Schweißgerechte Struktur- und Prozessstrategien im Flugzeugbau

Aluminium, Fuselage,Fuselage Construction, Hot Cracking, Laser Beam Welding, Stringer, Weldability, Welding, Welding Process, Airbus, A318, A380, AA6013, AA6056

Nanotermoparells: heterounions de nanowires

Projecte de recerca elaborat a partir d’una estada a la University of California a Irvine, EEUU, entre juliol del 2007 i gener del 2008. Els termoparells són actualment els sensors de temperatura més populars i més utilitzats per a un ampli rang d’aplicacions: industrials, domèstiques, etc. Aconseguir miniaturar els dispositius fins a dimensions extremadament petites obra un ampli rang de noves aplicacions per aquests dispositius, per exemple, en el camp de la tecnologia lab-on-a-chip. En aquesta investigació, el concepte de termoparell, és a dir, dos cables de diferent metall connectats per un extrem s’ha extrapolat a l’escala nanomètrica, utilitzant nanowires com a element de construcció. Aquests nanowires s’han sintetitzat a través d’un nou procediment desenvolupat en el grup d’investigació de la Universitat de California, Irvine, que ha permès treballar amb nanowires de diferents dimensions (control independent de l’alçada i amplada) i un major grau d’èxit en la fabricació d’aquests termometres. El mètode també permet dipositar aquestes nanoestructures sobre substractes no conductors de manera controlable, simplificant notablement tot el procés de fabricació. L’obtenció d’aquests dispositius ha permès demostrar que, a part de ser bons sensors de temperatura a nivell macroscòpic (fonts de calor ambientals), també permet la determinació de temperatura a nivell microscòpic (fonts de calor focalitzada, com és el cas de feixos làser). Per a la seva caracterització ha estat necessari l’ús de tecnologia puntera (làsers, amplificadors, microscopis de forces atòmiques) i inclòs el disseny de nous dispositius. Aquests nanotermoparells presenten propietats extraordinàries, com una gran sensitivitat, gran velocitat de resposta a estímuls tèrmics, i un comportament estable vers l’ús i el temps.

A comparison of the performance of modern screen-film and digital mammography systems.

This work compares the detector performance and image quality of the new Kodak Min-R EV mammography screen-film system with the Fuji CR Profect detector and with other current mammography screen-film systems from Agfa, Fuji and Kodak. Basic image quality parameters (MTF, NPS, NEQ and DQE) were evaluated for a 28 kV Mo/Mo (HVL = 0.646 mm Al) beam using different mAs exposure settings. Compared with other screen-film systems, the new Kodak Min-R EV detector has the highest contrast and a low intrinsic noise level, giving better NEQ and DQE results, especially at high optical density. Thus, the properties of the new mammography film approach those of a fine mammography detector, especially at low frequency range. Screen-film systems provide the best resolution. The presampling MTF of the digital detector has a value of 15% at the Nyquist frequency and, due to the spread size of the laser beam, the use of a smaller pixel size would not permit a significant improvement of the detector resolution. The dual collection reading technology increases significantly the low frequency DQE of the Fuji CR system that can at present compete with the most efficient mammography screen-film systems.

Influence of triamcinolone intravitreal injection on retinochoroidal healing processes.

