Philo und die Halacha : eine vergleichende Studie unter steter Berücksichtigung des Josephus

von Dr. Bernhard Ritter

Preferência e competição alimentar em um grupo de Sapajus flavius em fragmento de Mata Atlântica em Caaporã – Paraíba – Brasil

Feeding is the primary selective pressure in all forms of animals. Nutritional ecological models predict consequences of preferred and non-preferred food consumption on behavioural, physiological and morphological adaptations. At same time, socioecological models infer socio-organizarion patterns based on feeding competition faced by animals. A list of preferred foods, and inferences regarding the intensity of feeding competition and its behavioural consequences are information of much importance for management of populations in fragments. In this work we observed the feeding behavior and spatial positioning of a group of more than 100 blond capuchin monkeys (Sapajus flavius) that inhabit a fragment of Atlantic forest, surrounded by sugarcane plantation. We compared the consumption of different food items with their monthly availability in the area to define the preferred and fallback food items. We recorded the vocalizations of aggression and the inter-individual distance (area of Minimum Convex Polygon/n individuals) to infer the type of food competition experienced by animals. In the year studied the fruit feeding time correlated with top consumed fruit productivity, indicating preference for fruits. Our data indicate that the species Elaeis sp., Cecropia palmata, Inga spp. and Simarouba amara are the preferred food items in the diet. Available all year round and uniformly distributed, sugarcane was a regular item in the diet and its was characterized as a staple fallback food for this group. Although fruits are preferential food items, direct competition rate did not correlate to fruit productivity in the area, maintaining the high rates throughout the year (2.45 events/ hour). The inter-individual distance index positively correlated with rain fall indicating scramble food competition. The number of neighbours of females carrying infants was smaller when fruit productivity is low, indicating that females carrying infants are suffering increased indirect competition. Our data indicates that blond capuchins in this fragment make use of sugar cane as a staple fallback food, which evidence the importance of sugar cane landscape for the survival of this critically endangered capuchin species in fragmented habitats in Northeast Brazil. A preliminary list of preferred and important foods is offered, and can assist in the choice of trees for reforestation, better fragments to be preserved and areas of release and translocation of animals. We did not observe an increase of contest competition while using preferred foods, but when using staple FBF. This may be due the altered environment, which results in high competition food throughout the year. Both the food preference as the social and behavioral consequences of high food competition experienced by animals in this fragment must be accompanied over the years to ensure the survival of this population.

Preferência e competição alimentar em um grupo de Sapajus flavius em fragmento de Mata Atlântica em Caaporã – Paraíba – Brasil

Feeding is the primary selective pressure in all forms of animals. Nutritional ecological models predict consequences of preferred and non-preferred food consumption on behavioural, physiological and morphological adaptations. At same time, socioecological models infer socio-organizarion patterns based on feeding competition faced by animals. A list of preferred foods, and inferences regarding the intensity of feeding competition and its behavioural consequences are information of much importance for management of populations in fragments. In this work we observed the feeding behavior and spatial positioning of a group of more than 100 blond capuchin monkeys (Sapajus flavius) that inhabit a fragment of Atlantic forest, surrounded by sugarcane plantation. We compared the consumption of different food items with their monthly availability in the area to define the preferred and fallback food items. We recorded the vocalizations of aggression and the inter-individual distance (area of Minimum Convex Polygon/n individuals) to infer the type of food competition experienced by animals. In the year studied the fruit feeding time correlated with top consumed fruit productivity, indicating preference for fruits. Our data indicate that the species Elaeis sp., Cecropia palmata, Inga spp. and Simarouba amara are the preferred food items in the diet. Available all year round and uniformly distributed, sugarcane was a regular item in the diet and its was characterized as a staple fallback food for this group. Although fruits are preferential food items, direct competition rate did not correlate to fruit productivity in the area, maintaining the high rates throughout the year (2.45 events/ hour). The inter-individual distance index positively correlated with rain fall indicating scramble food competition. The number of neighbours of females carrying infants was smaller when fruit productivity is low, indicating that females carrying infants are suffering increased indirect competition. Our data indicates that blond capuchins in this fragment make use of sugar cane as a staple fallback food, which evidence the importance of sugar cane landscape for the survival of this critically endangered capuchin species in fragmented habitats in Northeast Brazil. A preliminary list of preferred and important foods is offered, and can assist in the choice of trees for reforestation, better fragments to be preserved and areas of release and translocation of animals. We did not observe an increase of contest competition while using preferred foods, but when using staple FBF. This may be due the altered environment, which results in high competition food throughout the year. Both the food preference as the social and behavioral consequences of high food competition experienced by animals in this fragment must be accompanied over the years to ensure the survival of this population.

