Veracidade da germinação indicada nas embalagens de sementes de espécies medicinais

O comércio de sementes de plantas medicinais encontra-se em ascensão, estimulado pelo crescente consumo de ervas, seja para o preparo de infusões, ou mesmo para o preparo de fármacos industrializados. No entanto, o consumidor dessas sementes normalmente encontra dificuldades para o cultivo destas espécies. Dentre os problemas por eles enfrentados, encontra-se a baixa densidade populacional, decorrente da utilização de sementes de baixa qualidade, ou por seguirem as informações expressas nas embalagens, as quais nem sempre conferem com a realidade. Considerando estas dificuldades, desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho, com a finalidade de avaliar a qualidade das sementes de cinco espécies de plantas medicinais, verificar a autenticidade das informações impressas nas embalagens para utilização doméstica, especialmente quanto a reprodutibilidade do teste germinação e a eficiência dos métodos indicados nas Regras para Análise de Sementes (RAS), adotadas no Brasil, para a superação da dormência. Sementes de anis (Pimpinella anisum L.), funcho (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), losna (Artemisia absinthium L.), melissa (Melissa officinalis L.) e hortelã (Mentha piperita L.) foram submetidas a tratamentos para superação de dormência sugeridos pelas RAS, avaliando-se posteriormente, a germinação e emergência em casa de vegetação. Conclui-se que: a percentagem de germinação indicada nas embalagens domésticas superestima a qualidade de todas as espécies avaliadas; o pré-esfriamento é um método eficiente para a superação da dormência de sementes de melissa; o KNO3 é apropriado para a superar da dormência de sementes de hortelã; nas embalagens de sementes de espécies medicinais, deveriam constar informações adicionais quanto a possível existência de dormência nas sementes, bem como, o método adicional a ser empregado para superá-la.

Padrões eletroforéticos de hordeínas e isoenzimas para identificação de cultivares de cevada

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os padrões de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida das hordeínas e isoenzimas de cinco cultivares brasileiras de cevada (Hordeum vulgare L.): Embrapa 43, Embrapa 127, Embrapa 128, Embrapa 129 e BR 2, visando a identificação das cultivares. A uniformidade (homogeneidade) desses padrões também foi determinada por meio da análise individual de 90 amostras de sementes de cada cultivar. A maioria das cultivares foi prontamente discriminada pelos eletroforegramas de hordeínas. Três cultivares apresentaram padrões únicos de hordeínas, enquanto as outras duas (Embrapa 128 e BR 2) apresentaram padrões diferentes de esterases (EC 3.1.1.1). As medidas de similaridade calculadas a partir dos dados de hordeínas e esterases conjugados, utilizando o coeficiente de Jaccard, possibilitaram discriminar todas as cultivares e biótipos encontrados. A cultivar Embrapa 43 apresentou dois biótipos bem definidos de hordeínas e esterases. A variação do perfil de hordeínas nessa cultivar foi diretamente relacionada com a variação nos zimogramas de esterase. Essa relação não foi observada em todas as cultivares que apresentaram biótipos. Pode-se constatar que a análise de dados de eletroforese de hordeínas e esterases em conjunto é um método útil para a identificação de cultivares de cevada.

Efeito da luz, temperatura e estresse hídrico no potencial fisiológico de sementes de funcho

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da luz, temperatura e estresse hídrico no potencial fisiológico de sementes de funcho. O experimento foi conduzido em duas etapas. Na etapa I, as sementes foram semeadas sobre papel nas temperaturas constantes de 20, 25, 30ºC e alternada de 20-30ºC na presença e ausência de luz. Na etapa II, as sementes foram colocadas sobre papel embebido em solução aquosa de polietileno glicol (PEG 6000) nos potenciais osmóticos correspondentes a zero; -0,05; -0,10; -0,15; -0,20; -0,25; -0,30MPa. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Conforme os resultados pode-se concluir que a germinação das sementes de funcho ocorre tanto na presença quanto na ausência de luz.. As sementes de funcho, germinam melhor nas temperaturas constantes de 20, 25 e e alternada de 20-30ºC e a temperatura de 30ºC não é adequada para o teste de germinação. A diminuição dos potenciais osmóticos com polietileno glicol 6000, a partir de -0,1MPa, reduz drasticamente a germinação e o vigor das sementes de funcho, sendo o vigor mais afetado que a germinação.

