The Sustainability of `Sustainable´ Energy Use: Historical Evidence on the Relationship between Economic Growth and Renewable Energy

20 p.

Freshwater biological research in Mexico: A brief historical review

Apart from a couple of early papers in the 1600s, the development of freshwater biology as a science in Mexico began in the last century. Taxonomic studies were made especially on algae, aquatic insects, crustaceans, annelid worms and aquatic plants. The great impetus acquired by limnology in Europe and America in the first half of the 20th Century stimulated foreign researchers to come and work in Mexico. During this period the Instituto de Biologia, belonging to the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, was created in 1930. The Institute had a section of Hydrobiology that contributed to the limnological characterization of Mexican lakes and ponds. In 1962, the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Biologico-Pesqueras was created to bring together the work of several institutes working on the native ichthyofauna, the restocking of reservoirs, and aquaculture.

Limnology in Argentina: An historical account

This short review includes major books, articles and episodes concerned with studies on inland waters that have affected the development of limnology in Argentina. It is divided into three periods; (1) an early period of protolimnologists; (2) a period previous to the present times, subdivided into a first stage from 1900 to 1938 and a second stage from 1938 to 1962; and (3) a period of integrated research.

The Windermere perch and pike project: an historical review

This paper is an attempt to set the background, provide a brief history, review some of the Windermere perch and pike project's scientific achievements, note current developments and hopes for the future, and comment on some aspects of such long-term projects. The project was originally started in 1939 in order to provide fish in freshwater lakes which might be harvested to enhance the supplies of food in a country subject to blockade. Pike traps and gill-netting were trialed as fishing methods. Catch statistics are available from 1939 which can be used to study population dynamics or for modelling purposes. The author provides an overview of changes in the population dynamics of perch and pike but covers briefly other species like arctic charr and brown trout. Also covered are several aspects of the basic biology and ecology of the principal species involved.

PROUNI: o ponto de vista dos alunos

Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de analisar os determinantes socioeconômicos e culturais que levam alunos à procura de um programa de governo para inserção em instituição privada de ensino superior. No caso deste estudo, o foco recaiu sobre os alunos bolsistas do Prouni da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro PUC-Rio. A pesquisa consiste em uma discussão sobre a natureza da procura por uma titulação de nível superior, fundamentada nas bases histórico-sociais que atravessam nossa sociedade, haja vista o universo do programa ser focado no espaço geográfico brasileiro, no qual os sujeitos são os alunos que estão cursando ou já cursaram o ensino médio ou médio técnico em instituição pública de ensino. Para análise dos dados, utilizamos o método do materialismo histórico dialético, e como ferramenta a análise crítica de discurso - ACD. Utilizamos entrevista semi-estruturada, tanto para os gestores quanto para os alunos, e um pequeno diário de campo. Tratamos da formação das políticas públicas para a educação no contexto macrossocial de modo a buscar compreender o fetiche sobre o que seja uma titulação em nível superior. Trazemos uma análise da fala dos alunos tendo como pano de fundo o discurso de profissionais da instituição, na procura de uma aproximação com as realidades vividas, a fim de saber quais são as reais expectativas de futuro percebida por estes alunos, e assim poder captar se a titulação visa, para além de atender a ordem capitalista, satisfazer necessidades que se expõe a partir da subjetividade dos indivíduos sociais. Concluímos que a titulação tem no imaginário social duas determinações: Por um lado acredita-se que o título vai propiciar ao aluno atender as necessidades concretas do mercado, proporcionando sua entrada no mundo do trabalho, por outro, o mundo social dá ao título de bacharel um peso simbólico que colocar o sujeito num patamar diferenciado dentro da sociedade. Todavia, todo este processo passa por uma dimensão de tomada de consciência do lugar social que coloca os alunos num confronto direto entre sua realidade objetiva e a realidade social concreta dos alunos pagantes da PUC-Rio, o que cria em alguns alunos momentos de adoecimento. Concluímos que o programa Prouni pode ser um caminho para a conscientização do lugar social das diferentes frações de classe, mas precisa de aperfeiçoamentos, pois nestes processos, onde o enfretamento da realidade é direto e envolve pessoas, a questão do cuidado deve se fazer presente.

