Report of the Workshop on Growth-increment Chronologies in Marine Fish: climate-ecosystem interactions in the North Atlantic 2 (WKGIC2). 18-22 April 2016 Esporles, Mallorca, Spain

Over the past several decades, thousands of otoliths, bivalve shells, and scales have been collected for the purposes of age determination and remain archived in European and North American fisheries laboratories. Advances in digital imaging and computer software combined with techniques developed by tree-ring scientists provide a means by which to extract additional levels of information in these calcified structures and generate annually resolved (one value per year), multidecadal time-series of population-level growth anomalies. Chemical and isotopic properties may also be extracted to provide additional information regarding the environmental conditions these organisms experienced.Given that they are exactly placed in time, chronologies can be directly compared to instrumental climate records, chronologies from other regions or species, or time-seriesof other biological phenomena. In this way, chronologies may be used to reconstruct historical ranges of environmental variability, identify climatic drivers of growth, establish linkages within and among species, and generate ecosystem-level indicators. Following the first workshop in Hamburg, Germany, in December 2014, the second workshop on Growth increment Chronologies in Marine Fish: climate-ecosystem interactions in the North Atlantic (WKGIC2) met at the Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies headquarters in Esporles, Spain, on 18–22 April 2016, chaired by Bryan Black (USA) and Christoph Stransky (Germany).Thirty-six participants from fifteen different countries attended. Objectives were to i) review the applications of chronologies developed from growth-increment widths in the hard parts (otoliths, shells, scales) of marine fish and bivalve species ii) review the fundamentals of crossdating and chronology development, iii) discuss assumptions and limitations of these approaches, iv) measure otolith growth-increment widths in image analysis software, v) learn software to statistically check increment dating accuracy, vi) generate a growth increment chronology and relate it to climate indices, and vii) initiate cooperative projects or training exercises to commence after the workshop.The workshop began with an overview of tree-ring techniques of chronology development, including a hands-on exercise in cross dating. Next, we discussed the applications of fish and bivalve biochronologies and the range of issues that could be addressed. We then reviewed key assumptions and limitations, especially those associated with short-lived species for which there are numerous and extensive otolith archives in European fisheries labs. Next, participants were provided with images of European plaice otoliths from the North Sea and taught to measure increment widths in image analysis software. Upon completion of measurements, techniques of chronology development were discussed and contrasted to those that have been applied for long-lived species. Plaice growth time-series were then related to environmental variability using the KNMI Climate Explorer. Finally, potential future collaborations and funding opportunities were discussed, and there was a clear desire to meet again to compare various statistical techniques for chronology development using a range existing fish, bivalve, and tree growth-increment datasets. Overall, we hope to increase the use of these techniques, and over the long term, develop networks of biochronologies for integrative analyses of ecosystem functioning and relationships to long-term climate variability and fishing pressure.

Creación de marca mediante la utilización de mecanismos estratégicos comunitarios y marketing

El presente documento pretende mostrar la manera como se debe ejecutar la creación de marca mediante la utilización de mecanismos estratégicos comunitarios y marketing. El objetivo del estudio se basa en encontrar los mecanismos adecuados para el desarrollo y creación de una marca enfocándose en el análisis de las principales prácticas y modelos desarrollados en el área del marketing, examinando el impacto que la marca pueda generar en la comunidad en la cual la organización está incluida, estableciendo además un conexión directa con el modo de vida de los consumidores. Durante el desarrollo del documento se demuestra que las estrategias de marketing aplicadas por cada compañía, sirven para construir una relación estrecha y fuerte con todos los agentes involucrados en la construcción de una marca, principalmente con los clientes, ya que la forma más efectiva de establecer relaciones a largo plazo, es enfocándose exclusivamente en las necesidades desarrolladas por los consumidores, y a partir de ellas ajustar los valores (misión, visión, cultura organizacional, objetivos) de la organización. Estas estrategias comunitarias son también influenciadas por varios factores internos y externos a la organización, los cuales deben ser tenidos en cuenta al momento de elegir la estrategia adecuada. Los mecanismos estratégicos que desarrollan las empresas pueden cambiar significativamente de un sector comercial a otro, la importancia de las necesidades que se deben suplir y el consumidor final se deben evaluar desde un aspecto comunitario, entendiendo como comunidad como el conjunto de grupos sociales y comerciales que tienen relación directa o indirecta con la empresa. Con la investigación llevada a cabo acerca de las estrategias que deben aplicar las compañías se concluye que las marcas reflejan la imagen que la empresa transmite a sus compradores estableciendo una relación emocional entre los consumidores y la marca desarrollada, además de estimular la oferta y demanda del negocio. Se espera que por medio de la obtención de información teórica y conceptual, se pueda aclarar la manera como se puede desarrollar la creación de una marca por medio de la correcta utilización de mecanismos estratégicos comunitarios y de marketing.

