Effects of flooding and temperature on Aedes albifasciatus development time and larval density in two rain pools at Buenos Aires University City

Aedes albifasciatus is a floodwater mosquito that breeds in temporary waters. This semi-domestic species, widely distributed in Argentina, is a competent vector of the western equine encephalitis. The present study was carried out in two rain pools of the city of Buenos Aires, from April 1998 through March 1999. Samples were taken twice a week during the cold season and daily during the warmer months, starting from October. Immature mosquitoes were collected with a dipper, being the number of dippers proportional to the flooded area. The estimated rainfall thresholds to initiate cohorts of Ae. albifasciatus were: 16-17 mm in the fall-winter period, 25 mm in the spring, and 30 mm in the summer. The development time of the different cohorts and the mean air temperature of their respective periods were estimated in all seasons, ranging from six days (at 24ºC) to 32 days (at 13ºC). The equation that best expresses the relationship between development time and mean air temperature is dt =166,27.e-0,1435.T (R²=0,92). Significantly shorter development times were recorded for larvae of the first three stages as compared to the fourth larval stage and pupae.

Environmental characteristics of the cemeteries of Buenos Aires City (Argentina) and infestation levels of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Cemeteries with many water-filled containers, flowers, sources of human blood, and shade are favorable urban habitats for the proliferation of Aedes aegypti, a vector of yellow fever and dengue. A total of 22,956 containers was examined in the five cemeteries of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The vector was found in four cemeteries that showed an average infestation level of 5.5% (617 positive out of 11,196 water-filled containers). The four cemeteries positive for Ae. aegypti showed significantly different (p<0.01) infestation levels. Vegetation cover and percentage of infestation were significantly correlated (p<0.01), but neither cemetery area nor number of available containers were significantly related to the proportion of positive vases. Our results suggest that the cemeteries of Buenos Aires represent a gradient of habitat favorableness for this vector species, some of which may act as foci for its proliferation and dispersal.

Ochlerotatus albifasciatus in rain pools of Buenos Aires: seasonal dynamics and relation to environmental variables

The immature stages of Ochlerotatus albifasciatus develop in temporary pools. The present study aims at evaluating the seasonal dynamics of the aquatic stages of this mosquito, also analyzing the relationship among their presence and breeding success to some relevant climatic and environmental variables in the ephemeral rain pools of an urban park. Nineteen cohorts of O. albifasciatus that developed synchronously after rain events were recorded in all seasons. The proportions of mosquito-positive pools were significantly higher during the fall-winter period than in the spring-summer months (p < 0.001). The presence of this mosquito species was positively related to the amount of rain (p < 0.001), whereas negatively correlated to air temperature (p < 0.05) within a 5.2 to 29.7ºC range. The distribution of the number of cohorts per pool throughout the year was grouped (variance/mean: 3.96), indicating that these habitats were not equally suitable as breeding sites. The immature stages of O. albifasciatus were detected in pools belonging to all of the categories of surface area, depth, duration, vegetation cover, and insolation. However, the proportion of pools where immature mosquitoes were detected was positively and significantly related to surface, depth, duration, and vegetation cover. On the other hand, the proportion of mosquito-positive pools was higher at an intermediate insolation degree. Our results suggest that although preimaginal stages were present in all seasons, high temperatures may be unfavorable to larval development, and substrate vegetation may regulate water temperature. The positive relationship between the proportion of mosquito-positive pools and pool size and duration might reflect a strategy of O. albifasciatus to accomplish immature development.

