Electrician's Mate 3 and 2

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El tiempo de la anécdota, del mate y del Perfecto Compuesto sanjuanino

El panorama que presenta nuestro país en lo que respecta a la multiplicidad de variedades lingüísticas coexistentes, actualmente incrementada por las migraciones, tanto internas como externas, constituye un desafío altamente motivador ; para los estudios del lenguaje. Dada la complejidad lingüística que reviste la situación mencionada, creemos relevante que se lleven a cabo múltiples y sucesivos abordajes de los distintos fenómenos observados. Uno de ellos lo ;constituye la variación de los tiempos de pasado, en especial, la coexistencia de los Perfectos Simple y Compuesto. En efecto, es conocido -aunque no exhaustivamente estudiado- el hecho de que en la variedad rioplatense hay un predominio del PS sobre el PC mientras que en la variedad de la región de Cuyo se favorece el uso del PC. Se suman otras variedades, producto de las migraciones actuales, como por ejemplo, la variedad del español de Bolivia. Este caso ;reviste un especial interés si consideramos la posibilidad de la transferencia de características ;de las lenguas de contacto quechua y aymara, propias de la región andina. Desde el marco teórico y metodológico propiciado por la Escuela Lingüística de Columbia (Diver1995; García 1995; Reid 1995; Martínez 2000, 2006, Mauder y Mart ;ínez 2007) es nuestro interés investigar en qué medida los procesos de variación lingüística responden a necesidades comunicativas y constituyen el síntoma de la perspectiva cognitiva de los usuarios de la lengua. En este sentido, ;consideramos que los resultados de esta investigación podrán contribuir a dicha perspectiva teórica que contempla la motivación semánticopragmática de la sintaxis y la relación entre la gramática y el uso de la lengua

El tiempo de la anécdota, del mate y del Perfecto Compuesto sanjuanino

El panorama que presenta nuestro país en lo que respecta a la multiplicidad de variedades lingüísticas coexistentes, actualmente incrementada por las migraciones, tanto internas como externas, constituye un desafío altamente motivador ; para los estudios del lenguaje. Dada la complejidad lingüística que reviste la situación mencionada, creemos relevante que se lleven a cabo múltiples y sucesivos abordajes de los distintos fenómenos observados. Uno de ellos lo ;constituye la variación de los tiempos de pasado, en especial, la coexistencia de los Perfectos Simple y Compuesto. En efecto, es conocido -aunque no exhaustivamente estudiado- el hecho de que en la variedad rioplatense hay un predominio del PS sobre el PC mientras que en la variedad de la región de Cuyo se favorece el uso del PC. Se suman otras variedades, producto de las migraciones actuales, como por ejemplo, la variedad del español de Bolivia. Este caso ;reviste un especial interés si consideramos la posibilidad de la transferencia de características ;de las lenguas de contacto quechua y aymara, propias de la región andina. Desde el marco teórico y metodológico propiciado por la Escuela Lingüística de Columbia (Diver1995; García 1995; Reid 1995; Martínez 2000, 2006, Mauder y Mart ;ínez 2007) es nuestro interés investigar en qué medida los procesos de variación lingüística responden a necesidades comunicativas y constituyen el síntoma de la perspectiva cognitiva de los usuarios de la lengua. En este sentido, ;consideramos que los resultados de esta investigación podrán contribuir a dicha perspectiva teórica que contempla la motivación semánticopragmática de la sintaxis y la relación entre la gramática y el uso de la lengua

El tiempo de la anécdota, del mate y del Perfecto Compuesto sanjuanino

El panorama que presenta nuestro país en lo que respecta a la multiplicidad de variedades lingüísticas coexistentes, actualmente incrementada por las migraciones, tanto internas como externas, constituye un desafío altamente motivador ; para los estudios del lenguaje. Dada la complejidad lingüística que reviste la situación mencionada, creemos relevante que se lleven a cabo múltiples y sucesivos abordajes de los distintos fenómenos observados. Uno de ellos lo ;constituye la variación de los tiempos de pasado, en especial, la coexistencia de los Perfectos Simple y Compuesto. En efecto, es conocido -aunque no exhaustivamente estudiado- el hecho de que en la variedad rioplatense hay un predominio del PS sobre el PC mientras que en la variedad de la región de Cuyo se favorece el uso del PC. Se suman otras variedades, producto de las migraciones actuales, como por ejemplo, la variedad del español de Bolivia. Este caso ;reviste un especial interés si consideramos la posibilidad de la transferencia de características ;de las lenguas de contacto quechua y aymara, propias de la región andina. Desde el marco teórico y metodológico propiciado por la Escuela Lingüística de Columbia (Diver1995; García 1995; Reid 1995; Martínez 2000, 2006, Mauder y Mart ;ínez 2007) es nuestro interés investigar en qué medida los procesos de variación lingüística responden a necesidades comunicativas y constituyen el síntoma de la perspectiva cognitiva de los usuarios de la lengua. En este sentido, ;consideramos que los resultados de esta investigación podrán contribuir a dicha perspectiva teórica que contempla la motivación semánticopragmática de la sintaxis y la relación entre la gramática y el uso de la lengua

