Selection of Static VAR Compensator Location and Size for System Voltage Stability Improvement

This paper presents a methodology for selection of static VAR compensator location based on static voltage stability analysis of power systems. The analysis presented here uses the L-index of load buses, which includes voltage stability information of a normal load flow and is in the range of 0 (no load of system) to 1 (voltage collapse). An approach has been presented to select a suitable size and location of static VAR compensator in an EHV network for system voltage stability improvement. The proposed approach has been tested under simulated conditions on a few power systems and the results for a sample radial network and a 24-node equivalent EHV power network of a practical system are presented for illustration purposes. © 2000 Published by Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

Effect of strain rate response and pin diameter on mechanically mixed layer formation and wear mechanisms in a Ti6Al4V-SS316L pair

Three mechanisms operate during wear of materials. These mechanisms include the Strain Rate Response (SRR - effect of strain rate on plastic deformation), Tribo-Chemical Reactions (TCR) and formation of Mechanically Mixed Layers (MML). The present work investigates the effect of these three in context of the formation of MML. For this wear experiments are done on a pin-on-disc machine using Ti64 as the pin and SS316L as the disc. It is seen that apart from the speed and load, which control the SRR and TCR, the diameter of the pin controls the formation of MML, especially at higher speeds.

Investigation of Vaporized Kerosene Injection and Combustion in a Supersonic Model Combustor

Injection and combustion of vaporized kerosene was experimentally investigated in a Mach 2.5 model combustor at various fuel temperatures and injection pressures. A unique kerosene heating and delivery system, which can prepare heated kerosene up to 820 K at a pressure of 5.5 MPa with negligible fuel coking, was developed. A three-species surrogate was employed to simulate the thermophysical properties of kerosene. The calculated thermophysical properties of surrogate provided insight into the fuel flow control in experiments. Kerosene jet structures at various preheat temperatures injecting into both quiescent environment and a Mach 2.5 crossflow were characterized. It was shown that the use ofvaporized kerosene injection holds the potential of enhancing fuel-air mixing and promoting overall burning. Supersonic combustion tests further confirmed the preceding conjecture by comparing the combustor performances of supercritical kerosene with those of liquid kerosene and effervescent atomization with hydrogen barbotage. Under the similar flow conditions and overall kerosene equivalence ratios, experimental results illustrated that the combustion efficiency of supercritical kerosene increased approximately 10-15% over that of liquid kerosene, which was comparable to that of effervescent atomization.

Investigation of Vaporized Kerosene Injection and Combustion in a Supersonic Model Combustor

Injection and combustion of vaporized kerosene was experimentally investigated in a Mach 2.5 model combustor at various fuel temperatures and injection pressures. A unique kerosene heating and delivery system, which can prepare heated kerosene up to 820 K at a pressure of 5.5 MPa with negligible fuel coking, was developed. A three-species surrogate was employed to simulate the thermophysical properties of kerosene. The calculated thermophysical properties of surrogate provided insight into the fuel flow control in experiments. Kerosene jet structures at various preheat temperatures injecting into both quiescent environment and a Mach 2.5 crossflow were characterized. It was shown that the use ofvaporized kerosene injection holds the potential of enhancing fuel-air mixing and promoting overall burning. Supersonic combustion tests further confirmed the preceding conjecture by comparing the combustor performances of supercritical kerosene with those of liquid kerosene and effervescent atomization with hydrogen barbotage. Under the similar flow conditions and overall kerosene equivalence ratios, experimental results illustrated that the combustion efficiency of supercritical kerosene increased approximately 10-15% over that of liquid kerosene, which was comparable to that of effervescent atomization.

Experimental Characterization Of Electrical Current Leakage In Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) Microfluidic Devices

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is usually considered as a dielectric material and the PDMS microchannel wall can be treated as an electrically insulated boundary in an applied electric field. However, in certain layouts of microfluidic networks, electrical leakage through the PDMS microfluidic channel walls may not be negligible, which must be carefully considered in the microfluidic circuit design. In this paper, we report on the experimental characterization of the electrical leakage current through PDMS microfluidic channel walls of different configurations. Our numerical and experimental studies indicate that for tens of microns thick PDMS channel walls, electrical leakage through the PDMS wall could significantly alter the electrical field in the main channel. We further show that we can use the electrical leakage through the PDMS microfluidic channel wall to control the electrolyte flow inside the microfluidic channel and manipulate the particle motion inside the microfluidic channel. More specifically, we can trap individual particles at different locations inside the microfluidic channel by balancing the electroosmotic flow and the electrophoretic migration of the particle.

Telhados verdes para habitações de interesse social: retenção das águas pluviais e conforto térmico.

