Contencentrations of reduced inorganic sulfur forms in Mediterranean Sea waters

The first data on content of inorganic reduced sulfur compounds [H2S, S°, S2O3(2-), SO3(2-)] were obtained at two stations in the northeastern Levant Sea (Mediterranean Basin). With lower detection limit for the mentioned sulfur forms of 30 nM, sulfide forms were not found, while thiosulfate concentration varied from 178 to 890 nM (from 24 to 78 % of total reduced S), and S° varied from 156 to 1090 nM. Vertical distribution of these compounds showed irregular character; correlation between total reduced S maxima, fluorescence, and increase of nutrient element content near the lower pycnocline boundary was observed. The maximum total sulfur concentration in the surface layer was likely due an anthropogenic influence. The ''starting'' mechanism that controls appearance and distribution of sulfur compounds in oxygen-containing water is the process of bacterial sulfate reduction in micropatches of fresh organic detritus. Reduced sulfur forms participate further in a series of chemical and biochemical processes. Contribution of hydrolysis of organic sulfur-containing compounds is insignificant for the region in study.

Mineral quantification of a Jordan Cretaceous outcrop (Section GM3, Ghawr Al Mazar, Ghor al Mazrar)

Cyclic fluctuations in global sea level during epochs of warm greenhouse climate have remained enigmatic, because absence or subordinate presence of polar ice during these periods precludes an explanation by glacio-eustatic forcing. An alternative concept suggests that the water-bearing potential of groundwater aquifers is equal to that of ice caps and that changes in the dynamic balance of aquifer charge versus discharge, as a function of the temperature-related intensity of the hydrological cycle, may have driven eustasy during warm climates. However, this idea has long been neglected for two reasons: 1) the large storage potential of subsurface aquifers was confused with the much smaller capacity of rivers and lakes and 2) empirical data were missing that document past variations in the hydrological cycle in relation to eustasy. In the present study we present the first empirical evidence for changes in precipitation, continental weathering intensity and evaporation that correlate with astronomically (long obliquity) forced sea-level cycles during the warmest period of the Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian). We compare sequence-stratigraphic data with changes in the terrigenous mineral assemblage in a low-latitude marine sedimentary sequence from the equatorial humid belt at the South-Tethyan margin (Levant carbonate platform, Jordan), thereby avoiding uncertainties from land-ocean correlations. Our data indicate covariance between cycles in weathering and sea level: predominantly chemical weathering under wet climate conditions is reflected by dominance of weathering products (clays) in deposits that represent sea-level fall (aquifer charge > discharge). Conversely, preservation of weathering-sensitive minerals (feldspars, epidote and pyroxenes) in transgressive sediments reflects decreased continental weathering due to dryer climate (aquifer discharge > charge). Based on our results we suggest that aquifer-eustasy represents a viable alternative to glacio-eustasy as a driver of cyclic 3rd-order sea-level fluctuations during the middle Cretaceous greenhouse climate, and it may have been a pervasive process throughout Earth history.

Carbonate content and d13C record of a Jordan Cretaceous outcrop (Section GM3 (Ghawr Al Mazar (Ghor al Mazrar))

An evaluation of the global synchronicity and duration of "3rd-order" sea-level fluctuations during the Cretaceous greenhouse has been hampered by poor constraints on potential climatic and tectonic drivers, and limitations of geochronology and chronostratigraphic correlation. To provide insight into the nature of such sea-level fluctuations, here we present a new Late Cretaceous record from the Jordanian Levant Platform, comprising a detailed physical-, bio-, chemo- and sequence stratigraphy. Carbonate content of these strata reflects overall sequence stratigraphic development, and demonstrates a dramatic 3rd-order-scale cycle that is also apparent in the d°C record. Updated radioisotopic constraints and astrochronologic testing provide support for the inference of an ~1 million year long sea-level oscillation associated with this 3rd-order cycle, which likely reflects a long-period obliquity (1.2 Myr) control on eustasy and stratigraphic sequence development, linked to the global carbon cycle. The observation of cyclic sea-level fluctuations on this time scale suggests sustained global modulation of continental fresh-water-storage. The hypothesized link between astronomical forcing and sea-level forms a baseline approach in the global correlation of sequence boundaries.