Hamburg Region, Germany, 1878 (Image 1 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: [Topographische Karte 1:25 000] : Hamburg (1029). It was published by Konig[liche] Preuss[ische] Landes-Aufnahme in 1878. Scale 1:25,000. This layer is image 1 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the southwest portion of the map. Covers the Hamburg region, Germany. Map in German.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Deutsches Hauptdreiecksnetz (DHDN) 3-degree Gauss-Kruger Zone 3 coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads and stations, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, ground cover, gardens, docks, wharves, and more. Relief shown by contours and spot heights. Depths shown by soundings.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Hamburg Region, Germany, 1878 (Image 2 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: [Topographische Karte 1:25 000] : Bergstedt (934). It was published by Konig[liche] Preuss[ische] Landes-Aufnahme in 1878. Scale 1:25,000. This layer is image 2 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the northeast portion of the map. Covers the Hamburg region, Germany. Map in German.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Deutsches Hauptdreiecksnetz (DHDN) 3-degree Gauss-Kruger Zone 3 coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads and stations, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, ground cover, gardens, docks, wharves, and more. Relief shown by contours and spot heights. Depths shown by soundings.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Hamburg Region, Germany, 1878 (Image 3 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: [Topographische Karte 1:25 000] : Niendorf (933). It was published by Konig[liche] Preuss[ische] Landes-Aufnahme in 1878. Scale 1:25,000. This layer is image 3 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the northwest portion of the map. Covers the Hamburg region, Germany. Map in German.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Deutsches Hauptdreiecksnetz (DHDN) 3-degree Gauss-Kruger Zone 3 coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads and stations, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, ground cover, gardens, docks, wharves, and more. Relief shown by contours and spot heights. Depths shown by soundings.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Hamburg Region, Germany, 1878 (Image 4 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: [Topographische Karte 1:25 000] : Wandsbek (1030). It was published by Konig[liche] Preuss[ische] Landes-Aufnahme in 1878. Scale 1:25,000. This layer is image 4 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the southeast portion of the map. Covers the Hamburg region, Germany. Map in German.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Deutsches Hauptdreiecksnetz (DHDN) 3-degree Gauss-Kruger Zone 3 coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads and stations, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, ground cover, gardens, docks, wharves, and more. Relief shown by contours and spot heights. Depths shown by soundings.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Hamburg Region, Germany, 1896 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Entwurf des generalplanes für die stadtweiterung, Blatt 1, [by] Andreas Meyer. It was published by Photolithographie v. Strumper & Co. in 1896. Scale 1:20,000. Map in German. Covers Hamburg region, Germany. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the WGS84 UTM Zone 32N coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as exisiting and projected roads, railroads and railroad stations, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, and more. Relief is shown by contours. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Methane concentrations and methane oxidation rates from June 2012 - June 2013 in the Elbe Estuary, from Hamburg to Cuxhaven, Germany