Mate choice in the brown thornbill (Acanthiza pusilla): are settlement decisions, divorce and extrapair mating complementary strategies?

In socially monogamous birds, females may express mate preferences when they first select a breeding partner, through divorce and subsequent breeding dispersal to a new partner and through extrapair mating. We examined settlement patterns, divorce and breeding dispersal in a sedentary Australian passerine, the brown thornbill (Acanthiza pusilla), in relation to two traits known to influence extrapair paternity (male age and male size). Settlement decisions, divorce and territory switching behaviour were all female strategies that reduced their likelihood of breeding with 1-year-old males. Females preferred to settle in territories with 2+ -year-old males, were more likely to divorce 1-year-old males, and only switched territories if they had an opportunity to form a new pair bond with an old male. In contrast, female settlement and divorce decisions were not influenced by male size. Female thornbills obtain a direct benefit from preferring older males as social mates because breeding success improves with male age in brown thornbills. Nevertheless, divorce rates in this species were low (14% of pair bonds were terminated by divorce), and individuals rarely switched territories following the death of a mate. Both of these mating strategies appeared to be primarily constrained by the distance adults moved to initiate a new pair bond (1-2 territories) and by the limited availability of unpaired older males in the immediate neighbourhood.

Sexual selection for male dominance reduces opportunities for female mate choice in the European bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus)

Sexual selection involves two main mechanisms: intrasexual competition for mates and intersexual mate choice. We experimentally separated intrasexual (male-male interference competition) and intersexual (female choice) components of sexual selection in a freshwater fish, the European bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus). We compared the roles of multiple morphological and behavioural traits in male success in both components of sexual competition, and their relation to male reproductive success, measured as paternity of offspring. Body size was important for both female choice and male-male competition, though females also preferred males that courted more vigorously. However, dominant males often monopolized females regardless of female preference. Subordinate males were not excluded from reproduction and sired some offspring, possibly through sneaked ejaculations. Male dominance and a greater intensity of carotenoid-based red colouration in their iris were the best predictors of male reproductive success. The extent of red iris colouration and parasite load did not have significant effects on female choice, male dominance or male reproductive success. No effect of parasite load on the expression of red eye colouration was detected, though this may have been due to low parasite prevalence in males overall. In conclusion, we showed that even though larger body size was favoured in both intersexual and intrasexual selection, male-male interference competition reduced opportunities for female choice. Females, despite being choosy, had limited control over the paternity of their offspring. Our study highlights the need for reliable measures of male reproductive success in studies of sexual selection.

Dissecting the complex genetic basis of mate choice

The genetic analysis of mate choice is fraught with difficulties. Males produce complex signals and displays that can consist of a combination of acoustic, visual, chemical and behavioural phenotypes. Furthermore, female preferences for these male traits are notoriously difficult to quantify. During mate choice, genes not only affect the phenotypes of the individual they are in, but can influence the expression of traits in other individuals. How can genetic analyses be conducted to encompass this complexity? Tighter integration of classical quantitative genetic approaches with modern genomic technologies promises to advance our understanding of the complex genetic basis of mate choice.

The Type of Behavior and the Role of Relationship Length in Mate Choice for Prosociality Among Physically Attractive Individuals

Two further key aspects of prosociality as a sexual signal are explored here. Firstly, the context in which it is used (in particular relationship length), and, second, also the different types of prosocial behaviors that exist in social interactions. Therefore, this commentary can show why prosocial behaviors are biased towards physically attractive individuals, as they can gain valuable information from them.