To analyze the effects of triamcinolone intravitreal injection on the wound healing processes after argon laser retinal photocoagulation, wild type C57BL/6J mice, 8-12 weeks old underwent a standard argon laser photocoagulation protocol. After pentobarbital anesthesia and pupil dilatation, argon laser lesions were induced (50microm, 400mW, 0.05s). Two photocoagulation impacts created two disc diameters from the optic nerve in both eyes. The photocoagulated mice were divided into four groups: Group I (n=12), photocoagulation controls, did not receive any intravitreous injection. Group II (n=12), received an intravitreous injection of 1microl of balanced salt solution (BSS). Group III (n=12), received an intravitreous injection of 1microl containing 15microg of triamcinolone acetonide (TAAC) in BSS. Two mice from each of these three groups were sacrificed at 1, 3, 7, 14 days and 2 and 4 months after photocoagulation. Group IV (n=10) received 1.5, 3, 7.5, 15, or 30microg of TAAC and were all sacrificed on day 14. The enucleated eyes were subjected to systematic analysis of the cellular remodeling processes taking place within the laser lesion and its vicinity. To this purpose, specific antibodies against GFAP, von Willebrand factor, F4/80 and KI67 were used for the detection of astrocytes, activated Müller cells, vascular endothelial cells, infiltrating inflammatory cells and actively proliferating cells. TUNEL reaction was also carried out along with nuclear DAPI staining. Temporal and spatial observations of the created photocoagulation lesions demonstrate that 24h following the argon laser beam, a localized and well-delineated affection of the RPE cells and choroid is observed in mice in Groups I and II. The inner retinal layers in these mice eyes are preserved while TUNEL positive (apoptotic) cells are observed at the retinal outer nuclear layer level. At this stage, intense staining with GFAP is associated with activated retinal astrocytes and Müller cells throughout the laser path. From day 3 after photocoagulation, dilated new choroidal capillaries are detected on the edges of the laser lesion. These processes are accompanied by infiltration of inflammatory cells and the presence of proliferating cells within the lesion site. Mice in Group III treated with 15microg/mul of triamcinolone showed a decreased number of infiltrating inflammatory cells and proliferating cells, which was not statistically significant compared to uninjected laser treated controls. The development of new choroidal capillaries on the edges of the laser lesion was also inhibited during the first 2 months after photocoagulation. However, on month 4 the growth of new vessels was observed in these mice treated with TAAC. Mice of Group IV did not show any development of new capillaries even with small doses. After argon laser photocoagulation of the mouse eye, intravitreal injection of triamcinolone markedly influenced the retina and choroid remodeling and healing processes. Triamcinolone is a powerful inhibitor of the formation of neovessels in this model. However, this inhibition is transient. These observations should provide a practical insight for the mode of TAAC use in patients with wet AMD.

VP22 light controlled delivery of oligonucleotides to ocular cells in vitro and in vivo.

PURPOSE: To study VP22 light controlled delivery of antisense oligonucleotide (ODN) to ocular cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: The C-terminal half of VP22 was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and mixed with 20 mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (ODNs) to form light sensitive complex particles (vectosomes). Uptake of vectosomes and light induced redistribution of ODNs in human choroid melanoma cells (OCM-1) and in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) were studied by confocal and electron microscopy. The effect of vectosomes formed with an antisense ODN corresponding to the 3'-untranslated region of the human c-raf kinase gene on the viability and the proliferation of OCM-1 cells was assessed before and after illumination. Cells incubated with vectosomes formed with a mismatched ODN, a free antisense ODN or a free mismatched ODN served as controls. White light transscleral illumination was carried out 24 h after the intravitreal injection of vectosomes in rat eyes. The distribution of fluorescent vectosomes and free fluorescent ODN was evaluated on cryosections by fluorescence microscopy before, and 1 h after illumination. RESULTS: Overnight incubation of human OCM-1 and ARPE-19 cells with vectosomes lead to intracellular internalization of the vectosomes. When not illuminated, internalized vectosomes remained stable within the cell cytoplasm. Disruption of vectosomes and release of the complexed ODN was induced by illumination of the cultures with a cold white light or a laser beam. In vitro, up to 60% inhibition of OCM-1 cell proliferation was observed in illuminated cultures incubated with vectosomes formed with antisense c-raf ODN. No inhibitory effect on the OCM-1 cell proliferation was observed in the absence of illumination or when the cells are incubated with a free antisense c-raf ODN and illuminated. In vivo, 24 h after intravitreal injection, vectosomes were observed within the various retinal layers accumulating in the cytoplasm of RPE cells. Transscleral illumination of the injected eyes with a cold white light induced disruption of the vectosomes and a preferential localization of the "released" ODNs within the cell nuclei of the ganglion cell layer, the inner nuclear layer and the RPE cells. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro, VP22 light controlled delivery of ODNs to ocular cells nuclei was feasible using white light or laser illumination. In vivo, a single intravitreal injection of vectosomes, followed by transscleral illumination allowed for the delivery of free ODNs to retinal and RPE cells.