Rivers represent a transition zone between terrestric and aquatic environments, and between methane rich and methane poor environments. The Elbe River is one of the important rivers draining into the North Sea and with the Elbe potentially high amounts of methane could be imported into the water column of the North Sea. Twelve cruises from October 2010 until June 2013 were conducted from Hamburg towards the Elbe mouth at Cuxhaven. The dynamic of methane concentration in the water column and its consumption via methane oxidation was measured. In addition, physico-chemical parameters were used to estimate their influence on the methanotrophic activity. We observed high methane concentrations at the stations in the area of Hamburg harbor ("inner estuary") and about 10 times lower concentrations in the outer estuary (median of 416 versus 40 nmol/L). The methane oxidation (MOX) rate mirrowed the methane distribution with high values in the inner estuary and low values in the outer estuary (median of 161 versus 10 nmol/L/d respectively) Methane concentrations were significantly influenced by the river hydrology (falling water level) and the trophic state of the water (biological oxygen demand). In contrast to other studies no clear relation to the amount of suspendended particulate matter (SPM) was found. Methane oxidation rates were significantly influenced by methane concentration and to a weaker extent by temperature. Methane oxidation accounted for 41 ± 12% of the total loss of methane in summer/fall, but only for 5 ± 3% of the total loss in winter/spring. We applied a modified box model taking into account the residence times of a water parcel depending on discharge and tidal impact. We observed almost stable methane concentrations in the outer estuary, despite a strong loss of methane through diffusion and oxidation. Thus we postulate that in the outer Elbe estuary a strong additional input of methane is required, which could be provided by the extensive salt marshes near the river mouth.

Der Hamburger Tempel : zum 70jährigen Denktage seiner Begründung (18. October 1818) ; Zwei Kanzelreden gehalten im Israelitischen Tempel zu Hamburg am 20. October und 3. November 1888 ; nebst Beigabe der früher erschienenen Rede über Gotthold Salomon

von David Leimdörfer

Biogenic and mineral composition and foraminiferal stratigraphy of sediment cores obtained in northern Germany

The Ratekau boring ended in clays of the so-called Asterigerina-Zone; these clays have shallow-water features in the uppermost samples. The clays are overlain by deep-water clays with pteropods; this formation is split into two parts by a shallow-water deposit. The fossiliferous series ends upward in sandy deposits with shallow-water fossils. The question is raised whether the two deep-water deposits might correspond to the Lower Doberg Beds (Eochattian) and the Upper Doberg Beds (Neochattian) at the Doberg hill, closer to the rim of the basin. All fossiliferous samples from this boring are thought to be of Late Oligocene age; the boundary towards the Middle Oligocene, however, could not be ascertained. The Vaale boring ended in rather typical Septaria clay of the Middle Oligocene. This clay is capped by some metres of unfossiliferous glauconite clays, which in turn are overlain by silts and silty clays with planktonic fossils identical to those found at Dingden locality. These deposits are tentatively dated as Early Miocene. The next higher series of samples consists of sands and clays deposited in shallower waters. They contain a rich fauna of benthic molluscs, which, according to the current notion in stratigraphy, would have a Reinbek Age. In addition, they contain a set of planktonic fossils which differs from the 'Lower Miocene' assemblages. These sands and clays are overlain by a thick series of marine sands very poor in fossils. Finally, four metres of clay with foraminifera, having Younger Miocene affinities, form the top of the fossiliferous sequence. The borings at Wulksfelde and Langenhorn were not far apart and their sediments are easily correlated. Both wells start below in continental 'Lignite Sands' and contain overlying shallow water sands and clays. These yielded Hemmoor benthic mollusca, supposed to indicate Lower Miocene in the relevant literature; however, we encountered their planktonic foraminifera in the uppermost Miocene as well. The same planktonic species were found in all samples of both borings. These deposits under discussion furthermore contain a particular pteropod species. They are overlain by a thick series of gypsiferous clays, with scarce fossils. The uppermost fossiliferous clays (probably Langenfelde Age) contain another pteropod species, not met with in other samples. The discrepancies between the plankton zonation and the traditional subdivision according to benthic molluscs in the borings of Vaale, Wulksfelde and Langenhorn (and in samples from Twistringen, Dingden and Antwerp localities as well) renders the time-stratigraphic value of the denominations Reinbek and Hemmoor rather doubtful. The samples of the Westerland boring can be placed in the Gram and Sylt stages of local chronostratigraphy on the strength of the Astarte series established by HINSCH. The Gram samples contain a typical pteropod species; both groups of samples contain the same planktonic foraminifera as the borings Wulksfelde and Langenhorn. Our material did not bring the problem of the Miocene-Pliocene boundary in this region any closer to a solution. In conclusion, it can be claimed that this investigation provides strong arguments that the usual recognition of Hemmoor and Reinbek does not correspond to well-defined chronostratigraphical units. A better chronostratigraphic subdivision has to be based on the examination of many more samples, and on a better understanding of the paleoecology of the fossils involved.