School of Nursing Class of 1999

Top Row: Felicia Allen, Michael Anderson, Lisa Armstead, Shannon Arterburn, April Ballard, Stacey Bancroft, Veronica Barcelona, Mary Barringer, Jaralee Basso, Courtney Beck, Karina Bouffard, Becky Bradford, Dawn Burdette, Biance Cerroni

Row 2: Surlin Chadha, James Chambers, Matt Brady, Trish Donovan, Patricia Letowrneau, Amy Prouty, Mary Hawk, Kim Yaekle, Joy Caraan, Jill Awai, Kerry Szymke, Lawra Knapp, Trish Therrian, Kelly Collardey, Julie Collins

Row 3: Kimberly Collins, Jill Collison, Michelle Colvia, Erika Cross, Erin Dassance, Amanda DeFever

Row 4: Janis Dinnel, Corey Eisenberg, Lisa Falzetta, Amy Farley, Jennifer Fulcher, Lori George, Pamela George, Royace A. Gibson

Row 5: Pamela Giles, Nicole Grecu, Janet Green, Jessica Grose, Jill Hall, Jill Hiler, Shamika Hinson, Melissa Hitchcock

Row 6: Rebekah Hopper, Steven Thrke, Kevri Johnson, Rebecca Johnson, Shannon Johnson, Jan Lee, Beverly Jones, Ada Sue Hinshaw, Susan Boehm, Nola Pender, Patricia Coleman Burn, Jody Joslyn, Jennifer Kerr, Erin Kingsley, Heather Knudsen, Kristie Krzyzanski

Row 7: Sarah Kyle, Michelle Laughlis, Julie Leibowitz, Erin Maki, Rachel Malone, Amanda Manoni, Kara marsh, Carrie McClung, Kristi Miller, Kristine Moe, Kimberly Morton, Thecla Moschouris, Meg Mountainbear, Michelle Newberg, Aarti parekh, Heather Pawlak

Row 8: Diana Piergentili, Alison Pinta, Gail Prahaska, Jennifer Pruchnik, Kimberly Rendz, Sarah Repp, Eunice Rhiew, Kyle Rinehart, Roni robarge, Audrey Salazar, Dana Schaffner, Sally Scott, Nicole Sell, Mary Jean Siasoco, Deborah Slizewski, Rebecca Snyder

Row 9: Carmen Taylor, Chereena Tennis, Monigue Tett, Lindsay Thibert, Cindy Thompson, Alpa Tolia, Jessie Ulmer, Shannon Waigle, Jennifer Walsh, MacKenzie Waters, Christie Wiseley, Mari Yelorda

Bibliography on low temperature characteristics of steel:

Mode of access: Internet.

Evaluation of haplotypes associated with copper toxicosis in Bedlington Terriers in Australia

Objective-To evaluate the haplotype distribution associated with the copper toxicosis gene and the segregation of the mutated allele in a Bedlington Terrier population in Australia. Animals-131 Bedlington Terriers. Procedure-Samples of DNA and RNA were obtained from each dog. Genetic status of each dog was evaluated by use of the DNA markers C04107; single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), which was adjacent to exon 2 of Murr1; and a deletion marker for exon 2. A subgroup of the study population was evaluated by use of biochemical and histologic techniques to elucidate the correlation between genotype and phenotype. Results-We identified a recombination between the C04107 marker and Murr1 and a variation in a nucleotide in the splice site of exon 2 in our Bedlington Terrier cohort. Furthermore, we identified a novel haplotype associated with copper toxicosis in this cohort. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Our findings indicate that the deletion of exon 2 was not the sole cause of copper toxicosis, although only exon 2 deletion of Murr1 has been responsible for copper toxicosis in Bedlington Terriers. Although we failed to find a novel mutation in our cohort, we identified an affected dog family with an intact exon 2. Furthermore, we found that an SNP in the 5' splicing site of exon 2 may or may not be associated with a novel mutation of the Murr1 gene or other genes. Loss of linkage between the C04107 marker and the Murr1 gene was also identified in a certain family of dogs.