Physiological quality of barley seeds submitted to saline stress

The objective of the experiments was to determine the influence of the effects of different salt levels (zero, 15, 30, 45 and 60mM NaCl) on the physiological quality of seeds of two barley cultivars (BRS 195 and AF 98067). Assays were conducted to evaluate salt stress on germination and vigor. The germination and germination rate of the barley seeds decreased as salt levels increased, reducing the seed viability and vigor. The salinity affected the membrane integrity, mainly in AF 98067 that showed more sensitivity to salt stress.

Diferentes épocas de colheita e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de cevada

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes épocas de colheita sobre a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de cevada. Foram utilizadas sementes das cultivares MN 721 e Scarlett. A colheita de sementes foi realizada com 118, 129 e 140 dias após a semeadura. O grau de umidade, na ocasião das amostragens, foi de 25%, 18% e 13%, respectivamente, na primeira, segunda e terceira colheita, para a cultivar MN 721 e, para a cultivar Scarlett, foi de 26%, 19% e 13%, respectivamente nas três colheitas. As sementes foram secas em estufa com circulação de ar forçado até atingir grau de umidade de 13% e, então, armazenadas em câmara fria e seca (17 ºC e UR 45-50%). Antes da realização das análises, parte das sementes foi submetida ao pré-esfriamento de 5 a 10 ºC por sete dias para a superação da dormência. As sementes foram avaliadas pelos testes de germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, comprimento de plântulas (parte aérea e raiz), fitomassa seca (parte aérea e raiz), teste de tetrazólio e envelhecimento acelerado para cada cultivar nas diferentes épocas de colheita, logo após a superação da dormência. As cultivares de cevada após a colheita apresentam alta intensidade de dormência. De acordo com a cultivar, a dormência manifesta-se mais acentuada quando as sementes são colhidas com grau de umidade em torno de 13%. As sementes de cevada com melhor qualidade fisiológica são as obtidas com graus de umidade de 26% (118 dias após a semeadura) e 18% (129 dias após a semeadura) para as cultivares Scarlett e MN 721, respectivamente.

Viability of barley seeds by the tetrazolium test

The tetrazolium test is used to control seed quality of various plant species since it allows a rapid evaluation of viability. Freshly harvested barley seeds show dormancy that can make the germination test ineffective for an immediate evaluation. Therefore, the development of more efficient methods, such as the tetrazolium test, is necessary. The objective of this research work was to study various procedures for performing the tetrazolium test on barley seeds. Five lots of cv. BRS 195 barley seeds were used and subjected to the following treatments: two different methods of seed preconditioning (direct immersion in H2O and between sheets of moistened paper towels); two types of preparation for staining (longitudinal cross-section of the seed through the embryo with immersion of one half in a 2,3,5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride solution or placing both halves on top of filter paper moistened with the tetrazolium salt solution); two methods of staining (on top of filter paper and direct immersion in the tetrazolium salt solution). Three concentrations of the tetrazolium salt solution (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%) were used. It was concluded that the tetrazolium test on barley seeds may be accomplished with preconditioning by direct immersion in H2O and staining by immersing in a 0.1% or 0.5% concentration of tetrazolium salt solution or staining on top of filter paper moistened with such solution at a 1.0% concentration.

« Traictez faicts entre le Grand-Seigneur et les roys de France, potentats et républiques de l'Europe, depuis le règne du roy François premier, 1528, jusques à Louis XIII, 1634, avec autres pièces et mémoires servans à l'histoire de Turquie » ; aventures de Djem ou Zizim ; pièces sur les États barbaresques, l'Égypte, etc.

