Sedimentology of the southern Bellingshausen Sea

A major trough ('Belgica Trough') eroded by a palaeo-ice stream crosses the continental shelf of the southern Bellingshausen Sea (West Antarctica) and is associated with a trough mouth fan ('Belgica TMF') on the adjacent continental slope. Previous marine geophysical and geological studies investigated the bathymetry and geomorphology of Belgica Trough and Belgica TMF, erosional and depositional processes associated with bedform formation, and the temporal and spatial changes in clay mineral provenance of subglacial and glaciomarine sediments. Here, we present multi-proxy data from sediment cores recovered from the shelf and uppermost slope in the southern Bellingshausen Sea and reconstruct the ice-sheet history since the last glacial maximum (LGM) in this poorly studied area of West Antarctica. We combined new data (physical properties, sedimentary structures, geochemical and grain-size data) with published data (shear strength, clay mineral assemblages) to refine a previous facies classification for the sediments. The multi-proxy approach allowed us to distinguish four main facies types and to assign them to the following depositional settings: 1) subglacial, 2) proximal grounding-line, 3) distal sub-ice shelf/subsea ice, and 4) seasonal open-marine. In the seasonal open-marine facies we found evidence for episodic current-induced winnowing of near-seabed sediments on the middle to outer shelf and at the uppermost slope during the late Holocene. In addition, we obtained data on excess 210Pb activity at three core sites and 44 AMS 14C dates from the acid-insoluble fraction of organic matter (AIO) and calcareous (micro-)fossils, respectively, at 12 sites. These chronological data enabled us to reconstruct, for the first time, the timing of the last advance and retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) and the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet (APIS) in the southern Bellingshausen Sea. We used the down-core variability in sediment provenance inferred from clay mineral changes to identify the most reliable AIO 14C ages for ice-sheet retreat. The palaeo-ice stream advanced through Belgica Trough after ~36.0 corrected 14C ka before present (B.P.). It retreated from the outer shelf at ~25.5 ka B.P., the middle shelf at ~19.8 ka B.P., the inner shelf in Eltanin Bay at ~12.3 ka B.P., and the inner shelf in Ronne Entrance at ~6.3 ka B.P.. The retreat of the WAIS and APIS occurred slowly and stepwise, and may still be in progress. This dynamical ice-sheet behaviour has to be taken into account for the interpretation of recent and the prediction of future mass-balance changes in the study area. The glacial history of the southern Bellingshausen Sea is unique when compared to other regions in West Antarctica, but some open questions regarding its chronology need to be addressed by future work.

Acquiring highway transportation information from abroad: final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.

Acquiring highway transportation information from abroad: handbook.

Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.

Transit security procedures guide. Final report.

Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C.

Transit System Security Program planning guide. Final report.

Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C.

Local police enforcement, public information and education strategies to foster more and proper use of child safety seats by toddlers: evaluation of demonstration project. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

The Omohundro genealogical record; the Omohundros and allied families in America; blood lines traced from the first Omohundro in Westmoreland County, Virginia, 1670, through his descendants in three great branches and allied families down to 1950.

Mode of access: Internet.

School of Nursing Class of 1983

Top Row: Barbara A. Fleckenstein, Anne M. Phelan, Julie-Ann Gersin, Laura E. Kemper, Mary Ann McCulloch, Meryl I. Faber, Karen E. Morton, Jennifer S. Miller, Catherine A. Chichester, Dana R. Piper, Harold K. Lohwasser, Michelle A. Lyons, Julia C. Kelly, Deborah L. Rossman, Amy L. Keskey, John F. Nama, Linda Borucki, Michelle M. Bradley, Caroline M. Fischer, Lisa A. Kuhnlein