Investigation of in vitro transdermal absorption of fentanyl from patches placed on skin samples obtained from various anatomic regions of dogs

Objective-To investigate in vitro transdermal absorption of fentanyl from patches through skin samples obtained from various anatomic regions of dogs. Sample Population-Skin samples from 5 Greyhounds. Procedure-Skin samples from the dogs' thoracic, neck, and groin regions were collected postmortem and frozen. After samples were thawed, circular sections were cut and placed in Franz-type diffusion cells in a water bath (32degreesC). A commercial fentanyl patch, attached to an acetate strip with a circular hole, was applied to each skin sample. Cellulose strips were used as control membranes. Samples of receptor fluid in the diffusion cells were collected at intervals for 48 hours, and fentanyl concentrations were analyzed by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. Results-Mean +/- SD release rate of fentanyl from the patch, defined by its absorption rate through the non-rate-limiting cellulose membrane, was linear during the first 8 hours (2.01 +/- 0.05 pg/cm(2) of cellulose membrane/h) and then decreased. Fentanyl passed through skin from the groin region at a faster rate and with a significantly shorter lag time, compared with findings in neck or thoracic skin samples. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-In vitro, fentanyl from a patch was absorbed more quickly and to a greater extent through skin collected from the groin region of dogs, compared with skin samples from the thoracic and neck regions. Placement of fentanyl patches in the groin region of dogs may decrease the lag time to achieve analgesia perioperatively; however, in vivo studies are necessary to confirm these findings.

Organic-inorganic poly(methyl methacrylate) hybrids with confined polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane macromonomers

We herein report the synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrid poly(methyl methacrylate) containing 1 polyhedral oligosilsesquioxanes. Octakis(3-hydroxypropyldimethylsiloxy)octasilsesquioxane (OHPS) was synthesized from octakis(hydridodimethylsiloxy)octasilsesquioxane [Si8O12(OSiMe2H)(8), Q(8)M(8)(H)] following literature procedures. Octakis(tnethacryloxypropyldimethylsiloxy) octasilsesquioxane (OMPS) was synthesized via the reaction of methacryloyl chloride or methacrylic acid anhydride with OHPS, with the latter giving improved purity. Polymerization of OMPS with methyl inethacrylate using a dibenzoylperoxide initiator gave a highly cross-linked polymer. Characterization of the polymer was performed using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, Si-29 NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The polymer was found to be largely homogeneous. Increasing the OMPS concentration in the polymer gave increased decomposition and glass transition temperatures.

Penetration of a topically applied nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug into local tissues and synovial fluid of dogs

Objective-To investigate penetration of a topically applied nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) into tissues and synovial fluid. Animals-5 Greyhounds. Procedure-Dogs were anesthetized and microdialysis probes placed in the dermis and gluteal muscle over each coxofemoral (hip) joint. Methylsalicylate (MeSA) was applied topically over the left hip joint. Dialysate and plasma (blood samples from the cephalic and femoral veins) were obtained during the subsequent 5 hours. Dogs were euthanatized, and tissue samples and synovial fluid were collected and analyzed for salicylic acid (SA) and MeSA by use of high-pressure liquid chromatography. Results-SA and MeSA concentrations increased rapidly (< 30 minutes after application) in dialysate obtained from treated dermis. Salicylic acid also appeared in plasma within 30 minutes and reached a plateau concentration after 2 hours, although combined drug concentrations (SA plus MeSA) in plasma obtained from femoral vein samples were twice those measured in plasma obtained from the cephalic vein (SA only). Treated muscle had a progressive decrease in NSAID concentration with increasing depth (SA and MeSA), but it was significantly higher than the concentration in untreated muscle. Substantial amounts of SA and MeSA were also measured in synovial fluid of treated joints. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Topically applied NSAIDs can penetrate deeply into tissues and synovial fluid. Local concentrations higher than circulating systemic concentrations are suggestive that direct diffusion and local blood redistribution are contributing to this effect. Systemic blood concentrations may be inadequate to describe regional kinetics of topically applied drugs.