Interrelationship between ectoparasites and wild rodents from northeastern Buenos Aires province, Argentina

Infestation parameters and indices of mites, ticks and fleas associated with wild rodents from northeastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, were studied. Host species similarity was also analyzed in relation to their ectoparasites. Fifty-five rodents were captured from January 2000 to March 2001. In total, 1,022 ectoparasites were collected and three ectoparasite-host associations were new records. However, this is the first study on Craneopsylla minerva wolffhuegeli infesting parameters. Ectoparasite total mean abundance and total prevalence were higher in Holochilus brasiliensis (MA = 47.7; P = 100%) and Scapteromys aquaticus (MA = 25.4; P = 95.4%), meanwhile specific richness and diversity were higher in Oligoryzomys flavescens (S = 6; H = 1.3) and Akodon azarae (S = 4; H = 1.0). On the other hand, the only individual of Calomys laucha was not parasited. S. aquaticus-H. brasiliensis, which preferred similar microhabitats, shared the same ectoparasite species (Css = 100). Whereas, A. azarae, which was mostly associated with grassland, showed the highest difference with the other hosts (Css < 0.4). Considering every ectoparasite species, H. brasiliensis showed the highest mean abundance, prevalence and preference. The results suggest that the particular characteristics of this rodent would give it better possibilities not only of being infested by ectoparasites, but also of transmitting them to its progeny.

Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium identified in clinical samples from cities in Brazil and Argentina

The identification and characterisation of Cryptosporidiumgenotypes and subtypes are fundamental to the study of cryptosporidiosis epidemiology, aiding in prevention and control strategies. The objective was to determine the genetic diversity ofCryptosporidium in samples obtained from hospitals of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Buenos Aires, Argentina. Samples were analysed by microscopy and TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays forCryptosporidium detection, genotyped by nested-PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the 18S rRNA gene and subtyped by DNA sequencing of the gp60 gene. Among the 89 samples from Rio de Janeiro, Cryptosporidium spp were detected in 26 by microscopy/TaqMan PCR. In samples from Buenos Aires,Cryptosporidium was diagnosed in 15 patients of the 132 studied. The TaqMan PCR and the nested-PCR-RFLP detected Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium hominis, and co-infections of both species. In Brazilian samples, the subtypes IbA10G2 and IIcA5G3 were observed. The subtypes found in Argentinean samples were IbA10G2, IaA10G1R4, IaA11G1R4, and IeA11G3T3, and mixed subtypes of Ia and IIa families were detected in the co-infections. C. hominis was the species more frequently detected, and subtype family Ib was reported in both countries. Subtype diversity was higher in Buenos Aires than in Rio de Janeiro and two new subtypes were described for the first time.

Persistence of the biocide activity of atrazine in soils of the southeast of Buenos Aires Province

Atrazine persistence in soils of the southeast of Buenos Aires Province, was studied by an oat bioassay. Atrazine doses of 0.58, 1.16, and 2.32 mg.g-1 dry soil weight (DSW) were applied to pots containing soils from Balcaree, A. Gonzáles Chaves and San Cayetano sites, whose organic matter (OM) content of soils were 5.70, 5.15, and 3,84%, respectively. Avena sativa cv. Millauquén plants were grownth in the pots under greenhouse conditions at different times after atrazine application. Shoots were evenly cut above the soil and dry weight determined as a measure of plant growth. Plants grown in non-sprayed soil were used as controls. Relative dry weight (RDW) of shoots was calculated as percentage of control. Atrazine phytotoxicity was expressed in terms of 50 % plant growth reduction (GR50) in the soils under study. Herbicide persistence was expressed in terms of days after treatment (DAT) needed for the plant to achieve 80% of RDW. Atrazine GR50 values of 0.30, 0.64, and 0.90 mg.g-1 DSW in soils from San Cayetano, Balcare and A.G. Chaves, were respectively obtained at 42 DAT. Herbicide persistences at the recommended dose (1.16 mg.g-1) were 100, 143, and 221 DAT for A.G. Chaves, Balcarce and San Cayetano soils, respectively. San Cayetano soil had both the lowest OM content and cation exchange capacity (CEC), as well as the highest pH, of all the soil studied here. These results were consistent with both the lowest GR50 and the highest persistence abtained for atrazine in this soil.