Row 2: Karen M. Pardo, Laura L. Price, Mollie A. McDonald, Jan M. Grable, Janna S. Nichols, Laura A. Quain, Patricia M. Battel, Claudia J. Koch, Maureen G. D'hondt, Trudy J. Tervo, Linda A. Walz, Cheryl K. Ebling, Patricia A. Merte, Lauri R. Klock, Maria A. Lomibao, Mary E. Eisenhauer, Ellen B. Malvern, Josephine A. Polesnak

Row 3: Yvonne D. Krisel, Rosemary T. Coyne, Janey A. Porterfield, Deborah A. Mulawa, Janet E. Lovelace, Susan P. O'brien, Margaret T. Perrone, Brenda K. Luckhardt, Terry A. Layher, Sharon A. Potonac, Susan K. Watson, Janet A. Servatowski

Row 4: Vivian A. Reeves, Tracey A. Weeks, Marilyn K. Morgan, Terrilynn Phillips, Susan S. Kirk, Robert J. Ziola, Fred Roberts, Karen S. Myron, Pamela M. Przybylski, Mary Jo F. Lafata, Janet A. Scapini, Mary J. Swails

Row 5: Julie E. Reitz, Julie A. Symons, Ave M. Reagor, Catherine A. Regan, Marsha A. Glass, Susan M. Derubeis, Judy L. Goode, Jennifer P. Wylie, Janet L. Nowak, Karen M. Ulfig, Cynthia E. West, Carol A. Czarnecki, Gloria J. Verdi, Lisa D. Singleton

Row 6: Cynthia Wiggins, Monica L. Babyak, Gail M. Ray, Karen S. Desloover, Ladonna L. Christian-Combs, Deborah J. Dunnaback, Deborah A. Cecchini, Nancy A. Neville, Julia H. Grove, Wendy A. Weinfurtner, Susan M. Twigg, Jolynne Vanotteren, Lori A. Clark, Susan T. Savidge

Row 7: Marianne Ojeda, Ann M. Tucker, Lisa A. Valiquette, Sharon J. Bergmann, Elizabeth A. Rice, Marjorie R. Hovis, Laura I. Berry, Janice B. Lindberg, Rhetaugh G. Dumas, Susan B. Steckel, Helen L. Erickson, Kathleen M. Oshea, Tricia A. Richardson, Cheryl L. Sanders, Ann L. Shcoene, Anita M. Bargardi, Constance S. Siler, Anne L. Scott

Row 8: Gassenie Thomas, Victoria L. cadagin, Sheryl A. Strace, Joyce I. Sourbeck, Mary S. Donald, Cindy Tollis, Miriam L. Allis, Julie J. Watson, Patricia A. Shefferly, Nina M. Squire, Carol J. Debrodt, Jennifer A. Dreps, Cynthia B. Stone, Martha A. House, Elizabeth A. Hull, Laurie J. Bommarito, Erin A. Swain, Lisa D. Davis

Row 9: Lisa W. Barak, Charlotte L. Allport, Karen J. Baker, Julie M. Sweet, Pamela R. Armfield, Kathleen A. Hornick, Marcianna M. Davis, Joann L. Holdridge, Barbara A. Black, Scott L. Baker, Lawrene S. Gardipee, Julie A. Hemsteger, Mary Ann Barz, Carla L. Arnett, Danielle L. Bonam, Janice S. Brady, Karen L. Eischer, Amy A. Hing, Marcia L. Hassig, Heidi G. Henn

Gettysburg - Pickett's charge and other war addresses,

James Francis Crocker. A short biography... .--My personal experiences in taking up arms and in the battle of Malvern Hill.--Gettysburg - Pickett's charge.--Prison reminiscences.--Life and character of Colonel James Gregory Hodges.--Our Confederate dead.--Citizenship - its rights and duties.