Operadores argumentativos como construtores de sentido em editoriais de O Globo

Esta pesquisa propõe um estudo do gênero editorial, entendido como um artigo que expressa o posicionamento da empresa jornalística frente aos assuntos que circulam na sociedade. Observaremos que o pensamento da empresa é reforçado por meio do uso de mecanismos argumentativos que podem passar despercebidos, mas que são essenciais para fundamentar a posição do jornal, nos fazendo acreditar que apesar de sua roupagem informativa, ou seja, a simples emissão de um fato, tem a intenção de levar o leitor a compartilhar o mesmo ponto de vista. Abordaremos as principais características do jornalismo, privilegiando o conceito de ideologia e a função que ele teve no passado para compreender o presente. Enfatizaremos que a argumentação está entrelaçada ao ser humano, visto que toda língua possui, em sua gramática, mecanismos que permitem indicar a orientação argumentativa dos enunciados, o que pode direcionar o seu sentido. A análise foi constituída com base no estudo dos operadores argumentativos, levando em consideração, obviamente, que o processo de construção de sentido de um texto envolve também compreender o momento sócio-histórico para se chegar ao propósito comunicativo do autor. Todo texto possui uma finalidade e compreender esse fenômeno é extremamente benéfico, pois significa desenvolver uma consciência cidadã. Os gêneros que fazem parte do dia a dia como editoriais, crônicas, carta comercial, resenha entre outros, são imprescindíveis para que o público leitor tenha um olhar crítico, ressaltando-se sempre que o conhecimento de mundo e, principalmente, da língua materna contribuirá para que esse propósito seja alcançado

A report on the population structure of adult salmon and sea trout in the River Lune using scale samples - with reference to historical data.

During 1993, a comprehensive data set of scale readings, length and weight measurements was established for migratory salmonids on the River Lune. This information was collected using three methods of fish capture: 1. The Lune estuary commercial nets. 2. River Lune Forge weir fish trap. 3. River Lune rod catch scale returns. Additional information was contributed by the Kent, Leven and Duddon rod and commercial fisheries. The data shows that the salmon stock in 1993 was dominated by two year old smolts. This varies from year to year. The sea trout population displays a normal population curve in terms of numbers of fish in each age and weight class. The growth rate of salmon and sea trout is very similar even though salmon have the benefit of high sea feeding.

An analysis of the historical catch data from the migratory salmonid fisheries of the River Ribble

The Ribble catchment is the largest and most diverse river system within National Rivers Authority (NRA), North West's Central Area. The river is approximately 100km in length and rises in a limestone area west of the Pennines. This report examines changes in the size and composition of the salmon and sea trout catches from the Ribble migratory salmonid fisheries during the years 1937 to 1991. Comparisons are made between the rod and net fisheries for both salmon and sea trout of the Ribble and Hodder. Patterns of catches shown by the Ribble fisheries are compared with those of other individual rivers and with patterns for the North West Region as a whole. An attempt is made to identify if any relationship exists between catch and stock abundance. Catch patterns shown by the Ribble and Hodder salmon fisheries are compared with electronic resistivity counter data from the two rivers. Annual salmon catch patterns and redd count data are compared both locally and regionally. Recommendations for future studies are made in the light of the report's findings.

Viveiros de homens do mar: Escolas de Aprendizes-Marinheiros e as experiências formativas na Marinha Militar do Rio de Janeiro (1870-1910