Experimental data on photophysiology and growth rates of Pararotalia calcariformata

The eastern Mediterranean is a hotspot of biological invasions. Numerous species of Indo-pacific origin have colonized the Mediterranean in recent times, including tropical symbiont-bearing foraminifera. Among these is the species Pararotalia calcariformata. Unlike other invasive foraminifera, this species has been discovered only two decades ago and is restricted to the eastern Mediterranean coast. Combining ecological, genetic and physiological observations, we attempt to explain the recent invasion of this species in the Mediterranean Sea. Using morphological and genetic data, we confirm the species attribution to P. calcariformata McCulloch 1977 and identify its symbionts as a consortium of diatom species dominated by Minutocellus polymorphus. We document photosynthetic activity of its endosymbionts using Pulse Amplitude Modulated Fluorometry and test the effects of elevated temperatures on growth rates of asexual offspring. The culturing of asexual offspring for 120 days shows a 30-day period of rapid growth followed by a period of slower growth. A subsequent 48-day temperature sensitivity experiment indicates a similar developmental pathway and high growth rate at 28°C, whereas an almost complete inhibition of growth was observed at 20°C and 35°C. This indicates that the offspring of this species may have lower tolerance to cold temperatures than what would be expected for species native to the Mediterranean. We expand this hypothesis by applying a Species Distribution Model (SDM) based on modern occurrences in the Mediterranean using three environmental variables: irradiance, turbidity and yearly minimum temperature. The model reproduces the observed restricted distribution and indicates that the range of the species will drastically expand westwards under future global change scenarios. We conclude that P. calcariformata established a population in the Levant because of the recent warming in the region. In line with observations from other groups of organisms, our results indicate that continued warming of the eastern Mediterranean will facilitate the invasion of more tropical marine taxa into the Mediterranean, disturbing local biodiversity and ecosystem structure.

El color en el siglo XIX: utilización de fondos de colores oscuros en los revestimientos de paramentos interiores en la arquitectura del siglo XIX

El Color en el Siglo XIX: Utilización de Fondos de Colores Oscuros en los Revestimientos de Paramentos Interiores en la Arquitectura del Siglo XIX De los elementos del pasado el color es el que más rápidamente cambia y se deteriora, por lo que no podemos saber las condiciones originales de color e iluminación en los interiores que han llegado hasta nosotros. Frecuentemente nos enfrentamos a los problemas que plantean los espacios del pasado, proyectando nuestros propios criterios sobre color y luz, que no tienen que coincidir necesariamente con los criterios de épocas anteriores. En las hermosas láminas del libro de Cesar Daly ?Décorations intérieures: peintes? de 1877, observamos que los colores que decoran las paredes son sorprendentemente oscuros. La oscuridad de estos muros es más sorprendente si pensamos en la débil luz de llama que iluminaba las salas en esa época, muy inferior a los niveles de luz que nos proporciona la luz eléctrica hoy en día. No obstante, esta débil iluminación sobre paredes de tonos oscuros puede tener alguna ventaja. Las paredes y las líneas de la habitación se difuminan en las sombras, mientras los objetos brillantes que decoran la habitación, como los cuadros, los barnices de los muebles y de los instrumentos musicales, y sobre todo los trajes y los rostros, reflejan la tenue luz, destacando sobre el fondo oscuro de las paredes, convirtiéndose en el centro de una escenografía. Es lo que Lewis Mumford en su Libro ?Técnica y civilización?, llama la ?ventaja estética? del mundo oscuro de la Revolución Industrial, dominado por el uso del carbón, que contamina el ambiente, transforma el color de los edificios y produce nieblas que atenúan la luz. En este mundo, según este autor, se acrecienta la sensibilidad por la luz, y se valora como un bien preciado la luz tenue que brilla entre la niebla que disuelve los objetos, lo que podemos observar en cuadros como el de ?Lluvia, vapor y velocidad? de Turner, o ?Impressión: soleil levant? de Monet. La importancia de los fondos de color oscuro se hace evidente al comprobar cómo los diseñadores de vanguardia del siglo XX para superar el mundo caduco del XIX deciden pintar de blanco las superficies, lo que se convierte en el signo de la modernidad.