CO2-laserin soveltaminen WFU-paperin reunan leikkaamiseen

Tämän diplomityön tarkoitus oli selvittää CO2-laserin soveltuvuutta paperin reunan leikkaamiseen ennen liimapuristinta nopealle modernilleWFU-paperikoneelle. Merkittävimmät leikkauskokeet tehtiin leikkaamalla paperirataa todenmukaisissa olosuhteissa koekoneella. Koeleikkauksissa tutkittiin myös päällystettyjen paperilajien CO2-laserleikkausta. Paperin reunan koeleikkauksia suoritettiin leikkauspöytää vasten sekä telaa vasten. Leikkauspöytänä käytettiin korkeapainevesileikkaimelle suunniteltua leikkauspöytää, jota paranneltiin tämän työn yhteydessä paremmin laserleikkaukselle sopivaksi. Telaa vasten suoritetuilla leikkauksilla lasertehon tarve oli suurempi verrattuna pöytää vasten leikkaukseen samalla leikkausnopeudella ja samalla paperilajilla. Laserlaitteiston mitoittaminen oikein pelkkien arkkileikkauskokeiden perusteella ei ollut mahdollista. Myös rullilla tapahtuvia leikkauskokeita tarvittiin. Pöytää vasten tapahtuvaan leikkaamiseen tarvitaan 1000 W laserlaite paperin molemmille reunoille. Tämän tehoiset laserlaitteet riittävät kaikille Changshun PK 1:n paperilajeille niiden lajikohtaiseen maksimiajonopeuteen. Testatuista kolmesta polttovälistä antoi 5" polttoväli parhaat leikkaustulokset. Polttopisteen paikka voi vaihdella ± 0.75 mm paperin pinnasta vaikuttamatta silti merkittävästi lasertehon tarpeeseen. Laserleikatun paperin reuna oli hyvälaatuinen, eikä laserleikkaus aiheuttanut paperille epätoivottuja asioita kuten mustumista.

Innovative LIDAR 3D dynamic measurement system to estimate fruit-tree leaf area

In this work, a LIDAR-based 3D Dynamic Measurement System is presented and evaluated for the geometric characterization of tree crops. Using this measurement system, trees were scanned from two opposing sides to obtain two three-dimensional point clouds. After registration of the point clouds, a simple and easily obtainable parameter is the number of impacts received by the scanned vegetation. The work in this study is based on the hypothesis of the existence of a linear relationship between the number of impacts of the LIDAR sensor laser beam on the vegetation and the tree leaf area. Tests performed under laboratory conditions using an ornamental tree and, subsequently, in a pear tree orchard demonstrate the correct operation of the measurement system presented in this paper. The results from both the laboratory and field tests confirm the initial hypothesis and the 3D Dynamic Measurement System is validated in field operation. This opens the door to new lines of research centred on the geometric characterization of tree crops in the field of agriculture and, more specifically, in precision fruit growing.