"Sub Tiberio quies"? Judaea’s Political Situation under the Prefects (6-41 c.e.), between Reality and Ideology

Deeply conflicting views on the political situation of Judaea under the Roman prefects (6-41 c.e.) have been offered. According to some scholars, this was a period of persistent political unrest and agitation, whilst according to a widespread view it was a quiescent period of political calm (reflected in Tacitus’ phrase sub Tiberio quies). The present article critically examines again the main available sources –particularly Josephus, the canonical Gospels and Tacitus– in order to offer a more reliable historical reconstruction. The conclusions drawn by this survey calls into question some widespread and insufficiently nuanced views on the period. This, in turn, allows a reflection on the non-epistemic factors which might contribute to explain the origin of such views.

The Proto-Lucianic Problem in 1 Samuel

The Lucianic text of the Septuagint of the Historical Books witnessed primarily by the manuscript group L (19, 82, 93, 108, and 127) consists of at least two strata: the recensional elements, which date back to about 300 C.E., and the substratum under these recensional elements, the proto-Lucianic text. Some distinctive readings in L seem to be supported by witnesses that antedate the supposed time of the recension. These witnesses include the biblical quotations of Josephus, Hippolytus, Irenaeus, Tertullian, and Cyprian, and the Old Latin translation of the Septuagint. It has also been posited that some Lucianic readings might go back to Hebrew readings that are not found in the Masoretic text but appear in the Qumran biblical texts. This phenomenon constitutes the proto-Lucianic problem. In chapter 1 the proto-Lucianic problem and its research history are introduced. Josephus references to 1 Samuel are analyzed in chapter 2. His agreements with L are few and are mostly only apparent or, at best, coincidental. In chapters 3 6 the quotations by four early Church Fathers are analyzed. Hippolytus Septuagint text is extremely hard to establish since his quotations from 1 Samuel have only been preserved in Armenian and Georgian translations. Most of the suggested agreements between Hippolytus and L are only apparent or coincidental. Irenaeus is the most trustworthy textual witness of the four early Church Fathers. His quotations from 1 Samuel agree with L several times against codex Vaticanus (B) and all or most of the other witnesses in preserving the original text. Tertullian and Cyprian agree with L in attesting some Hebraizing approximations that do not seem to be of Hexaplaric origin. The question is more likely of early Hebraizing readings of the same tradition as the kaige recension. In chapter 7 it is noted that Origen, although a pre-Lucianic Father, does not qualify as a proto-Lucianic witness. General observations about the Old Latin witnesses as well as an analysis of the manuscript La115 are given in chapter 8. In chapter 9 the theory of the proto-Lucianic recension is discussed. In order to demonstrate the existence of the proto-Lucianic recension one should find instances of indisputable agreement between the Qumran biblical manuscripts and L in readings that are secondary in Greek. No such case can be found in the Qumran material in 1 Samuel. In the text-historical conclusions (chapter 10) it is noted that of all the suggested proto-Lucianic agreements in 1 Samuel (about 75 plus 70 in La115) more than half are only apparent or, at best, coincidental. Of the indisputable agreements, however, 26 are agreements in the original reading. In about 20 instances the agreement is in a secondary reading. These agreements are early variants; mostly minor changes that happen all the time in the course of transmission. Four of the agreements, however, are in a pre-Hexaplaric Hebraizing approximation that has found its way independently into the pre-Lucianic witnesses and the Lucianic recension. The study aims at demonstrating the value of the Lucianic text as a textual witness: under the recensional layer(s) there is an ancient text that preserves very old, even original readings which have not been preserved in B and most of the other witnesses. The study also confirms the value of the early Church Fathers as textual witnesses.

Flavio Josefo e o paradigma de circularidade cultural entre as comunidades judaicas e a sociedade romana na Urbs do século I d.C

O paradigma de circularidade cultural entre a comunidade judaica e a sociedade romana foi construído pela historiografia através da análise do contato sociocultural e embates entre romanos e judeus que, ao longo da história, ocuparam o mesmo espaço em diversas regiões anexadas ao Império Romano. As relações de poder estabelecidas entre Roma e Jerusalém, após a ocupação da Judéia, apontam para uma hierarquização nas relações sociais, culturais e políticas entre romanos e judeus. O conceito de circularidade cultural de Carlo Ginzburg nos permite, a partir da trajetória de Flávio Josefo, identificar a dualidade no mundo social de Josefo, na qual, de um lado estavam as culturas dominantes (sociedade romana) e, do outro, as culturas subalternas (comunidades judaicas) que, apesar da marcação das diferenças, se influenciavam reciprocamente.

