o material sem a adição deste óxido. Entretanto, comparando as duas composições na mesma temperatura final de sinterização, a adição de óxido de nióbio provocou um aumento no módulo de Weibull, excetuando-se dois de oito materiais obtidos. As diferentes composições e temperaturas de sinterização afetaram as propriedades mecânicas dos materiais obtidos.

Preservation of fish by freezing and glazing. Pt. 3. Effect of freezing, glazing and frozen storage on the B-vitamins and essential minerals present in the fish flesh

The changes occurring in moisture, thiamine, riboflavin niacin, phosphorus, iron and calcium in pomfret, surmai and frozen mackerel, glazed with ascorbic acid, citric acid, sodium chloride, glucose, sodium nitrite and kept under frozen storage were studied up to 6 months and results reported.