Kuluttajapakkauskartonkien laserleikattavuuden karakterisointi

Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena oli karakterisoida kuluttajapakkauskartonkien laserleikattavuutta. Kirjallisuusosassa perehdyttiin asiaa käsittelevään kirjallisuuteen ja tutkimuksiin ja kokeellisessa osassa käsiteltiin kuitumateriaalien laserleikkausta erilaisin leikkausparametrein. Leikattujen näytteiden leikkausrailosta otetuista mikroskooppikuvista määritettiin leikkausrailon uraleveys, purseen ja mustumisen määrä. Työssä tutkitut materiaalit olivat koivu- ja mäntysellu, CTMP, päällystämätön ja päällystetty sellukartonki sekä päällystämätön CTMP-runkoinen nestepakkauskartonki. Työssä havaittiin, että tutkitut kuitumateriaalit soveltuivat erinomaisesti laserleikkaukseen. Leikattujen kuitumateriaalinäytteiden leikkausrailo oli hyvälaatuinen eli leikkausrailo oli kapea, täydellisesti näytteen lävitse, tasainen reunoiltaan, väriltään vaalea ( ei hiiltynyt ) ja ei sisältänyt railon reunassa pystyssä olevia katkenneita kuituja ( pursetta ). Työssä todettiin myös, että kuitumateriaaleja laserleikatessa leikkausnopeus ja laserteho riippuivat lineaarisesti toisistaan. Leikkausnopeuden kasvaessa tarvittiin enemmän lasertehoa hyvälaatuisen leikkausrailon saavuttamiseksi. Tällöin leikkausuran leveys pysyi lähes vakiona. Lisäksi huomattiin, että optimisijainti polttopisteelle olisi 0.1-0.4 mm materiaalin pinnan yläpuolella, vaikka kirjallisuudesta löydettiin suosituksia sijoittaa polttopiste materiaalin pinnan alapuolelle. Näillä polttopisteen sijainnin arvoilla saavutettiin suurimmat leikkausnopeudet ja kapeimmat urat.

Kulutus- korroosionkestävien materiaalien laserpinnoitus

Diplomityössä tutkitaan kulutus- ja korrosionkestävien materiaalien laserpinnoitusta. Laserpinnoituksessa sulatetaan uutta materiaalia työkappaleen pintaan lasersäteen avulla. Tarkoituksena on yleensä parantaa pinnan korroosion, kulumisen tai pintapaineen kestävyyttä. Laserpinnoitukseen liittyy useita etuja verrattuna konventionaalisiin päällehitsausprosesseihin. Työssä tutkittavat pinnoitemateriaalit ovat kobolttipohjaiset Stellite 1 ja Stellite 6, työkaluteräkset WR 4 ja WR 6 sekä metallimatriisikomposiitti Anval50/50+30 % Cr3C2. Pinnoitettavat perusaineet ovat hiiliteräs Fe 52, ruostumaton teräs AISI 316 ja valurauta GRP 500. Työn tavoitteena on löytää kunkin pinnoite/perusaine-yhdistelmän pinnoitusparametrit. Pinnoituskokeissa käytettiin LTKK:n 6 kW:n CO2-laseria. Pinnoitetuille koekappeleille tehtiin kovuusmittaukset ja kulutuskokeet. Pinnoitteiden mikrorakenteet analysoitiin ja sekoittumisasteet laskettiin. Virheitä tutkittiin silmämääräisesti sekä radiografisella kuvauksella. Optimiparametreja pinnoitemateriaaleille ei löydetty. Pinnoitteiden sekoittumisasteet muodostuivat suuriksi liiallisen lasertehon ja/tai huonon lisäaineen kohdistuksen vuoksi. Suuri sekoittuminen alensi pinnoitteiden kovuutta ja kulumiskestävyyttä. Pinnoitusparametreja arvioidaan koetulosten perusteella ja niille annetaan korjausehdotuksia. Lopuksi esitetään suosituksia tutkimusprojektin jatkotoimille.