Melhoria da qualidade de jerked beef pela substituição de nitrito de sódio por extratos naturais de própolis e erva mate como agente antioxidante

Jerked beef, an industrial meat product obtained from beef with the addition of sodium chloride and curing salts and subjected to a maturing and drying process is a typical Brazilian product which has been gradually discovered by the consumer. The replacement of synthetic antioxidants by natural substances with antioxidant potential due to possible side effects discovered by lab tests, consumer health, is being implemented by the meat industry. This study aimed to evaluate the lipid oxidation of jerked beef throughout the storage period by replacing the sodium nitrite by natural extracts of propolis and Yerba Mate. For jerked beef processing brisket was used as raw material processed in 6 different formulations: formulation 1 (control - in nature), formulation 2 (sodium nitrite - NO), formulation 3 (Yerba Mate - EM), formulation 4 (propolis extract - PRO), formulation 5 (sodium nitrite + Yerba Mate - MS + NO), formulation 6 (propolis extract + sodium nitrite - PRO + NO). The raw material was subjected to wet salting, dry salting (tombos), drying at 25°C, packaging and storage in BOD 25°C. Samples of each formulation were taken every 7 days for analysis of lipid oxidation by the TBARS method. In all formulations, were carried out analysis of chemical composition at time zero and sixty days of storage. The water activity analysis and color (L *, a *, b *) was monitored at time zero, thirty and sixty days of storage. The Salmonella spp count, Coliform bacteria, Termotolerant coliforms and coagulase positive staphylococci were taken at time zero and sixty days. The activity of natural antioxidants evaluated shows the decline of lipid oxidation up to 2.5 times compared with the product in natura and presented values with no significant differences between treatments NO and EM, confirming the potential in minimize lipid oxidation of Jerked beef throughout the 60 days of storage. The results also showed that yerba mate has a higher antioxidant capacity compared to the propolis except the PRO + NO formulation. When associated with yerba mate with sodium nitrate, TBARS values become close to values obtained only for the control samples with the addition of sodium nitrite. The proximal composition of the formulations remained within the standards required in the IN nº22/2000 for jerked beef. Samples that differ significantly at 5% are directly related to the established type of formulation. The count of microorganisms was within the standards of the DRC nº12/2001 required for matured meat products. The intensity of the red (a*) decreased with storage time and increase the intensity of yellow (b*) indicates a darkening of the product despite L* also have been increased. These results suggest that yerba mate is a good alternative to meat industry in reducing healing addition salts when associated with another antioxidant.

Metodolog?a para el proceso de ense?anza aprendizaje en ni?os de 13-15 a?os en la comuna 16 de la ciudad de Cali, enfocada en la formaci?n y preparaci?n de la disciplina deportiva del ult?mate frisbee

Al ser un deporte relativamente nuevo, tiene 60 a?os de historia, no se cuenta con la suficiente bibliograf?a para su ense?anza, y mucho menos en las categor?as juveniles, es por eso que se quiere brindar un documento que, a partir de la experiencia en el campo y tomando modelos pedag?gicos de diferentes ?reas que no s?lo incluyen la educaci?n f?sica, con el cual los profesores de educaci?n f?sica y deporte puedan iniciar procesos formativos en menores de 16 a?os. Para llevar a cabo lo anterior, se pretende abordar temas que van m?s all? del entrenamiento deportivo juvenil, con el fin de brindar herramientas que permitan consolidar un grupo de trabajo cooperativo que abarque, desde la convocatoria de los ni?os, el trato y la participaci?n de los padres de familia, la organizaci?n de las sesiones de entrenamiento, hasta la conducci?n de procesos de autorregulaci?n, que incluyen el dialogo y el respeto como herramientas para la soluci?n de conflictos dentro y fuera del entrenamiento. Por lo tanto el presente trabajo de investigaci?n se estructur? en tres cap?tulos fundamentales que son: Capitulo uno hace referencia al planteamiento dial?ctico y epistemol?gico de la investigaci?n en donde se puede apreciar una correcta relaci?n entre el problema y los objetivos. En el cap?tulo dos encontramos una gran variedad de estudios internacionales y nacionales que nos permiten definir las tendencias m?s importantes del ult?mate y a partir de all? se realiza un an?lisis de c?mo han evolucionado en los ?ltimos tiempos el proceso de ense?anza- aprendizaje. Y en el tercer cap?tulo presentamos fase a fase el dise?o y elaboraci?n de la metodolog?a que proponemos para guiar el proceso de ense?anza ? aprendizaje en la muestra objeto de estudio, para finalmente realizar un an?lisis y discusi?n de resultados.