Espaces intérieurs, temporalité et sociabilités dans la littérature mémorialiste de Buenos Aires (1880-1910)

L’objectif général de notre projet est d’étudier l’interrelation entre espaces intérieurs, temporalité et sociabilités dans la littérature dite « mémorialiste » de Buenos Aires de la période 1880-1910. Notre recherche privilégie l’analyse des textes d’inspiration mémorialiste parus à Buenos Aires entre 1881 et 1904: Buenos Aires, desde setenta años atrás (José A. Wilde); La Gran Aldea (Lucio V. López); Las beldades de mi tiempo (Santiago Calzadilla); Memorias de un viejo (Víctor Gálvez) et Memorias. Infancia y adolescencia (Lucio V. Mansilla). Plus spécifiquement, nous essayons de définir notre concept de « dimension intérieure », à partir de l’intersection entre espace et temps perceptible chez les auteurs mémorialistes dès le commencement de leurs récits évocateurs. Parallèlement, nous cherchons à prouver que ce concept s’exprime comme la progression graduelle, à partir de la pensée des auteurs (c’est-à-dire, le premier espace intérieur, le plus intime), jusqu’à la conquête des espaces plus vastes, comme la maison de l’enfance, le quartier, la ville, la Nation. En même temps, nous explorons la relation problématique entre mémoire et espace intime, d’un côté, et les complexes relations entre mémoire et histoire nationale, de l’autre côté. Parallèlement, nous analysons la transition historique de la période coloniale à la période moderne -ce qui José Luis Romero appelle les ères « créole » et « alluviale »- depuis la perspective des sociabilités de la « haute société » et des « secteurs populaires ». Pour ce faire, nous analysons, en premier lieu, les espaces domestiques des grandes maisons coloniales de la « haute société » de Buenos Aires, dans Memorias. Infancia y adolescencia (Lucio V. Mansilla), avant de nous consacrer à d’autres sites qui nous permettent d’identifier les variables sociabilités historiques: « tertulias », magasins, « pulperías », cafés et clubs.

Importación de panela en polvo y en sobres de sabores de Colombia hacia Argentina estudio realizado desde Buenos Aires - Argentina

Con el nacimiento de la globalización y su idea de integración de naciones para crear un solo mercado, se crea la necesidad en las empresas de expandir sus productos hacia nuevas fronteras para crear así empresas multiculturales que se adapten a los cambios constantes del entorno. Es allí donde nace el concepto de Unidad Estratégica de Negocio (UEN), la cual se puede definir como una subdivisión de una empresa, es una unidad de la empresa que tiene misión y objetivos aparte que se pueden planear con independencia de los demás negocios de la empresa1 . La panela es un producto Colombiano que nace de la extracción del jugo de la caña de azúcar, se consume fría o caliente de acuerdo a la preferencia del consumidor; hoy en día Doña panela, una de las empresas productoras de panela más grande del país, ha sacado al mercado una presentación de panela instantánea en cubos y sobres de diferentes sabores. Doña panela es una empresa que cuenta con todos los estándares legales establecidos para exportar y desde hace algunos años exporta hacia países como Corea del sur, ecuador y Estados Unidos; Siendo así, y gracias a la experiencia vivida en Argentina, se establece la idea de crear una Unidad Estratégica de Negocio de Doña panela en el bello país de Argentina.

Innovative practices in Psychiatry. Argentina, 1960-1970

The paper analyzes innovative psychiatric practices that took place in Argentina during the sixties and seventies at the Hospital Jose Esteves in the province of Buenos Aires. Objective: To present the coexistence of different paradigms related to mental health in the same institution and to analyze the complexities generated by this scenario. Methodology: This study uses primary sources in the form of medical records of patients admitted to the hospital between 1960 and 1979. The medical records were cross-referenced with publications of newspapers and magazines of the time. Results: The analysis shows that the political environment during the era of militarydictatorship —characterized by ideological persecution and the inhibition of political expression— influenced the development of innovative psychiatric practices. At the same time, instances ofanti-Semitism and ideological persecution among health workers affected therapeutic approaches. Conclusions: While the introduction of innovative practices in mental health led to someresistance among the more orthodox psychiatrists, the presence of different paradigms shows a plan, both political and professional, to transform psychiatry and admission policy in Argentina.