O crescimento populacional aliado à migração tem aumentado a pressão sobre o uso do solo urbano perpetuando sucessivos problemas de assentamentos informais e saneamento ambiental nos grandes centros. Esta situação se agrava ainda mais em épocas de chuvas intensas devido à ocorrência de enchentes. Este projeto faz parte de um conjunto de ações integradas de cidadania e inclusão social na região hidrográfica da baixada de Jacarepaguá, especificamente envolvendo a Comunidade da Vila Cascatinha, em Vargem Grande, a fim de gerar subsídios para políticas públicas em áreas de assentamentos informais, integrado ao projeto HIDROCIDADES (CNPq/CTHIDRO/CTAGRO), que visa a conservação da água em meios urbanos e periurbanos associado à cidadania, inclusão social e melhoria da qualidade de vida nas grandes cidades. Este projeto utilizou uma tecnologia adaptada dos telhados verdes para edificação popular (telhado de fibrocimento), com o objetivo de verificar aspectos construtivos, possíveis espécies com potencial de geração de renda, custos, efeitos no retardo do escoamento superficial das águas pluviais e outros benefícios associados a questões climáticas locais e de conforto do ambiente interno. Os resultados gerados demonstraram, entre outros, o estabelecimento de metodologia para implantação dos telhados verdes em habitações populares, o valor dos custos e resultados preliminares de espécies com potencial para geração de renda. Ainda, a implantação dos telhados verdes demonstrou ser promissora no controle do escoamento superficial, na aplicação do sistema de irrigação. Na simulação das chuvas, observou-se uma retenção de até 56% do volume precipitado. Observou-se o retardo da ocorrência do pico de até 8 minutos no telhado vegetado em relação ao telhado testemunho (convencional telhas fibrocimento). Foi observada a eficiência tanto no comportamento térmico interno como também no externo, uma redução da amplitude térmica interna em dia característico de verão (35,9 C), sendo capaz de r eduzir a temperatura interna em cerca de 2,0 C nos períodos mais quentes do dia e cerca de 4,0 C no ambiente externo em comparação com o telhado-testemunha (sem plantio), com potencial de modificação do microclima local.

Behaviour of unsteady transonic shock / boundary layer interactions with three-dimensional effects

An experimental investigation into the response of transonic SBLIs to periodic down-stream pressure perturbations in a parallel walled duct has been conducted. Tests have been carried out with a shock strength of M ∞ = 1.5 for pressure perturbation frequencies in the range 16-90 Hz. Analysis of the steady interaction at M∞ = 1.5 has also been made. The principle measurement techniques were high speed schlieren photography and laser Doppler anemometry. The structure of the steady SBLI was found to be highly three-dimensional, with large corner flows and sidewall SBLIs. These aspects are thought to influence the upstream transmission of pressure information through the interaction by affecting the post-shock flow field, including the extent of regions of secondary supersonic flow. At low frequency, the dynamics of shock motion can be predicted using an inviscid analytical model. At increased frequencies, viscous effects become significant and the shock exhibits unexpected dynamic behaviour, due to a phase lag between the upstream transmission of pressure information in the core flow and in the viscous boundary layers. Flow control in the form of micro-vane vortex generators was found to have a small impact on shock dynamics, due to the effect it had on the post-shock flow field outside the viscous boundary layer region. The relationship between inviscid and viscous effects is developed and potential destabilising mechanisms for SBLIs in practical applications are suggested. Copyright © 2009 by Paul Bruce and Holger Babinsky.

Boundary-layer suction system design for laminar-flying-wing aircraft

The present study aims to provide insight into the parameters affecting practical laminar-flow-control suction power requirements for a commercial laminar-flying-wing transport aircraft. It is shown that there is a minimum power requirement independent of the suction system design, associated with the stagnation pressure loss in the boundary layer. This requirement increases with aerofoil section thickness, but depends only weakly on Mach number and (for a thick, lightly loaded laminar flying wing) lift coefficient. Deviation from the optimal suction distribution, due to a practical chamber-based architecture, is found to have very little effect on the overall suction coefficient; hence, to a good approximation, the power penalty is given by the product of the optimal suction flow rate coefficient and the average skin pressure drop. In the spanwise direction, through suitable choice of chamber depth, the pressure drop due to frictional and inertial effects may be rendered negligible. Finally, if there are fewer pumps than chambers, the average pressure drop from the aerofoil surface to the pump collector ducts, rather than to the chambers, determines the power penalty. For the representative laminar-flying-wing aircraft parameters considered here, the minimum power associated with boundary-layer losses alone contributes some 80-90% of the total power requirement. © 2011 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.