O presente estudo aborda historicamente a formação elementar, profissional e militar dos aprendizes-marinheiros e aprendizes-artífices entre 1870 e 1910 na Marinha Militar do Brasil. Para compreender as experiências compartilhadas que os meninos e os jovens desenvolveram com os marinheiros nacionais e estrangeiros, com o oficialato e com os trabalhadores da cidade utilizamos o referencial teórico do historiador E.P. Thompson. A pesquisa sobre as Escolas de Aprendizes-Marinheiros e sua caracterização como uma instituição total e a análise de seus dispositivos disciplinares foi realizada com o aparato conceitual de Michel Foucault. As fontes históricas analisadas foram os Relatórios Ministeriais do Ministério da Marinha do período, os livros de ofícios do Arsenal de Marinha da Corte, o acervo da Revista Marítima Brasileira e documentos do Fundo/Coleção denominado Grupo de Identificação de Fundos Internos GIFI sob a guarda do Arquivo Nacional. Um dos objetivos foi compreender os fenômenos que envolveram essa instituição militar dentro das políticas de Estado no período localizado entre o fim da Guerra do Paraguai e a Revolta dos Marinheiros de 1910, e quais as mudanças qualitativas, contradições e conflitos na organização interna do trabalho concorreram para a produção de um modelo formativo dos futuros homens do mar. Buscamos compreender os mecanismos internos de recrutamento e controle dos sujeitos sociais dessa instituição permanente do Estado. A abordagem sobre o que seriam as experiências formativas dos aprendizes partiu da ideia de que a educação dos indivíduos acontecia em múltiplas dimensões da vida e não somente através de aulas ou programas de estudos oficiais, de compêndios ou de regras disciplinares repercutidas reiteradas vezes. Questões como o uso do tempo, o campo dos direitos como arena de conflitos, o dualismo no sistema educativo, a alimentação, o descanso, o alcoolismo, as deserções, as acomodações e as revoltas, compuseram a análise da formação dos meninos e jovens da Marinha. Verificamos como os embates em torno da temática da profissionalização e carreira, que passavam pelas discussões que envolviam aspectos como o mérito pessoal, a antiguidade e o bom comportamento interferiram na produção de uma consciência de direitos. Tudo isso fez parte das experiências formativas de meninos e rapazes daquela instituição chamada pelos oficiais de principal viveiro de homens do mar. Por fim, para entendermos aqueles chamados pelo referencial thompsoniano como os de baixo percorremos a dureza da hierarquia e disciplina militares e as concepções de mundo desenvolvidas a partir das classificações e apartações dos indivíduos pela raça, pela origem social, pela constituição física e pelo analfabetismo.

From Gods to men: A historical overview of the discovery of the chemical elements

To achieve the apparently simple Periodic Table of the Elements has implied tremendous efforts over thousands of years. In this paper we present a brief history of the discovery of the chemical elements from prehistory to the present day, revealing the controversies that arose on the way and claiming the important work performed by alchemists in the advancement of knowledge. This is especially important if we consider that alchemy had a period of existence of many thousands of years, while the "Chemistry", officially established as a science in the eighteenth century, has operated as such for only a few hundred years. Even so, if we consider the progress of discovery and isolation of chemical elements throughout history, it can be observed that the number of elements identified is achieved mainly in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, reflecting the development of instrumental techniques, that facilitated this task.

Etymological notes on Aleut (III). With methodological notes on (Eskimo-Aleut) historical linguistics