Corrupción y delitos contra la administración pública especial referencia a los delitos cometidos en la contratación

La corrupción sigue siendo uno de los principales problemas del Estado de Derecho en el siglo XXI. Su incidencia reduce la eficacia de la inversión, aumenta el valor de los bienes y servicios, reduce la competitividad de las empresas, vulnera la confianza de los ciudadanos en el ordenamiento jurídico y sobre todo condena a la miseria a quienes deben ser destinatarios de las políticas públicas.Sin embrago, la lucha que han realizado muchos gobiernos y funcionarios judiciales contra este fenómeno ha modificado sus formas de aparición, pues es cada vez menos frecuente la apropiación directa de los caudales públicos o la entrega de sobornos a los funcionarios, prefiriéndose métodos mucho más sutiles como los sobrecostos, la subcontratación masiva o la constitución de complicadas sociedades, en las cuales tienen participación los funcionarios públicos o sus familias.Este libro constituye un esfuerzo por el estudio jurídico y criminológico de la corrupción y los delitos contra la administración pública en Europa y Latinoamérica y reúne la selección de los temas penales más relevantes de la tesis doctoral del profesor Carlos Guillermo Castro Cuenca, denominada Aproximación a la Corrupción en la contratación pública y defendida en la universidad de Salamanca en febrero de 2008, con lo cual obtuvo la calificación de sobresaliente por unanimidad.

Advanced functionality for radio analysis in the Offline software framework of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The advent of the Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) necessitates the development of a powerful framework for the analysis of radio measurements of cosmic ray air showers. As AERA performs ""radio-hybrid"" measurements of air shower radio emission in coincidence with the surface particle detectors and fluorescence telescopes of the Pierre Auger Observatory, the radio analysis functionality had to be incorporated in the existing hybrid analysis solutions for fluorescence and surface detector data. This goal has been achieved in a natural way by extending the existing Auger Offline software framework with radio functionality. In this article, we lay out the design, highlights and features of the radio extension implemented in the Auger Offline framework. Its functionality has achieved a high degree of sophistication and offers advanced features such as vectorial reconstruction of the electric field, advanced signal processing algorithms, a transparent and efficient handling of FFTs, a very detailed simulation of detector effects, and the read-in of multiple data formats including data from various radio simulation codes. The source code of this radio functionality can be made available to interested parties on request. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ubiquitous computing in education : a SWOT analysis by students and teachers

Learning from anywhere anytime is a contemporary phenomenon in the field of education that is thought to be flexible, time and cost saving. The phenomenon is evident in the way computer technology mediates knowledge processes among learners. Computer technology is however, in some instances, faulted. There are studies that highlight drawbacks of computer technology use in learning. In this study we aimed at conducting a SWOT analysis on ubiquitous computing and computer-mediated social interaction and their affect on education. Students and teachers were interviewed on the mentioned concepts using focus group interviews. Our contribution in this study is, identifying what teachers and students perceive to be the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of ubiquitous computing and computer-mediated social interaction in education. We also relate the findings with literature and present a common understanding on the SWOT of these concepts. Results show positive perceptions. Respondents revealed that ubiquitous computing and computer-mediated social interaction are important in their education due to advantages such as flexibility, efficiency in terms of cost and time, ability to acquire computer skills. Nevertheless disadvantages where also mentioned for example health effects, privacy and security issues, noise in the learning environment, to mention but a few. This paper gives suggestions on how to overcome threats mentioned.