Disease prevalence among dogs and cats in the United States and Australia and proportions of dogs and cats that receive therapeutic diets or dietary supplements

Objective-To estimate disease prevalence among dogs and cats in the United States and Australia and proportions of dogs and cats that receive therapeutic diets or dietary supplements. Design-Telephone survey. Sample Population-Dog and cat owners located in 5 geographic areas. Procedures-A telephone survey was administered to dog and cat owners. Results-Of 18,194 telephone calls that were made, 1,104 (6%) were to individuals who owned at least I dog or cat and agreed to participate. Information was collected for 635 dogs and 469 cats. Only 14 (1%) respondents indicated that their pet was unhealthy, but 176 (16%) indicated that their pets had 1 or more diseases. The most common diseases were musculoskeletal, dental, and gastrointestinal tract or hepatic disease. Many owners (n = 356) reported their pets were overweight or obese, but only 3 reported obesity as a health problem in their pets. Owners of 28 (2.5%) animals reported that they were feeding a therapeutic diet, with the most common being diets for animals with renal disease (n = 5), reduced-calorie diets (5), and reduced-fat diets (4). Owners of 107 of 1,076 (9.9%) animals reported administering dietary supplements to their pets. Multivitamins (n = 53 animals), chondroprotective agents (22), and fatty acids (13) were the most common dietary supplements used. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggest that most dogs and cats reported by their owners to have a health problem were not being fed a therapeutic diet. In addition, the rate of dietary supplement use was lower than that reported for people.

Effects of early intensive postoperative physiotherapy on limb function after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs with deficiency of the cranial cruciate ligament

Objective-To determine effects of early intensive postoperative physiotherapy on limb function in dogs after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) for deficiency of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL). Animals-8 adult dogs with CCL deficiency. Procedure-After TPLO, dogs underwent a physiotherapy program 3 times/wk (physiotherapy group; n = 4) or a walking program (home-exercise group; 4). All dogs were evaluated before surgery, 1 and 10 days after surgery, and 3 and 6 weeks after surgery. Thigh circumference (TC), stifle joint flexion and extension range of motion (ROM), lameness, and weight-bearing scores were recorded. Results-Before surgery, CCL-deficient limbs had significantly reduced TC and reduced flexion and extension ROMs, compared with values for the contralateral control limb. Six weeks after TPLO, the physiotherapy group had significantly larger TC than the home-exercise group, with the difference no longer evident between the affected and nonaffected limbs. Extension and flexion ROMs were significantly greater in the physiotherapy group, compared with values for the home-exercise group, 3 and 6 weeks after surgery. Six weeks after surgery, the difference in flexion and extension ROMs was no longer evident between the affected and nonaffected limbs in the physiotherapy group. Both groups had improvements for lameness and weight-bearing scores over time, but no difference was found between the 2 groups. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-After TPLO in CCL-deficient dogs, early physiotherapy intervention should be considered as part of the postoperative management to prevent muscle atrophy, build muscle mass and strength, and increase stifle joint flexion and extension ROMs.

A copper-hydrogen peroxide redox system induces dityrosine cross-links and chemokine oligomerisation

The activity of the chemoattractant cytokines, the chemokines, in vivo is enhanced by oligomerisation and aggregation on glycosaminoglycan (GAG), particularly heparan sulphate, side chains of proteoglycans. The chemokine RANTES (CCL5) is a T-lymphocyte and monocyte chemoattractant, which has a minimum tetrameric structure for in vivo activity and a propensity to form higher order oligomers. RANTES is unusual among the chemokines in having five tyrosine residues, an amino acid susceptible to oxidative cross-linking. Using fluorescence emission spectroscopy, Western blot analysis and LCMS-MS, we show that a copper/H2O2 redox system induces the formation of covalent dityrosine cross-links and RANTES oligomerisation with the formation of tetramers, as well as higher order oligomers. Amongst the transition metals tested, namely copper, nickel, mercury, iron and zinc, copper appeared unique in this respect. At high (400 µM) concentrations of H2O2, RANTES monomers, dimers and oligomers are destroyed, but heparan sulphate protects the chemokine from oxidative damage, promoting dityrosine cross-links and multimer formation under oxidative conditions. Low levels of dityrosine cross-links were detected in copper/H2O2-treated IL-8 (CXCL8), which has one tyrosine residue, and none were detected in ENA-78 (CXCL5), which has none. Redox-treated RANTES was fully functional in Boyden chamber assays of T-cell migration and receptor usage on activated T-cells following RANTES oligomerisation was not altered. Our results point to a protective, anti-oxidant, role for heparan sulphate and a previously unrecognised role for copper in chemokine oligomerisation that may offer an explanation for the known anti-inflammatory effect of copper-chelators such as penicillamine and tobramycin.