Veduta di Firenze : [vue du Ponte Vecchio et de l'Arno à Florence] : [peinture] / J. Vervloet

Collectionneur : Lesouëf, Auguste (1829-1906)

Ponte Vecchio Firenze : [vue du Ponte Vecchio et de l'Arno à Florence] : [peinture] / J. Vervloet

Collectionneur : Lesouëf, Auguste (1829-1906)

Veduta della Chiesa di Castelli Firenze : [vue du Ponte alla Carraia et de la Basilique San Lorenzo de Florence] : [peinture] / J. Vervloet

Collectionneur : Lesouëf, Auguste (1829-1906)

Justinianus I, imperator, Institutiones , cum glossa ordinaria.

F. 1, tables.F. 1v-2, tableau des actions et commentaires.F. 3-68v. Justinianus, Institutiones. "In nomine domini nostri Jhesu Christi Imperator Caesar Flavius Justinianus Alemanicus Gotichus...Imperatoria majestate non solum armis...-... alioquin diligentior eorum scientia vobis ex latioribus digestorum sive pandectarum libris deo propitio adventura est... Domini Justiniani liber explicit Institutionum seu Elementotum."F. 69-72v. Justinianus, Authenticum (Nov. 1 et Nov. 2, début du chap. II). "In nomine domini nostri Jesus Christi librorum Authenticorum seu Constitutionum Novellarum incipit collatio, id est de heredibus et falcidia. Imperator Justinianus Johannis... Hoccupatis nobis circa totius rei publice...-... Nam si non filio forte, sed alicui extra[neo]..." (incomplet).Au bas du f. 72v, mention effacée illisible : "Ex [...]niadus [...]dit quod f[..]ler..."

Œuvres manuscrites de Gustave Flaubert (manuscrits définitifs, avec copies annotées, brouillons et notes). VIII Trois contes. Second volume

F. 407-513. La Légende de saint Julien l’Hospitalier. F. 407-480. Brouillons foliotés par l’auteur (alternance de chiffres arabes, ou romains, de lettres) : page de titre portant « St Julien l’hospitalier/Brouillons » (f. 407). Les feuillets sont utilisés recto-verso, les versos étant rédigés tête bêche (sauf f. 414v, 451v, 480v). Les rectos et les versos peuvent se rapporter à des chapitres différents. F. 481-513. La Légende de saint Julien l’Hospitalier. Notes, plan, scénario. F. 481-486, 490, 495-513. Notes et plan de 1856 : notes sur l’architecture militaire (f. 481-486) ; notes sur la chevalerie, extraites de Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte Palaye, Mémoires sur l’ancienne chevalerie (f. 495-496) ; notes sur la chasse (f. 497) ; notes extraites du Mesnagier de Paris (f. 498-501, 503bis-504) ; notes extraites de Jean-Baptiste-Jacques Le Verrier de la Conterie, L’Ecole de la chasse au chien courant (f. 502-503) ; notes extraites de Jacques Du Fouilloux, La Vénerie (505-510v) ; notes et dessins de bois de cerfs et de « fumées » d’après Jacques Du Fouilloux (f. 511-512) ; notes sur la vénerie (f. 513) ; plan en cinq parties (f. 490). F. 487-489, 491-494. Notes et scénario de 1875 : « Cerf » (f. 487) ; « Vol » (f. 488) ; « Vautrait » (f. 489) ; « Pièges » (f. 491) ; « Chiens » (f. 491v) ; scénario de 1875, chapitre I (f. 492), chapitre II (f. 493), chapitre III (f. 494). F. 514-759. Hérodias. F. 514-536v. Manuscrit de travail incomplet d’une grande partie du chapitre I, foliotée 7-29 par l’auteur : page de titre portant : « Herodias/Ms incomplet. » (f. 514) ; fin du chapitre I (f. 515-516) ; chapitre II (f. 517-526) ; chapitre III (f. 527-536) ; au f. 536v, brouillon, rédigé tête-bêche, d’un passage du chapitre I. F. 537-656. Brouillons foliotés par l’auteur (alternance de chiffres arabes, ou romains, de lettres) : page de titre portant « Herodias/brouillons » (f. 537) ; chapitre I (f. 538-551) ; chapitre II (f. 552-615) ; chapitre III (f. 616-656) daté : « mercredi soir 31 janvier 1877/ 10h 10m » (f. 656). Les feuillets sont utilisés recto-verso, les versos étant rédigés tête bêche ; les rectos et les versos peuvent se rapporter à des chapitres différents. F. 657-759. Hérodias. Notes et scénarios parfois foliotés par l’auteur (alternance de chiffres arabes, ou romains, de lettres) : page de titre portant « Herodias./notes. » (f. 657). F. 658-701. Notes de lecture et de travail : notes de lecture extraites de Etienne-Marc Quatremère, Mémoire sur les Nabatéens (f. 658) ; notes de lecture extraites de Henry-Baker Tristram, The Land of Moab (f. 659) ; notes de lecture extraites d’Auguste Parent, Machaerous (f. 660-661) ; notes de lecture sur Jérusalem (f. 662) ; notes de lecture extraites de Joseph Derenbourg, Essai sur l’histoire et la géographie de la Palestine (f. 663-664) ; notes de lecture extraites de Champagny, Rome et la Judée au temps de la chute de Néron (f. 665) ; notes sur l’histoire biblique (f. 666) ; « Romains » (f. 667-668) ; notes extraites de Suétone sur Auguste, Tibère et Vitellius (f. 669) ; « Mœurs romano-orientales » (f. 670) ; notes de lecture extraites de Flavius Josèphe, la Guerre des Juifs (f. 671-674, 692) ; « Parthes » (f. 675-676) ; « Arabes » (f. 677) ; « Religions orientales et romaines » (f. 678) ; notes sur la magie (f. 679) ; « Doctrines religieuses des juifs » (f. 680) ; « St Jean Baptiste » (f. 681) ; « Jean Baptiste/évangiles » (f. 682) ; « Juifs » (f. 683-684) ; « Prophètes » (f. 685-686) ; « Psaumes » (f. 687) ; notes sur l’histoire biblique (f. 688) ; « Apocryphes » (f. 689-690) ; « Juifs » (f. 691) ; « Festins » (f. 693) ; notes de lecture extraites de Smith, Dictionnary of the Bible (f. 694) ; « Machabées » (f. 695) ; notes de lecture extraites de Félicien de Saulcy, Histoire d’Hérode (f. 696-697) ; « Administration militaire et religieuse » (f. 698) ; « Paysages, notes de voyage » (f. 699) ; « Festin » (f. 700) ; « Personnages » (f. 701). F. 701v-759. Scénarios et brouillons. Quelques feuillets portent des notes diverses : « Personnages » (f. 702) ; « Festin » (f. 703) ; « Résumé » en trois parties (f. 704) ; « Machaerous » (f. 705) ; « Sens du mot messie »(f. 706) ; « Messie (f. 707) ; notes pour la scène du festin (f.740, 744v) ; notes de lecture extraites de Saulcy et de Renan (f. 741-743v) ; « St jean » (f. 747) ; notes sur l’histoire biblique (f. 756).