The atomisation of detergent slurries

A study was made to determine the conditions under which the optimum droplet size distribution (ie., narrowest size range with a minimum of fines and over-sized agglomerates), is generated in sprays from centrifugal pressure nozzles. A range of non-Newtonian detergent slurries were tested but the results are of wider application and parallel work was undertaken with water, ionic solutions and chalk slurries. Six centrifugal pressure nozzles were used and the drop-size distributions correlated as a function of fluid properties, pressure, fiowrate, feed temperature, and nozzle characteristics. Measurements were made using a Malvern Particle Size Anayser slung across a specially-designed transparent tower section of approximately 1.2m diameter in order to reduce obscuration caused by the spray and improve existing droplet sizing techniques. The results obtained were based upon the Rosin-Rammler distribution model and the Size Analyser provided a direct print-out of size distribution and the parameters characterising it. A Spraying System nozzle, AAASSTC8-8, produced the optimum spray distribution with the detergent slurry at a temperature of 60°C whilst operating at 1200 psi. With other fluids the Delevan 2.2SJ nozzle produced the optimum spray distribution operating at 1200 psi but with the Spraying Systems nozzles there was no clear-cut optimum set of conditions, ie. the nozzle and pressure varied depending upon the fluid being sprayed. The mechanisms of liquid sheet break-up and droplet dispersion were investigated in specially-constructed, scaled-up, transparent nozzles. A mathematical model of centrifugal pressure nozzle atomisation was developed based upon fundamental operating parameters rather than resorting to empirical correlations. This enabled theoretical predictions to be made over a wide range of operating conditions and nozzle types. The model predictions for volumetric fiowrate, liquid sheet length and air core diameter showed good agreement with the experimentally determined results. However, the model predicted smaller droplet sizes than were produced experimentally due to inaccuracies identified in the initial assumptions.

Coalescence of secondary dispersions in packed beds

A study has been made of the coalescence of secondary dispersions in beds of monosized glass ballotini. The variables investigated were superficial velocity, bed depth, ballotini size and dispersed phase concentration. Equipment was designed to generate a toluene ln water dispersion with phase ratios from 0.1 - 1.0 v/v % and whose mean drop size was determined using a Coulter Counter. The coalesced drops were sized by photography and the mean diameter of the effluent drops was determined using a Malvern Particle Size Analyser. Previous models describing single phase flow in porous media are reviewed and it was found that the experimental data obtained in this study is best represented by the Carman-Kozeny equations. Relative permeability correlations were used to predict the saturation profiles across the bed from measured two phase pressure drop data. Theoretical comparison of drop capture mechanisms indicated that direct and indirect interception are predominant. The total capture efficiency for the bed can also be evaluated using Spielman and Fitzpatrick's correlation.The resulting equation is used to predict the initial, local drop capture rate in a coalescer. A mathematical description of the saturation profiles is formulated and verified by the saturation profiles obtained by relative permeability. Based on the Carman-Kozeny equation, an expression is derived analytically to .predict the two phase pressure drop using the parameters which characterise the saturation profiles. By specifying the local saturation at the inlet face for a given velocity and phase ratio, good agreement between experimental pressure drop data and the model predictions was obtained. An attempt to predict the exit drop size has been made using an analogy for flow through non cylindrical channels.

Mechanisms of secondary dispersions separation in particulate beds

The mechanisms by which drops of secondary liquid dispersion ie. <100μ m, are collected, coalesced and transferred have been studied in particulate beds of different sizes and heights of glass ballotini. The apparatus facilitated different coalescer cell arrangements. The liquid-liquid system was toluene/de-ionised water. The inlet drop size distribution was measured by microscopy and using the Malvern Particle Size analyser; the outlet dispersion was sized by photography. The effect of packed height and packing size upon critical velocity, pressure drop and coalescence efficiency have been investigated. Single and two phase flow pressure drops across the packing were correlated by modified Blake-Kozeny equations. Two phase pressure drop was correlated by two equations, one for large ballotini sizes (267μm - 367μm), the other for small ballotini sizes (93μm- 147.5μm). The packings were efficient coalescers up to critical velocities of 3 x 10-2 m/s to 5 x 10-2 m/s. The saturation was measured across the bed using relative permeability and a mathematical model developed which related this profile to measured pressure drops. Filter coefficients for the range of packing studied were found to be accurately predicted from a modified queueing drop model. 