Income polarization, the middle class and informal employment in Greater Buenos Aires, 1974-2010

Includes bibliography

UVA. Unità Vinicola Argentina.Una superquadras ecologica a Buenos Aires

“ Per anni ho creduto essere cresciuto in una periferia di Buenos Aires, periferia di strade avventurose e di tramonti visibili. In realtà sono cresciuto in un giardino, dietro le lance di un cancellata, e in una biblioteca di infiniti volumi inglesi. Quel Palermo del coltello e la chitarra (mi assicurano) era agli angoli delle strade, ma chi popolava le mie mattine e procurava un gradevole orrore alle mie notti erano il bucaniere cieco di Stevenson, agonizzante sotto gli zoccoli dei cavalli, e il traditore che abbandonò l’amico sulla luna, e il viaggiatore del tempo che riportò dal futuro un fiore appassito, e il genio prigioniero per secoli nell’anfora salomonica, e il profeta velato del Khorasan, che dietro le gemme e la seta nascondeva la lebbra. Cosa succedeva, nel frattempo, oltre le lance della cancellata? Quali destini vernacoli e violenti andavano compiendosi a pochi passi da me, nella sordida bettola o nello spazio turbolento? Com’era quel Palermo o come sarebbe stato bello che fosse? A tali domande vuole rispondere questo libro, più d’immaginazione che documentato.” E’ così che Jorge Luis Borges apre il libro Evaristo Carriego, saggio biografico che passò quasi inosservato all’interno degli ambienti intellettuali della capitale dei quali faceva parte lo scrittore stesso. Il libro era dedicato alla figura, estranea a quegli ambienti, del poeta “bohemien, tisico ed anarchico” Evaristo Carriego, vissuto tra otto e novecento nel quartiere Palermo, in quei tempi periferia malfamata di Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires è la città borgesiana per eccellenza: priva di caratteristiche tipologiche precise, volubile allo sguardo, specchio e metafora di tutte le grandi città del mondo. Ma soprattutto Buenos Aires è una città “inventata” da Borges, che le ha dato un’immagine letteraria che si relaziona in maniera complessa con quella reale. Segnerà nell’immaginario di Borges l’inizio e la fine della sua vita, una sorta di centralità, unico stralcio di stabilità, al quale l’inquieta mente dell’argentino possa far ritorno.

Il teatro comunitario in Argentina: paradigmi e pratiche tra identità e memoria. Con un focus sul caso italiano

La tesi indaga l’esperienza del teatro comunitario, una delle espressioni artistiche più originali e pressoché sconosciute nel panorama teatrale novecentesco, che ha avuto in Argentina un punto di riferimento fondamentale. Questo fenomeno, che oggi conta cinquanta compagnie dal nord al sud del paese latinoamericano, e qualcuna in Europa, affonda le sue radici nella Buenos Aires della post-dittatura, in una società che continua a risentire degli esiti del terrore di Stato. Il teatro comunitario nasce dalla necessità di un gruppo di persone di un determinato quartiere di riunirsi in comunità e comunicare attraverso il teatro, con l'obiettivo di costruire un significato sociale e politico. La prima questione messa a fuoco riguarda la definizione della categoria di studio: quali sono i criteri che consentono di identificare, all’interno della molteplicità di pratiche teatrali collettive, qualcosa di sicuramente riconducibile a questo fenomeno. Nel corso dell’indagine si è rivelata fondamentale la comprensione dei conflitti dell’esperienza reale e l’individuazione dei caratteri comuni, al fine di procedere a un esercizio di generalizzazione. La ricerca ha imposto la necessità di comprendere i meccanismi mnemonici e identitari che hanno determinato e, a loro volta, sono stati riattivati dalla nascita di questa esperienza. L’analisi, supportata da studi filosofici e antropologici, è volta a comprendere come sia cambiata la percezione della corporeità in un contesto di sparizione dei corpi, dove il lavoro sulla memoria riguarda in particolare i corpi assenti (desaparecidos). L’originalità del tema ha imposto la riflessione su un approccio metodologico in grado di esercitare una adeguata funzione euristica, e di fungere da modello per studi futuri. Sono stati pertanto scavalcati i confini degli studi teatrologici, con particolare attenzione alle svolte culturali e storiche che hanno preceduto e affiancato l’evoluzione del fenomeno.