The timing and interval of mate encounter affects investment during mating

The benefits obtained from mating are usually condition-dependent, favouring the evolution of flexible investment during copulation, for instance, in terms of invested time, energy, or sperm. Flexible investment strategies are predicted to depend on the likelihood of acquiring alternative mates and therefore they should depend on the timing of mate encounter. However, scarce experimental evidence for this hypothesis exists. Here we manipulated the time delay until first mating and the interval between first and second mating in the polygynandrous common lizard, Zootoca vivipara. We determined treatment effects on fertilisation success and copulation duration, the latter being a proxy for investment in mating and for quantity of transferred sperm. The duration of the second copulation decreased with increasing inter-mating interval and depended on the fertilisation success of first mates. The former provides evidence for time-dependent investment strategies, most likely resulting from the progression of the female's reproductive cycle. Fertilisation success of first mates increased with increasing inter-mating interval and was higher when females were closer to ovulation, showing that flexible investment strategies significantly affected male reproductive success. This points to fertilisation assurance, which may mitigate negative effects of low population density on reproductive success, e.g. Allee effects.

Esta é a matéria de que se fazem os sonhos, e os encontros

Texto relativo ao segundo encontor Perspectivas da investigação e(m) artes: articulações, realizado na Universidade de Évora em dezembro de 2013.

Azadirachtin on Oligonychus yothersi in yerba mate Ilex paraguariensis.

ABSTRACT The red mite Oligonychus yothersi is one of the main pests of yerba mate in Brazil The damage this mite causes leads to leaf drop and decreased production. There are no registered acaricides for use in yerba mate; thus, laboratory and field experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of azadirachtin (Azamax ® , 250mL 100L -1 ) for the control of the red mite in yerba mate. In the laboratory, azadirachtin was applied to yerba mate leaf disks before (residual contact) and after (direct contact) infestation with 15 newly emerged red mite adult females. The effect of azadirachtin on mite behavior was evaluated in arenas with treated and untreated yerba mate leaves, and the number of mites in both areas was recorded. Ovicidal action was evaluated by applying azadirachtin to eggs and recording egg hatching. In the field, two applications of the product were performed (1L spray liquid plant-1) with a 7-day interval. The numbers of living mites were evaluated at 7, 14 and 21 days following the first application on randomly collected leaves. It was observed 86.6 and 91.4% of mortality following 24h of residual and direct contact, respectively. Repellent (62% of individuals leaving the treated area) and ovicidal (98.9% decrease in egg hatching) effects were also observed. The mite population in the yerba mate crop field had decreased by 59.6% at 14 days after the first application of azadirachtin. The results show the potential of azadirachtin for the control of O. yothersi in yerba mate in Brazil.Key words: neem, alternative control, yerba mate pest. RESUMO O ácaro Oligonychus yothersi é uma das principais pragas da cultura da erva-mate. Seus danos levam à queda das folhas e redução da produção. Não há acaricidas registrados para uso na erva-mate e por isso foram realizados experimentos em laboratório e a campo para avaliar o efeito da azadiractina (Azamax®, 250mL 100L-1), visando ao controle da espécie na cultura da erva mate. Em laboratório, o produto foi aplicado em discos de folha de erva-mate antes (contato residual) e depois (contato direto) da infestação com 15 fêmeas adultas recém-emergidas do ácaro vermelho. A ação do produto no comportamento do ácaro foi avaliada em arenas com folhas de erva-mate tratadas e não tratadas, registrando-se o número de ácaros em ambas as áreas. Além disso, a ação ovicida foi avaliada, aplicando-se o produto sobre ovos e registrando a sua eclosão. No campo, foram realizadas duas aplicações do produto (1L de calda planta-1), espaçadas sete dias. Avaliou-se o número de ácaros vivos, aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após a primeira aplicação, em folhas coletadas aleatoriamente. Observou-se ação acaricida (86,6 e 91,4% de mortalidade após 24h, respectivamente, por contato residual e direto; repelência (62% dos indivíduos abandonando a área tratada) e ação ovicida (redução de 98,9% na eclosão). Na lavoura de erva-mate, a redução populacional do ácaro foi de 59.6% aos 14 dias após a primeira aplicação do produto. Os resultados demonstram o potencial de emprego da azadiractina para o controle de O. yothersi na cultura da erva-mate.Palavra-chave: nim, controle alternativo, praga da erva-mate.