Measurement-Integrated simulations and Kalman filter applied to a co-flowing jet

This paper deals with the experimental evaluation of a flow analysis system based on the integration between an under-resolved Navier-Stokes simulation and experimental measurements with the mechanism of feedback (referred to as Measurement-Integrated simulation), applied to the case of a planar turbulent co-flowing jet. The experiments are performed with inner-to-outer-jet velocity ratio around 2 and the Reynolds number based on the inner-jet heights about 10000. The measurement system is a high-speed PIV, which provides time-resolved data of the flow-field, on a field of view which extends to 20 jet heights downstream the jet outlet. The experimental data can thus be used both for providing the feedback data for the simulations and for validation of the MI-simulations over a wide region. The effect of reduced data-rate and spatial extent of the feedback (i.e. measurements are not available at each simulation time-step or discretization point) was investigated. At first simulations were run with full information in order to obtain an upper limit of the MI-simulations performance. The results show the potential of this methodology of reproducing first and second order statistics of the turbulent flow with good accuracy. Then, to deal with the reduced data different feedback strategies were tested. It was found that for small data-rate reduction the results are basically equivalent to the case of full-information feedback but as the feedback data-rate is reduced further the error increases and tend to be localized in regions of high turbulent activity. Moreover, it is found that the spatial distribution of the error looks qualitatively different for different feedback strategies. Feedback gain distributions calculated by optimal control theory are presented and proposed as a mean to make it possible to perform MI-simulations based on localized measurements only. So far, we have not been able to low error between measurements and simulations by using these gain distributions.

Canonical normal shock wave/boundary-layer interaction flows relevant to external compression inlets

The normal shock wave/boundary-layer interaction is important to the operation and performance of a supersonic inlet, and the normal shock wave/boundary-layer interaction is particularly prominent in external compression inlets. To improve understanding of such interactions, it is helpful to make use of fundamental flows that capture the main elements of inlets, without resorting to the level of complexity and system integration associated with full-geometry inlets. In this paper, several fundamental flowfield configurations have been considered as possible test cases to represent the normal shock wave/boundary-layer interaction aspects found in typical external compression inlets, and it was found that the spillage diffuser more closely retains the basic flow features of an external compression inlet than the other configurations. In particular, this flowfield allows the normal shock Mach number as well as the amount and rate of subsonic diffusion to all be held approximately constant and independent of the application of flow control. In addition, a survey of several external compression inlets was conducted to quantify the flow and geometric parameters of the spillage diffuser relevant to actual inlets. The results indicated that such a flow may be especially relevant if the terminal Mach number is about 1.3 to 1.4, the confinement parameter is around 10%, and the width is around twice or three times the height. In addition, the area expansion downstream of the shock should be limited to the conservative side of incipient stall based on incompressible diffusers. Copyright © 2013 by the authors.

基于策略的域间访问控制和信息流控制框架

随着互联网及其相关技术的发展，多域环境下的资源共享越来越普遍。域间的资源共享给域间合作带来了便利的同时也带来了安全问题。其中两个关键安全问题是跨域访问控制和跨域信息流控制。本文针对典型的跨域资源共享系统的安全需求，提出了基于策略的跨域访问控制与信息流控制框架。框架包括了授权和访问控制体系结构、授权策略模型、用于生成和维护授权策略的协议和算法、 用于表示和分析跨域信息流的信息流图和用于控制跨域信息流的机制。主要贡献具体体现在以下几个方面： 1）框架的提出使得安全互操作可以以一种无策略协调器的方式进行。在对资源共享进行控制的现有方案中， 其安全互操作都是以基于中心协调器的方式进行，存在如下问题：中心协调器会成为仲裁域间资源共享的瓶颈；有时很难找到一个可信的第三方来持有中心协调器。框架通过以一种无策略协调器的方式使得这些问题得到解决。首先，框架给出一个分布式跨域授权策略模型；根据此模型，跨域策略被分布到每个域，而每个域所保留的策略对于安全违反检测以及资源的访问判定来说是可靠的和完备的。其次，框架给出了协议和算法以在域初始建立合作时生成这样的跨域授权策略，并给出了跨域策略变更的协议和算法。其中，跨域授权策略初始建立与变更过程中的安全违反检测可以在单个域本地进行 — 也就是说, 每个域检查是否有对其自身的安全违反并引导协商以去除违反；对一个域的资源的访问判定由此域自身来确定（根据其保留的策略）。 2）框架给出了一个渐进的策略变更方案。此方案只涉及与策略变更相关的域，并且只涉及到与策略变更相关的策略。在多种情况下，变更不会带来任何安全违反或者只会带来某种类型的安全违反。如果存在任何安全违反，此安全违反也是被限定在相关策略范围内。此方案适合策略变更频繁的动态环境。 3）框架给出了一种面向多域资源共享的信息流控制方案。该方案面向采用了基于角色访问控制（RBAC）策略和单向角色映射的多域环境。方案给出了如何用信息流图来表示和分析跨域信息流的方法。根据与信息扩散相关的需求，给出域内信息安全和域间信息安全的概念。域可以定义域内和域间信息安全需求以控制信息扩散。而且给出了角色划分、角色激活上的限制、角色映射激活上的限制等措施来满足由域定义的需求。