Methods to test gas tightness of packages

One of the primary goals for food packages is to protect food against harmful environment, especially oxygen and moisture. The gas transmission rate is the total gas transport through the package, both by permeation through the package material and by leakage through pinholes and cracks. The shelf life of a product can be extended, if the food is stored in a gas tight package. Thus there is a need to test gas tightness of packages. There are several tightness testing methods, and they can be broadly divided into destructive and nondestructive methods. One of the most sensitive methods to detect leaks is by using a non destructive tracer gas technique. Carbon dioxide, helium and hydrogen are the most commonly used tracer gases. Hydrogen is the lightest and the smallest of all gases, which allows it to escape rapidly from the leak areas. The low background concentration of H2 in air (0.5 ppm) enables sensitive leak detection. With a hydrogen leak detector it is also possible to locate leaks. That is not possible with many other tightness testing methods. The experimental work has been focused on investigating the factors which affect the measurement results with the H2leak detector. Also reasons for false results were searched to avoid them in upcoming measurements. From the results of these experiments, the appropriate measurement practice was created in order to have correct and repeatable results. The most important thing for good measurement results is to keep the probe of the detector tightly against the leak. Because of its high diffusion rate, the HZ concentration decreases quickly if holding the probe further away from the leak area and thus the measured H2 leaks would be incorrect and small leaks could be undetected. In the experimental part hydrogen, oxygen and water vapour transmissions through laser beam reference holes (diameters 1 100 μm) were also measured and compared. With the H2 leak detector it was possible to detect even a leakage through 1 μm (diameter) within a few seconds. Water vapour did not penetrate even the largest reference hole (100 μm), even at tropical conditions (38 °C, 90 % RH), whereas some O2 transmission occurred through the reference holes larger than 5 μm. Thus water vapour transmission does not have a significant effect on food deterioration, if the diameter of the leak is less than 100 μm, but small leaks (5 100 μm) are more harmful for the food products, which are sensitive to oxidation.

Diamond synthesis by lasers: recent progress

This paper provides an up-to-date critical review of methods for diamond synthesis by lasers. A provisional classification of synthesizing methods is carried out, in order to present a varied and heterogeneous experimental work that is as clear as possible. Laser diamond CVD methods involve chemical processes in a carbon-containing system induced by specific absorption of laser radiation, while diamond PVD methods involve physical processes induced by an intense, highly-directed laser beam. Different methods involving coupled, simultaneous action of lasers and classic CVD agents are suggested and discussed as prospective approaches for diamond synthesis.

Michelson interferometer with porch swing bearing for portable FTIR spectrometer

The interferometer for low resolution portable Fourier Transform middle infrared spectrometer was developed and studied experimentally. The final aim was a concept for a commercial prototype. Because of the portability, the interferometer should be compact sized and insensitive to the external temperature variations and mechanical vibrations. To minimise the size and manufacturing costs, Michelson interferometer based on plane mirrors and porch swing bearing was selected and no dynamic alignment system was applied. The driving motor was a linear voice coil actuator to avoid mechanical contact of the moving parts. The driving capability for low mirror driving velocities required by the photoacoustic detectors was studied. In total, four versions of such an interferometer were built and experimentally studied. The thermal stability during the external temperature variations and the alignment stability over the mirror travel were measured using the modulation depth of the wide diameter laser beam. Method for estimating the mirror tilt angle from the modulation depth was developed to take account the effect from the non-uniform intensity distribution of the laser beam. The spectrometer stability was finally studied also using the infrared radiation. The latest interferometer was assembled for the middle infrared spectrometer with spectral range from 750 cm−1 to 4500 cm−1. The interferometer size was (197 × 95 × 79) mm3 with the beam diameter of 25 mm. The alignment stability as the change of the tilt angle over the mirror travel of 3 mm was 5 μrad, which decreases the modulation depth only about 0.7 percent in infrared at 3000 cm−1. During the temperature raise, the modulation depth at 3000 cm−1 changed about 1 . . . 2 percentage units per Celsius over short term and even less than 0.2 percentage units per Celsius over the total temperature raise of 30 °C. The unapodised spectral resolution was 4 cm−1 limited by the aperture size. The best achieved signal to noise ratio was about 38 000:1 with commercially available DLaTGS detector. Although the vibration sensitivity requires still improving, the interferometer performed, as a whole, very well and could be further developed to conform all the requirements of the portable and stable spectrometer.