Contient : « Traicté entre le Grand-Seigneur et les consuls des Catelans et François, pour le faict du commerce », 1528 ; Traités entre la Turquie et Venise, 1530 ; Traité de paix entre la France et la Turquie, 1535 ; Traité entre Charles-Quint et le roi de Tunis, 1535 (f. 35), — et pièces concernant les relations de l'Empire et de la Turquie au XVIe siècle (f. 42) ; « Meubles envoyez à dom Jehan d'Austriche par sultan Sélim » ; « Traicté entre sultan Sélim... et Charles IX..., 1569 » ; Confirmation des traités entre la France et la Turquie, 1581 ; « Sommaire de la vie de Sélim second..., 1566-1574 » ; « Déclaration de guerre... envoyée au roy de Pologne par... Mahometh III » ; « Sommaire de la vie de Soliman..., 1520-1566 » ; « Traductio litterarum Suleyman Beg, gabellarii quondam Constantino politani, quas scribit ad mortem domini quondam oratoris Franciae domini Johannis de Dolu, propter debita facta, 1565 » ; « Zizimi, ou la relation des aventures du prince Zizimi... ; ce que j'ay trouvé à propos d'insérer icy, à cause qu'il y a plusieurs particularitez qui n'ont point esté mises dans son histoire imprimée » ; «Relatione del viaggio delle galere di Fiorenza..., 1599 » ; « Capitulation d'entre Henry-le-Grand et sultan Achmet » ; « Lettre escrite au roy... Henry IV par Mr de L'Isle », Madrid, 1608 ; « Capitulation et traicté accordés entre sultan Acmat..., d'une part, et... les Estats-Généraux des ... Provinces-Unies des Pays-Bas, d'autre part », juillet 1612 ; « Traicté de paix et d'accommodement, du 21 mars 1619, faict entre monsieur de Guise et les Marseillois, d'une part, et les députez du bâcha et divan d'Alger, d'autre » ; « Lettre du grand roy de Sumatra à Jacques premier, roy d'Angleterre » ; « Advis donné au Roy Très chrestien par Raymond Merigon, de Marseille, pour la conqueste des royaumes d'Alger et Thunis » ; Courte relation du « voyage du Père Pacifique de Provins, capucin, faict en Perse, l'an 1628 » ; Lettre du roi de Perse Cha Abbas à Louis XIII ; « Relation du royaume de Marroque et des villes qui en dépendent » ; Pièces concernant les relations de la France avec Alger, notamment pendant la mission de « Sanson Napolon », 1628-1629 ; Traités avec Alger, 1628 (f. 294), — et 1629 (f. 317 v) ; Traités avec le Maroc, 1630 (f. 324 v), — 1631 (f. 330, etc.), — 1632 (f. 339 v), — et 1635 (f. 341, etc.) ; « Compendio delle varie sette che si trovano fra gli Turchi, authore Mehemet Emin, figliuolo di Sadredin, tradotto di lingua turquesca in vulgare italiano per Yahacob Romano, haebreo Constantinopolitano » ; « Mémorial de l'Estat d'Égipte, en l'an 1634 »

Efectes de la invasió de la formiga argentina, Linepithema humile (Mayr), sobre el procés de dispersió de llavors de plantes mediterrànies

La formiga invasora Linepithema humile (Mayr), també coneguda com la formiga argentina, és una espècie present a la península Ibèrica. En aquesta tesi s'ha estudiat com afecta la presència d'aquesta espècie plaga a la comunitat de formigues autòctones y al procés de dispersió de llavors de plantes mediterrànies. L'estudi es va dur a terme en una àrea de sureda i brolla d'estepes i bruc boal situada al nord-est peninsular, prop de la línia de costa mediterrània. Un dels primers y més notables efectes de la invasió a les nostres àrees d'estudi és la dramàtica alteració de la comunitat de formigues, en forma de una reducció de la riquesa específica i de la homogeneïtat d'abundàncies. A més, a les zones envaïdes no hi queda cap espècie de formiga autòctona dispersant de llavors. A causa de la gran abundància d'obreres de la formiga argentina a les zones envaïdes, i del seu elevat ritme d'activitat, aquesta espècie efectua un intens rastreig del sòl, la qual cosa li permet localitzar els recursos en un temps menor que les formigues autòctones de les zones no envaïdes. No obstant, la obertura mandibular de la comunitat de formigues esdevé molt disminuïda a les zones envaïdes a causa de la desaparició de les espècies autòctones, la majoria d'elles de mida més grossa que la formiga argentina, la qual cosa podria limitar la capacitat de manipulació de l'entorn que té la comunitat de formigues a les zones envaïdes, i podria explicar la falta de reemplaçament d'alguns dels rols que duien a terme les espècies de formigues autòctones abans de la invasió. La formiga argentina es mostra atreta per les llavors de les nou espècies vegetals estudiades (dues euforbiàcies: Euphorbia biumbellata i E. characias; dues compostes: Cirsium vulgare i Galactites tomentosa; i cinc papilionàcies: Genista linifolia, G. monspessulana, G. triflora, Sarothamnus arboreus i Ulex parviflorus), arribant a transportar i fins i tot introduir al niu algunes llavors, però amb probabilitats inferiors a les realitzades per les formigues autòctones de les zones no envaïdes. No obstant, el seu comportament davant les nou espècies de llavors és variable, de manera que sembla que el seu efecte sobre la dispersió de llavors podria ser diferent per a cada espècie vegetal. L'alteració del procés de dispersió no sembla alterar l'èxit reproductiu d'una espècie concreta, Euphorbia characias, a les zones envaïdes; ni el seu reclutament, ni la distribució espacial, ni la supervivència de les plàntules són significativament diferents a les zones envaïdes que a les no envaïdes. La desaparició de les espècies de formigues granívores de les zones envaïdes pot afectar la dinàmica de les llavors de plantes no mirmecòcores. Així, les llavors de tres papilionàcies (Calicotome spinosa, Psoralea bituminosa i Spartium junceum) resulten amb un menor nivell de transports (i probablement menor depredació) a les zones envaïdes per la formiga argentina.