The separation of secondary oil-water dispersions in particulate beds

The literature relating to haze formation, methods of separation, coalescence mechanisms, and models by which droplets <100 μm are collected, coalesced and transferred, have been reviewed with particular reference to particulate bed coalescers. The separation of secondary oil-water dispersions was studied experimentally using packed beds of monosized glass ballotini particles. The variables investigated were superficial velocity, bed depth, particle size, and the phase ratio and drop size distribution of inlet secondary dispersion. A modified pump loop was used to generate secondary dispersions of toluene or Clairsol 350 in water with phase ratios between 0.5-6.0 v/v%.Inlet drop size distributions were determined using a Malvern Particle Size Analyser;effluent, coalesced droplets were sized by photography. Single phase flow pressure drop data were correlated by means of a Carman-Kozeny type equation. Correlations were obtained relating single and two phase pressure drops, as (ΔP2/μc)/ΔP1/μd) = kp Ua Lb dcc dpd Cine A flow equation was derived to correlate the two phase pressure drop data as, ΔP2/(ρcU2) = 8.64*107 [dc/D]-0.27 [L/D]0.71 [dp/D]-0.17 [NRe]1.5 [e1]-0.14 [Cin]0.26  In a comparison between functions to characterise the inlet drop size distributions a modification of the Weibull function provided the best fit of experimental data. The general mean drop diameter was correlated by: q_p q_p p_q /β      Γ ((q-3/β) +1) d qp = d fr  .α        Γ ((P-3/β +1 The measured and predicted mean inlet drop diameters agreed within ±15%. Secondary dispersion separation depends largely upon drop capture within a bed. A theoretical analysis of drop capture mechanisms in this work indicated that indirect interception and London-van der Waal's mechanisms predominate. Mathematical models of dispersed phase concentration m the bed were developed by considering drop motion to be analogous to molecular diffusion.The number of possible channels in a bed was predicted from a model in which the pores comprised randomly-interconnected passage-ways between adjacent packing elements and axial flow occured in cylinders on an equilateral triangular pitch. An expression was derived for length of service channels in a queuing system leading to the prediction of filter coefficients. The insight provided into the mechanisms of drop collection and travel, and the correlations of operating parameters, should assist design of industrial particulate bed coalescers.

A strain sensing system using a novel optical fibre Bragg grating sensor and a synthetic heterodyne interrogation technique

A potential low cost novel sensing scheme for monitoring absolute strain is demonstrated. The scheme utilizes a synthetic heterodyne interrogation technique working in conjunction with a linearly chirped, sinusoidally tapered, apodized Bragg grating sensor. The interrogation technique is relatively simple to implement in terms of the required optics and the peripheral electronics. This scheme generates an output signal that has a quasi-linear response to absolute strain with a static strain resolution of ~±20 με and an operating range of ~1000 με.

Biohazard neutralization based on lipid technology

A rapid detection and neutralization method for biowarfare agents would be a great biodefense in war times. With this purpose, liposomes were developed following the lipid film formation, rehydration, and extrusion procedure as the production method. MgOCl2 was encapsulated in the liposomes and it was tested with three different bacterium B. cereus; B. thuringiensis; and B. subtilis. For specificity, the liposomes were modified with a polyclonal antibody against B. cereus and B. subtilis. The liposomes were characterized using a Malvern Zetasizer Instrument, and the study revealed stability of the liposomes stored at 4°C for a period of 15 days. A live/dead assay revealed a significant reduction of bacterium incubated with MgOCl2-liposomes. Smaller reduction percentages, but yet significant, were observed with the MgOCl2-immunoliposomes. A colony growth assay revealed a significant reduction percentage for empty liposomes, MgOCl2-liposomes, and MgOCl2-immunoliposomes incubated with B. thuringiensis.