Green welding in practice

Efficient production and consumption of energy has become the top priority of national and international policies around the world. Manufacturing industries have to address the requirements of the government in relation to energy saving and ecologically sustainable products. These industries are also concerned with energy and material usage due to their rising costs. Therefore industries have to find solutions that can support environmental preservation yet maintain competitiveness in the market. Welding, a major manufacturing process, consumes a great deal of material and energy. It is a crucial process in improving a product’s life-cycle cost, strength, quality and reliability. Factors which lead to weld related inefficiencies have to be effectively managed, if industries are to meet their quality requirements and fulfil a high-volume production demand. Therefore it is important to consider some practical strategies in welding process for optimization of energy and material consumption. The main objective of this thesis is to explore the methods of minimizing the ecological footprint of the welding process and methods to effectively manage its material and energy usage in the welding process. The author has performed a critical review of the factors including improved weld power source efficiency, efficient weld techniques, newly developed weld materials, intelligent welding systems, weld safety measures and personnel training. The study lends strong support to the fact that the use of eco-friendly welding units and the quality weld joints obtained with minimum possible consumption of energy and materials should be the main directions of improvement in welding systems. The study concludes that, gradually implementing the practical strategies mentioned in this thesis would help the manufacturing industries to achieve on the following - reduced power consumption, enhanced power control and manipulation, increased deposition rate, reduced cycle time, reduced joint preparation time, reduced heat affected zones, reduced repair rates, improved joint properties, reduced post-weld operations, improved automation, improved sensing and control, avoiding hazardous conditions and reduced exposure of welder to potential hazards. These improvement can help in promotion of welding as a green manufacturing process.

Effects of Fabrication Processes on the Behavior of S960 Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS)

Strenx® 960 MC is a direct quenched type of Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS) with low carbon content. Although this material combines high strength and good ductility, it is highly sensitive towards fabrication processes. The presence of stress concentration due to structural discontinuity or notch will highlight the role of these fabrication effects on the deformation capacity of the material. Due to this, a series of tensile tests are done on both pure base material (BM) and when it has been subjected to Heat Input (HI) and Cold Forming (CF). The surface of the material was dressed by laser beam with a certain speed to study the effect of HI while the CF is done by bending the specimen to a certain angle prior to tensile test. The generated results illustrate the impact of these processes on the deformation capacity of the material, specially, when the material has HI experience due to welding or similar processes. In order to compare the results with those of numerical simulation, LS-DYNA explicit commercial package has been utilized. The generated results show an acceptable agreement between experimental and numerical simulation outcomes.

Anisotropie de la photoluminescence dans des nanostructures organiques chirales autoassemblées

Nous investiguons dans ce travail la dynamique des excitons dans une couche mince d’agrégats H autoassemblés hélicoïdaux de molécules de sexithiophène. Le couplage intermoléculaire (J=100 meV) place ce matériau dans la catégorie des semi-conducteurs à couplage de type intermédiaire. Le désordre énergétique et la forte interaction électronsphonons causent une forte localisation des excitons. Les espèces initiales se ramifient en deux états distincts : un état d’excitons autopiégés (rendement de 95 %) et un état à transfert de charge (rendement de 5%). À température de la pièce (293K), les processus de sauts intermoléculaires sont activés et l’anisotropie de la fluorescence décroît rapidement à zéro en 5 ns. À basse température (14K), les processus de sauts sont gelés. Pour caractériser la dynamique de diffusion des espèces, une expérience d’anisotropie de fluorescence a été effectuée. Celle-ci consiste à mesurer la différence entre la photoluminescence polarisée parallèlement au laser excitateur et celle polarisée perpendiculairement, en fonction du temps. Cette mesure nous donne de l’information sur la dépolarisation des excitons, qui est directement reliée à leur diffusion dans la structure supramoléculaire. On mesure une anisotropie de 0,1 après 20 ns qui perdure jusqu’à 50ns. Les états à transfert de charge causent une remontée de l’anisotropie vers une valeur de 0,15 sur une plage temporelle allant de 50 ns jusqu’à 210 ns (période entre les impulsions laser). Ces résultats démontrent que la localisation des porteurs est très grande à 14K, et qu’elle est supérieure pour les espèces à transfert de charge. Un modèle numérique simple d’équations différentielles à temps de vie radiatif et de dépolarisation constants permet de reproduire les données expérimentales. Ce modèle a toutefois ses limitations, notamment en ce qui a trait aux mécanismes de dépolarisation des excitons.