Multitrophic links between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and insect parasitoids

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of Leucanthemum vulgare on parasitism of a leaf-mining insect was studied in a field and a laboratory experiment. In the field, parasitism of Chromatomyia syngenesiae by Diglyphus isaea was lower on mycorrhizal plants, compared with plants where the association was reduced. A laboratory experiment, in which L. vulgare was inoculated with three species of AM fungi, showed that the effects on parasitism rates were mycorrhizal species-dependent. Some fungal combinations increased parasitism, some decreased it, while others had no effect. It is concluded that the most likely cause of these differences is plant size, with parasitoid searching efficiency being reduced on the larger plants, resulting from certain mycorrhizal species combinations. However, a mycorrhizal effect on herbivore-produced plant volatiles cannot be ruled out.

Ecological specificity of arbuscular mycorrhizae: evidence from foliar- and seed-feeding insects

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have a variety of effects on foliar-feeding insects, with the majority of these being positive, although reports of negative and null effects also exist. Virtually all previous experiments have used mobile insects confined in cages and have studied the effects of one, or at most two, species of mycorrhizae on one species of insect. The purpose of this study was to introduce a greater level of realism into insect-mycorrhizal experiments, by studying the responses of different insect feeding guilds to a variety of AM fungi. We conducted two experiments involving three species of relatively immobile insects (a leaf-mining and two seed-feeding flies) reared in natural conditions on a host (Leucanthemum vulgare). In a field study, natural levels of AM colonization were reduced, while in a phytometer trial, we experimentally colonized host plants with all possible combinations of three known mycorrhizal associates of L. vulgare. In general, AM fungi increased the stature (height and leaf number) and nitrogen content of plants. However, these effects changed through the season and were,dependent on the identity of the fungi in the root system. AM fungi increased host acceptance of all three insects and larval performance of the leaf miner, but these effects were also season- and AM species-dependent. We suggest that the mycorrhizal effect on the performance of the leaf miner is due to fungal-induced changes in host-plant nitrogen content, detected by the adult fly. However, variability in the effect was apparent, because not all AM species increased plant N content. Meanwhile, positive effects of mycorrhizae were found on flower number and flower size, and these appeared to result in enhanced infestation levels by the seed-feeding insects. The results show that AM fungi exhibit ecological specificity, in that different. species have different effects on host-plant growth and chemistry and the performance of foliar-feeding insects. Future studies need to conduct experiments that use ecologically realistic combinations of plants and fungi and allow insects to be reared in natural conditions.

Pea-barley intercrops use nitrogen sources 20-30% more efficiently than the sole crops

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L) were intercropped and sole cropped to compare the effects of crop diversity on the use of nitrogen sources in European organic crop-ping systems. Across a wide range of growing condi-tions pea-barley intercropping showed that nitrogen sources were used from 17 to 31% more efficiently by the intercrop than by the sole crops. Intercropping technologies offers the opportunity for organic cropping systems to utilize N complementarity between component crops, without compromising total crop N yield levels

Summer drought alters plant-mediated competition between foliar- and root-feeding insects

Summer droughts are predicted to increase in severity and frequency in the United Kingdom, due to climate change. Few studies have addressed the impacts of drought on interactions between species, and the majority have focussed on increases in CO2 concentration and changes in temperature. Here, the effect of experimental summer drought on the strength of the plant-mediated interaction between leaf-mining Stephensia brunnichella larvae and root-chewing Agriotes larvae was investigated. Agriotes larvae reduced the abundance and performance of S. brunnichella feeding on a mutual host plant, Clinopodium vulgare, as well as the rate of parasitism of the leaf-miner. The interaction did not, however, occur on plants subjected to a severe drought treatment, which were reduced in size. Changes to summer rainfall, due to climate change, may therefore reduce the occurrence of plant-mediated interactions between insect herbivores.