Un mapa Geológico inédito de la Sierra de Albarracín (C. Ibérica) de Santiago Rodríguez (1824-1876)

En la biblioteca del IGME, se encuentra un ejemplar de un mapa titulado Plano geognóstico de una parte de las provincias de Teruel y Guadalajara firmado por Santiago Rodríguez. Se trata de un documento inédito no fechado, por lo que, hasta ahora, no se había tenido en cuenta en la historiografía geológica española. Santiago Rodríguez (1824-1876) fue un ingeniero de minas nacido en Zaragoza, que cursó sus estudios en la Escuela de Minas de Madrid. Desarrolló toda su carrera profesional en la Administración. Fue autor de numerosos artículos científicos sobre geología y minería y de varias cartografías geológicas. Durante el otoño de 1848, en la Sierra de Albarracín se registraron una serie de terremotos que causaron considerables daños. Como ingeniero de minas destinado en el entonces denominado Distrito de Aragón, Rodríguez se desplazó a esa comarca para evaluar los daños. Realizó un estudio geológico de la zona y levantó un mapa geológico, redactando además una memoria sobre sus observaciones y conclusiones, un resumen de la cual fue publicado en 1851 en Revista Minera. Este trabajo pretende, dar a conocer esta cartografía geológica de un sector de la Cordillera Ibérica, inédita hasta ahora.

Genetics and the population history of Europe

Analysis of genetic variation among modern individuals is providing insight into prehistoric events. Comparisons of levels and patterns of genetic diversity with the predictions of models based on archeological evidence suggest that the spread of early farmers from the Levant was probably the main episode in the European population history, but that both older and more recent processes have left recognizable traces in the current gene pool.

Mitochondrial diversity and the origins of African and European cattle.

The nature of domestic cattle origins in Africa are unclear as archaeological data are relatively sparse. The earliest domesticates were humpless, or Bos taurus, in morphology and may have shared a common origin with the ancestors of European cattle in the Near East. Alternatively, local strains of the wild ox, the aurochs, may have been adopted by peoples in either continent either before or after cultural influence from the Levant. This study examines mitochondrial DNA displacement loop sequence variation in 90 extant bovines drawn from Africa, Europe, and India. Phylogeny estimation and analysis of molecular variance verify that sequences cluster significantly into continental groups. The Indian Bos indicus samples are most markedly distinct from the others, which is indicative of a B. taurus nature for both European and African ancestors. When a calibration of sequence divergence is performed using comparisons with bison sequences and an estimate of 1 Myr since the Bison/Bos Leptobos common ancestor, estimates of 117-275,000 B.P. and 22-26,000 B.P. are obtained for the separation between Indians and others and between African and European ancestors, respectively. As cattle domestication is thought to have occurred approximately 10,000 B.P., these estimates suggest the domestication of genetically discrete aurochsen strains as the origins of each continental population. Additionally, patterns of variation that are indicative of population expansions (probably associated with the domestication process) are discernible in Africa and Europe. Notably, the genetic signatures of these expansions are clearly younger than the corresponding signature of African/European divergence.

Teoría de la Arquitectura. 15_Piranesi

Documentación gráfica y escrita (ppt/pdf) que estudia la cadena de hallazgos arqueológicos producidos en el s. XVIII (Pompeya y Herculano...) que tienen un gran impacto sobre el arte y la arquitectura: las verdades de la historia con sus datos objetivos. Se completa con las aportaciones de Piranesi, arquitecto que levantó, dibujó y fantaseó a partir de las ruinas del imperio romano.