Institutiones philosophicae quas Rome in Pontificia Universitate Gregoriana

UANL

Veni-mecum pii sacerdotis: quod ex variis devotis libris excerptum, ex sui exilii loco, tamquam amoris pignus, suo clero, omnibusque hispaniae sacerdotibus, ac piis laicis

UANL

Roman public libraries

This thesis aims to investigate the development and functions of public libraries in Rome and the Roman world. After a preface with maps of libraries in Rome, Section I discusses the precursors for public library provision in the private book collections of Republican Rome, and their transfer into the public domain with the first public libraries of Asinius Pollio and Augustus. Section II contains three 'case studies' of public libraries' different roles. The Augustan library programme is used in Ch.II.l to examine the role of imperial public libraries in literary life and the connections between Rome's libraries and those of Alexandria. Chapter II.2 concentrates on the libraries of Trajan's Forum to explore the intersection of imperial public libraries and monumental public architecture. This chapter responds to an important recent article by arguing for the continued identification of the Forum's libraries with twin brick buildings at its northern end, and suggests a series of correspondences between these libraries and its other monumental components. The conclusions of this chapter are important when considering the public libraries of the wider empire, several of which seem to have been inspired by the Trajanic libraries. Chapter II.3 considers imperial public libraries and leisure by looking at the evidence for libraries within bath-house complexes, concluding that their presence there is consistent with the archaeological and epigraphic evidence and fits in well with what we know of the intellectual and cultural life of these structures. Section III examines various aspects of the practical function of Roman public libraries: their contents (books and archives), division into Latin and Greek sections, provisions for shelving and cataloguing, staff, usership, architectural form, decoration, and housing of works of art. The picture that emerges is of carefully designed and functional buildings intended to sustain public, monumental, and practical functions. Section IV uses a variety of texts to examine the way in which libraries were viewed and used. Ch. IV. 1 discusses the evidence for use of libraries by scholars and authors such as Gellius, Galen, Josephus, and Apuleius. Ch. IV.2 examines parallels between library collections and compendious encyclopaedic elements within Roman literature and considers how library collections came to be canon-forming institutions and vehicles for the expression of imperial approval or disapproval towards authors. The channels through which this imperial influence flowed are investigated in Ch. IV.3, which looks at the directors and staff of the public libraries of Rome. The final section (V) of the thesis concerns public libraries outside the city of Rome. Provincial libraries provide a useful case study in 'Romanisation': they reveal a range of influences and are shown to embody local, personal, and metropolitan imperial identities. There follows a brief conclusion, and a bibliography. There are also five appendices of numismatic and epigraphic material discussed in the text. This material has not been adequately or completely gathered elsewhere and is intended to assist the reader; where appropriate it includes illustrations, transcriptions, and translations.