Design and development of compact printed ultra wide band antennas

In recent years, there is a visible trend for products/services which demand seamless integration of cellular networks, WLANs and WPANs. This is a strong indication for the inclusion of high speed short range wireless technology in future applications. In this context UWB radio has a significant role to play as an extension/complement to existing cellular/access technology. In the present work, three major types of ultra wide band planar antennas are investigated: Monopole and Slot. Three novel compact UWB antennas, suitable for poratble applications, are designed and characterized, namely 1) Ground modified monopole 2) Serrated monopole 3) Triangular slot The performance of these designs have been studied using standard simulation tools used in industry/academia and they have been experimentally verified. Antenna design guidelines are also deduced by accounting the resonances in each structure. In addition to having compact sized, high efficiency and broad bandwidth antennas, one of the major criterion in the design of impulse-UWB systems have been the transmission of narrow band pulses with minimum distortion. The key challenge is not only to design a broad band antenna with constant and stable gain but to maintain a flat group delay or linear phase response in the frequency domain or excellent transient response in time domain. One of the major contributions of the thesis lies in the analysis of the frequency and timedomain response of the designed UWB antennas to confirm their suitability for portable pulsed-UWB systems. Techniques to avoid narrowband interference by engraving narrow slot resonators on the antenna is also proposed and their effect on a nano-second pulse have been investigated

Development and Investigations of Mobile Antennas for less Radiation Hazards

Antennas, the key element in wireless communication devices had undergone amazing developments especially in the direction of compactness and safety aspects. In the last two decades, the use of the cellular phones has become the most popular mode of communication across the globe. At the same time, the concerns about the radiation effects have increased in the general public. The main concern of this thesis is to develop a mobile antenna which gives reduced RF interference to the user. The reduction of the power absorbed by the user can tremendously avoid any possible health hazards. The radiation characteristic of a monopole antenna is modified with good radiation characteristics suitable for a mobile handset. The modification is implemented by using different resonating structures which provides reduced radiation along one direction. The direction of less radiation can be changed by modifying the planar antenna structure to a ground folded antenna. This modified structure with excellent radiation characteristic is suitable for modern wireless handheld devices with less user RF interference. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is an important parameter for mobile handset. The SAR is estimated for the newly developed antenna for different conditions and discussed in this thesis.

Nuclear incompressibility in the quasilocal density functional theory

We explore the ability of the recently established quasilocal density functional theory for describing the isoscalar giant monopole resonance. Within this theory we use the scaling approach and perform constrained calculations for obtaining the cubic and inverse energy weighted moments (sum rules) of the RPA strength. The meaning of the sum rule approach in this case is discussed. Numerical calculations are carried out using Gogny forces and an excellent agreement is found with HF+RPA results previously reported in literature. The nuclear matter compression modulus predicted in our model lies in the range 210230 MeV which agrees with earlier findings. The information provided by the sum rule approach in the case of nuclei near the neutron drip line is also discussed.

Chipless RFID Tag Using Multiple Microstrip Open Stub Resonators

A novel compact RFID tag employing open stubs in a microstrip transmission line is proposed. The prototype of the tag is fabricated on a substrate of dielectric constant 4.4 and loss tangent 0.0018. The tag consists of microstrip open stub resonators and cross polarized transmitting and receiving disc monopole antennas. A prototype of 8 bit data encoded tag is demonstrated in this communication. Method for enhancing the performance of the RFID tag is also proposed. Magnitude or group delay response can be used to decode the tag informations

Compact Coplanar Waveguide Fed Ground Meandered Antenna for Wireless Application

A compact Co-Planar Waveguide (CPW) fed antenna operating at 2.4GHz with 300MHz 2:1 VSWR bandwidth is presented. Compared to a conventional quarter wavelength CPW fed monopole antenna, the aperture area reduction of the present antenna is 85%. The prototype antenna fabricated on a substrate of εr = 4.4 and thickness 1.6mm is only 22x10x1.6mm3. This much size reduction and impedance matching is achieved by adjusting the signal to ground plane separation and meandering the ground plane of a 50Ω CPW transmission line

Planar UWB Antenna with Modified Slotted Ground Plane

A compact coplanar waveguide-fed (CPW) monopole antenna for ultra-wideband wireless communication is presented. The proposed antenna comprises of a CPW-fed beveled rectangular patch with a modified slotted ground. The overall size of the antenna is 30 mm 27 mm 1.6 mm. The lower edge of the band is attained by properly decoupling the resonant frequencies due to the extended ground plane and the beveled rectangular patch of the antenna. The upper edge of the radiating band is enhanced by beveling the ground plane corners near the feed point. Experimental results show that the designed antenna operates in the 2.7–12 GHz band, for S11 10 dB with a gain of 2.7–5 dBi. Both the frequency domain and time domain characteristics of the antenna are investigated using antenna transfer function. It is observed that the antenna exhibits identical radiation patterns and reasonable transient characteristics over the entire operating band