The effects of seed mix and management on the abundance of desirable and pernicious unsown species in arable buffer strip communities

Buffer strips are refuges for a variety of plants providing resources, such as pollen, nectar and seeds, for higher trophic levels, including invertebrates, mammals and birds. Margins can also harbour plant species that are potentially injurious to the adjacent arable crop (undesirable species). Sowing perennial species in non-cropped buffer strips can reduce weed incidence, but limits the abundance of annuals with the potential to support wider biodiversity (desirable species). We investigated the responses of unsown plant species present in buffer strips established with three different seed mixes managed annually with three contrasting management regimes (cutting, sward scarification and selective graminicide). Sward scarification had the strongest influence on the unsown desirable (e.g. Sonchus spp.) and unsown pernicious (e.g. Elytrigia repens) species, and was generally associated with higher cover values of these species. However, abundances of several desirable weed species, in particular Poa annua, were not promoted by scarification. The treatments of cutting and graminicide tended to have negative impacts on the unsown species, except for Cirsium vulgare, which increased with graminicide application. Differences in unsown species cover between seed mixes were minimal, although the grass-only mix was more susceptible to establishment by C. vulgare and Galium aparine than the two grass and forb mixes. Annual scarification can enable desirable annuals and sown perennials to co-exist, however, this practice can also promote pernicious species, and so is unlikely to be widely adopted as a management tool in its current form.

Variations in lipophilic and vacuolar flavonoids among European Pulicaria species

Four European Pulicaria species, P. odora, P. paludosa, P. sicula and P. vulgare, were analysed for their surface and vacuolar constituents for comparison with previous data obtained for P. dysenterica. Each species had a distinct flavonoid pattern with notable differences between leaf and inflorescence. 6-Hydroxyflavonols were the major lipophilic components in all of the species and tissues except in the leaves of P. paludosa and P. vulgare, where scutellarein 6-methyl ether was the main constituent. In the leaves of P. sicula a more unusual flavone, 6-hydroxyluteolin 5,6,7,3′,4′-pentamethyl ether, was a major component. Pulicaria odora was distinguished by the presence of a series of methylated 6-hydroxykaempferol derivatives including a 3,5,6,7,4′-pentamethyl ether. Quercetagetin hexamethyl ether occurred in both tissues of P. sicula together with the 3,7,3,4′-tetra methyl ether and other quercetagetin derivatives, which were 5-methylated. Quercetagetin 3,7,3′-methyl ether was present in all species except P. odora. Flavonol glucuronides were characteristic vacuolar constituents of all the taxa studied. Two rare glycosides, patuletin and 6-hydroxykaempferol 6-methyl ether 7-glucuronides were identified in the inflorescence of P. odora. Pulicaria vulgaris, a rare plant of southern England, had the vacuolar flavonoid profile most similar to the other more abundant British plant, P. dysenterica.

Antioxidant activity of selected phenols and herbs used in diets for medical conditions.

The antioxidant capacity of some herbs used in dietology practice was determined by the DPPH free radical method, which was calibrated with ascorbic acid. Partially hydrophilic phenolic compounds are the most active compounds in plants, and therefore water was used as the extraction agent. Besides antioxidant capacity, the content of total phenolic compounds was also measured and a strong correlation between these two variables was found. The extracts of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), Greek oregano (Origanum heracleoticum L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and winter savory (Satureja montana L.) showed very significant activity. It was comparable with the activity of green tea in the case of oregano and peppermint. Lower activity was observed in the case of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), marjoram (Majorana hortensis), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), and lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.). The inhibitory activity of the herb extracts was monitored also during the autooxidation of lard. Very high antioxidant capacity was observed mainly in sage samples, but also in marjoram and Greek oregano. The extracts of peppermint, oregano, rosemary, winter savory, lemon balm and hyssop showed middle activity comparable to that of alpha-tocopherol. The antioxidant capacity of sweet basil and lovage was insignificant.