[EN] The goal of this contribution is twofold: on the one hand, to review two relatively recent contributions in the field of Eskimo-Aleut historical linguistics in which it is proposed that Eskimo-Aleut languages are related genealogically to Wakashan (Holst 2004) and?/or Nostratic (Krougly-Enke 2008). These contributions can be characterized by saying that their authors have taken little care to be diligent and responsible in the application of the comparative method, and that their familiarity with the languages involved is insufficient. Eskimo-Aleut languages belong to a very exclusive group of language families that have been (and still are) used, sometimes compulsively, in the business of so-called “long-range comparisons”. Those carrying out such studies are very often unaware of the most basic facts regarding the philological and linguistic traditions of those languages, as a result of what mountains of very low quality works with almost no-relevancy for the specialist grow every year to the desperation of the scientific community, whose attitude toward them ranges from the most profound indifference to the toughest (and most explicit) critical tone. Since Basque also belongs to this group of “compare-with-everything-you-come- across” languages, it is my intention to provide the Basque readership with a sort of “pedagogical case” to show that little known languages, far from underrepresented in the field, already have a very long tradition in historical and comparative linguistics, i.e. nobody can approach them without previous acquaintance with the materials. Studies dealing with the methodological inappropriateness of the Moscow School’s Nostratic hypothesis or the incorrectness of many of the proposed new taxonomic Amerindian subfamilies (several of them involving the aforementioned Wakashan languages), that is to say, the frameworks on which Krougly-Enke and Holst work, respectively, are plenty (i.a. Campbell 1997: 260-329, Campbell & Poser 2008: 234-96), therefore there is no reason to insist once more on the very same point. This is the reason why I will not discuss per se Eskimo-Aleut–Wakashan or Eskimo-Aleut–Nostratic. On the contrary, I will focus attention upon very concrete aspects of Krougly-Enke and Holst´s proposals, i.e. when they work on “less ambitious” problems, for example, dealing with the minutiae of internal facts or analyzing certain words from the sole perspective of Eskimo-Aleut materials (in other words, those cases in which even they do not invoke the ad hoc help of Nostratic stuff). I will try to explain why some of their proposals are wrong, demonstrate where the problem lies, and fix it if possible. In doing so, I will propose new etymologies in an attempt at showing how we may proceed. The main difference between this and handbook examples lies in the reality of what we are doing: this is a pure etymological exercise from beginning to end. I will try to throw a bit of light on a couple of problematic questions regarding Aleut historical phonology, demonstrating how much work should be done at the lowest level of the Eskimo-Aleut pyramid; it is technically impossible to reach the peak of the pyramid without having completed the base. As far as Aleut is regarded, I will mainly profit not only from the use of the traditional philological analysis of Aleut (and, eventually, of Eskimo) materials, but also of diachronic typology, bringing into discussion what in my opinion seems useful, and in some cases I think decisive, parallels. It is worth noting that this paper makes up yet another part of a series of exploratory works dealing with etymological aspects of the reconstruction of Proto-Eskimo-Aleut, with special emphasis on Aleut (vid. i.a. Alonso de la Fuente 2006/2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2010a), whose main goal is to become the solid basis for an etymological dictionary of the Aleut language, currently in progress.

Defining plausible migration rates based on historical tagging data: a Bayesian mark-recapture model applied to English sole (Parophrys vetulus)

A generalized Bayesian population dynamics model was developed for analysis of historical mark-recapture studies. The Bayesian approach builds upon existing maximum likelihood methods and is useful when substantial uncertainties exist in the data or little information is available about auxiliary parameters such as tag loss and reporting rates. Movement rates are obtained through Markov-chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) simulation, which are suitable for use as input in subsequent stock assessment analysis. The mark-recapture model was applied to English sole (Parophrys vetulus) off the west coast of the United States and Canada and migration rates were estimated to be 2% per month to the north and 4% per month to the south. These posterior parameter distributions and the Bayesian framework for comparing hypotheses can guide fishery scientists in structuring the spatial and temporal complexity of future analyses of this kind. This approach could be easily generalized for application to other species and more data-rich fishery analyses.

The effect of predation (current and historical) by humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on fish abundance near Kodiak Island, Alaska

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are significant marine consumers. To examine the potential effect of predation by humpback whales, consumption (kg of prey daily) and prey removal (kg of prey annually) were modeled for a current and historic feeding aggregation of humpback whales off northeastern Kodiak Island, Alaska. A current prey biomass removal rate was modeled by using an estimate of the 2002 humpback whale abundance. A historic rate of removal was modeled from a prewhaling abundance estimate (population size prior to 1926). Two provisional humpback whale diets were simulated in order to model consumption rate. One diet was based on the stomach contents of whales that were commercially harvested from Port Hobron whaling station in Kodiak, Alaska, between 1926 and 1937, and the second diet, based on local prey availability as determined by fish surveys conducted within the study area, was used to model consumption rate by the historic population. The latter diet was also used to model consumption by the current population and to project a consumption rate if the current population were to grow to reach the historic population size. Models of these simulated diets showed that the current population likely removes nearly 8.83