A Compact Modified Ground CPW Fed Antenna for UWB Applications

A Coplanar waveguide fed compact planar monopole antenna with a modified ground plane is presented. Measured and simulated results reveal that the antenna operates in the Ultra Wide Band with almost constant group delay throughout the band. Developed design equations of the antenna are validated for different substrates. Time domain performance of the antenna is also discussed in order to assess its suitability for impulse radio applications

Compact Uniplanar Antenna for Multiband Applications

A dual band RFID applications in 800 900 MHz and 2400 MHz band is presented. The Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna consists of inverted L shaped monopole with a capacitive loading to provide necessary impedance matching and current distribution. The antenna has wide bandwidth from 790 MHz tol050 MHz and from 2350 MHz to 2640 MHz coving the RFID UHF and Microwave frequencies. The uniplanar antenna having overall dimensions of 48 mm x 14 mm is printed on one side of a substrate of dielectric constant 4.4 and height 1.6 mm.

Frequency Coded Chipless RFID Tag using Spurline Resonators

A novel compact chipless RFID tag using spurline resonators is discussed in this paper. The detection of the tag's ID is using the spectral signature of a spurline resonator circuit. The tag has a data capacity of 8-bits in the range 2.38 to 4.04 GHz. The tag consists of a spurline multiresonating circuit and two cross polarized antennas. The prototype of the tag is fabricated on a substrate CMET/ LK4.3 of dielectric constant 4.3 and loss tangent 0.0018. The measured results show that group delay response can also be used to decode the tag’s identity

A Planar Compact Metamaterialinspired Broadband Antenna

An electrically small, broadband-modified, truncated ground metamaterial EZ antenna is presented. This, a modified EZ antenna system, achieves a larger bandwidth of the order of 650 MHz by adjusting the metamaterial-inspired meandered ground element fed by a top loaded monopole. The design is devoid of the large ground planes and the external parasitic elements used in conventional designs for achieving proper impedance matching characteristics. The antenna requires a small foot print of kg/5 3 kg/10, where kg is the guided wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency of operation, when printed on a substrate of dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm. The antenna offers a 2:1 VSWR bandwidth from 750 MHz to 1.4 GHz, which covers CDMA, GSM, and ISM bands

Netzmonopole in der Elektrizitätswirtschaft und Wettbewerb

Bei der Stromversorgung handelte es sich bis zu seiner Liberalisierung 1998 um einen Wirtschaftszweig, der von Gebietsmonopolen auf allen Versorgungsstufen geprägt war. Diese Monopole gründeten im Wesentlichen auf dem natürlichen Monopol des Stromnetzes sowie auf der Bedeutung der Stromversorgung. Auch nach der Liberalisierung ist der Markt noch immer durch die etablierten ehemaligen Gebietsversorger geprägt, die nach wie vor über die Netze verfügen und zudem untereinander und mit der Politik gut vernetzt sind. Damit über das weiterhin bestehende natürliche Monopol bei den Stromnetzen keine wettbewerbswidrigen Interessen verfolgt werden können, bedarf die Transformation der Elektrizitätsversorgung in einen vorwiegend vom Wettbewerb geprägten Markt einiger Anpassungen. Einige Interessenskonflikte können bereits gelöst werden, indem die Marktstruktur an die neuen Bedingungen angepasst wird. Zum einen bedarf es einer Netzzugangsregelung, die dem Netzbetreiber möglichst geringe Missbrauchsmöglichkeiten offen lässt. Damit der Netzbetreiber überdies keine Interessen aus Aktivitäten in wettbewerbsgeprägten Märkten zulasten der Netznutzer verfolgt, ist zumindest der Betrieb des Netzes auf eigentumsrechtlich unabhängige Netzbetreiber zu übertragen. Diese Entflechtungsform sollte scheinbar bequemeren Lösungen, die sich leichter umsetzen lassen, vorgezogen werden. Auf lange Sicht werden die damit verbundenen höheren Regulierungskosten die Markttransformationskosten weit übersteigen. Das Problem des natürlichen Monopols beim Netz bedarf trotz allem einer dauernden Regulierung. Hier empfiehlt sich eine weitreichende ex-ante-Regulierung, in die auch Kriterien einfließen sollten, die den Netzbetreiber zu einem stabilen und sicheren Betrieb des Netzes veranlassen. Infolgedessen dürfte der Bedarf an einer ex-post-Kontrolle durch die Regulierungsinstitution entsprechend gering ausfallen. Die Regulierungsinstitution sollte hierbei nicht auf einige wenige Regulierungsinstrumente festgelegt werden. Die Gefahr der Anmaßung von Wissen, der Regulierungsinstitutionen wegen ihrer im Vergleich zu den Marktteilnehmern größeren Marktferne ausgesetzt sind, lässt sich durch die Akteursbeteiligung in der Regulierungsinstitution verringern: Die Akteure könnten innerhalb eines vorgegebenen Rahmens die Ausgestaltung der Netznutzungsregeln weitestgehend selbst bestimmen, die Aushandelungsmodalitäten hierfür müssen allerdings präzise festgelegt und die getroffenen Regelungen für alle Marktteilnehmer verbindlich sein. Diese Mischform zwischen staatlicher Rahmensetzung und Selbstregulierung nutzt die Regelungspotentiale des Staates und die Selbstorganisationsmöglichkeiten der relevanten Akteure gleichermaßen. Durch die Besetzung der Regulierungsinstitution mit Vertretern der relevanten Akteure wird zudem ein großes Maß an spezifischem Branchenwissen in sie hineingetragen, insbesondere da die vertikal integrierten Elektrizitätsversorgungsunternehmen nach der eigentumsrechtlichen Entflechtung zumindest noch anfangs über einen großen Teil der Informationen über den Netzbetrieb verfügen. Damit wäre das Informationsproblem, das staatlichen Regulierungsstellen anhaftet, geringer. Durch die Interessenlage der Mitglieder der Regulierungsinstitution dürfte sie auf den Netzbetreiber den starken Effizienzdruck ausüben. Der Netzbetreiber sollte hingegen ein Unternehmen im vollständigen öffentlichen Eigentum sein. Damit kann eine Unterwanderung durch Anteilserwerb verhindert und das Netz leichter im Sinne gemeinwirtschaftlicher Verpflichtungen betrieben werden. Dies wäre überdies wegen der Legitimationsprobleme, die mit einer weitgehend unabhängigen, mit umfangreichen und nicht präzise abgegrenzten Eingriffbefugnissen versehenen Regulierungsinstitution einhergehen, vorteilhaft, wenn nicht gar geboten. Damit sind große Teile der Grundrechtsprobleme, die mit der Regulierungsinstitution, ihrer Zusammensetzung und ihren Kompetenzen zusammenhängen, irrelevant.

Retardation effects in ion-ion collisons [collisions]

The modification of the two center screened electronic Coulomb potential due to relativistic kinematical effects is investigated in the Coulomb gauge. Both nuclear and electronic charges were approximated by Gaussian distributions. For ion velocities v/c =0.1 the effect may roughly be approximated by a 0.1% increase in the effective strength for the monopole term of the two center potential. Thus for ion kinetic energies not exceeding a few MeV/nucleon this relativistic contribution induces small effects on the binding energy of the 1 \omega-electrons except for super critical charges.

Conclure la série d'essais terminologiques proposés au minom comme aux muséologues en général c'est renvoyer tout le monde dos à dos afin d'alimenter de véritables échanges

Nous ne croyons pas qu’il soit réaliste de penser parvenir à un concensus solide, tellement les points de vue, tenant en partie aux nuances, sont partagés sur les orientations idéologiques du MINOM, sur la crainte que l’idéologie ne prenne le dessus sur les considérations professionnelles ou éthiques. Il faut seulement espérer que la voix univoque qui s’est permise, selon un mandat du mouvement, de lancer la ligne à l’eau, ne sera pas entièrement perdue, qu’elle produira à la longue une rérflexion stimulante sur les convictions, sur l’imaginatioin créatrice qui nous amènent à faire usage de tel ou tel langage, d’entrer plus profondément dans nos univers respectifs, mais également de renforcer notre système de valeurs communes. Il ne s’agit pas d’instituer, à travers l’imposition d’un langage commun, soit un monopole, soit une dictature de la pensée unique, mais plutôt d’amener le débat sur la viabilité d’un pluriel dialectique. Une dernière tentative de sondage auprès des membres actuels du Conseil d’administration (musealogando) et de personnes qui y sont associées, sur la définition du musée, n’aura donné aucun résultat.

Influence of shape and absorbing surface: a numerical study of railway noise barriers

Results are presented of a study of a performance of various track-side railway noise barriers, determined by using a two- dimensional numerical boundary element model. The basic model uses monopole sources and has been adapted to allow the sources to exhibit dipole-type radiation characteristics. A comparison of boundary element predictions of the performance of simple barriers and vehicle shapes is made with results obtained by using the standard U.K. prediction method. The results obtained from the numerical model indicate that modifying the source to exhibit dipole characteristics becomes more significant as the height of the barrier increases, and suggest that for any particular shape, absorbent barriers provide much better screening efficiency than the rigid equivalent. The cross-section of the rolling stock significantly affects the performance of rigid barriers. If the position of the upper edge is fixed, the results suggest that simple absorptive barriers provide more effective screening than tilted barriers. The addition of multiple edges to a barrier provides additional insertion loss without any increase in barrier height.

Discovery of 157W and 161Os

The nuclides 157W and 161Os have been discovered in reactions of 58Ni ion beams with a 106Cd target. The 161Os α -decay energy and half-life were 6890±12 keV and 640±60 μs. The daughter 157W nuclei β -decayed with a half-life of 275±40 ms, populating both low-lying α-decaying states in 157Ta, which is consistent with a 7/2− ground state in 157W. Fine structure observed in the α decay of 161Os places the lowest excited state in 157W with Iπ=9/2− at 318±30 keV. The branching ratio of View the MathML source indicates that 161Os also has a 7/2− ground state. Shell-model calculations analysing the effects of monopole shifts and a tensor force on the relative energies of 2f7/2 and 1h9/2 neutron states in N=83 isotones are presented.