Active civic participation of immigrants in Portugal

Portugal’s historical past strongly influences the composition of the country’s immigrant population. The main third-country foreign nationals in Portugal originate traditionally from Portuguese-speaking African countries (namely Cape Verde, Angola, Guinea Bissau, and S. Tomé e Príncipe) and Brazil. In 2001, a newly created immigrant status entitled “permanence” authorization uncovered a quantitative and a qualitative change in the structure of immigrant population in Portugal. First, there was a quantitative jump from 223.602 foreigners in 2001 to 364.203 regularized foreigners in 2003. Secondly, there was a substantial qualitative shift in the composition of immigrants. The majority of the new immigrants began coming from Eastern European countries, such as Ukraine, Moldavia, Romania, and the Russian Federation. Thus, European countries outside the E.U. zone now rank second (after African countries) in their contribution of individuals to the stocks of immigrant population in Portugal. The differences between the new and traditional immigration flows are visible in the geographical distribution of immigrants and in their insertion into the labour market. While the traditional flows would congregate around the metropolitan area of Lisbon and in the Algarve, the new migratory flows tend to be more geographically dispersed and present in less urbanized areas of Portugal. In terms of insertion in the labour market, although the construction sector is still the most important industry for immigrant labour, Eastern European workers may also be found in the agriculture and manufacturing sectors. The institutional conditions that encourage immigrants’ civic participation are divided at three different levels: the state, the local, and the civil society levels. At the state level, the High Commissioner for Migrations and Ethnic Minorities is the main organizational structure along with a set of interrelated initiatives operating under specific regulatory frameworks, which act as mediators between state officials and the Portuguese civil society, and more specifically, immigrant communities. At the local level, some municipalities created consultative councils and municipal departments aiming at encouraging the participation and representation of interests from immigrant groups and association in local policies. In the civil society sphere, the main actors in Portugal spurring immigrants civic participation are immigrant associations, mainstream associations directed toward immigration topics, and unions. The legal conditions framing immigrants’ access to social housing, education, health, and social security in Portugal are also considered to be positive. Conditions restricting immigrants’ civic participation are mainly normative and include the Portuguese nationality law, the regulations shaping the political participation of immigrants, namely in what concerns their right to vote, and employment regulations restricting immigrants’ access to public administration positions. Part II of the report focuses on the active civic participation of third country immigrants. First, reasons for the lack of research on this issue in Portugal are explained. On the one hand, the recent immigration history and the more urgent needs regarding school and economic integration kept this issue out of the research spotlight. On the other hand, it was just in the beginning of the 1990s that immigrants took the very first steps toward collective mobilisation. Secondly, the literature review of Portuguese bibliography covers research on third country immigrants’ associative movement, research on local authorities’ policies and discussion about ethnic politics and political mobilisation of immigrants in Portugal. As political mobilisation of these groups has been made mainly through ethnic and/or migrant organisations, a brief history of immigrants' associative movement is given. Immigrant associations develop multiple roles, covering the social, the cultural, the economic and the political domains. Political claiming for the regularisation of illegal immigrants has been a permanent and important field of intervention since the mid-1990s. Research results reveal the com5 plex relations between ethnic mobilisation and the set of legal and institutional frameworks developed by local and national governmental authorities targeted to the incorporation of minority groups. Case studies on the Oeiras district and on the Amadora district are then presented. Conclusions underline that the most active immigrant groups are those from Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau, since these groups have constituted a higher number of ethnic associations, give priority to political claiming and present a more politicised discourse. Reflecting on the future of research on civic participation of third country immigrants in Portugal, the authors state that it would be interesting and relevant to compare the Portuguese situation with those of other European countries, with an older immigration history, and analyse how the Portuguese immigrants’ associative movement will be affected by a changing legal framework and the emergence of new opportunities within the set of structures regarding the political participation of minority groups.

Geografisk Charta öfver Hattula socken belägen i Tavastehus län - [Yleisnäkymä - Overview]

[S.l.] [1800-1820?]

Die Leukatischen Felsen

Obeliski rantakalliolla (Leukaksen kallio) Monrepos'n puistossa. Paul von Nicolay kolmen pienen poikansa kanssa nousemassa obeliskin luo. Kalliolta näkymä alas merenlahdelle, taustalla rantatemppeli ja Ludvigsburg. Obeliskin pystytti Paul von Nicolay muistomerkiksi kahdelle ranskalaiselle ruhtinaalle, August von Broglio'lle ja Carl von Broglio'lle; obeliskin suunnitteli englantilainen arkkitehti Charles Heathcote Tatham

Assessment of research competences using e-portfolio

The challenges posed by the assessment of distance learning is a topic that requires, on the one hand, evolution with new trends and, on the other improving evaluative processes, to promote good practices. This demand becomes more imperative when we are dealing with a formativescenario based on distance assessment of competence-based learning.The Open University of Catalonia has begun to work with these formative tools, promoting new practices for online education. A very clear example of these educational practices is the assessment of research competences using the e-portfolio system. To meet this aim a profound and solid process has been developed over recent years, with the intention of making this tool an assessment alternative, and providing the opportunity to use it in a formative context. The objective is to study its strengths and limitations keeping in mind the final goal of offering the higher education community a validated assessment system.

Sociala frågor och socialpolitik

Samlingen med signum HB VIc2 finns vid huvudbiblioteket och innehåller litteratur om sociala frågor och socialpolitik till och med år 1999. Liknande litteratur finns i Åbo i anslutning till ämnet Samhällsekonomi ävensom i Vasa vid biblioteket Tritonia i anslutning till ämnet Socialpolitik. Litteratur om sociala frågor och socialpolitik har ingått i bokdonationer såväl från hemlandet som från Sverige. Några donatorer kan nämnas som exempel, K.A. Fagerholm, Carl von Bonsdorff, Elsa Bruun och Allan Wallenius. Friexemplaren som erhållits från och med 1919 samt inköp har kompletterat samlingen. Litteraturen vid huvudbiblioteket söks i Alma med sökfunktionen Signum och söktermen HB VIc2. En del litteratur tryckt före 1980 söks manuell i den systematiska kortkatalogen. Retroaktiv inmatning i Alma gör att också litteratur tryckt mellan 1830 och 1979 med tiden blir sökbar i Alma. Från och med år 2000 ingår litteraturen vid huvudbiblioteket om sociala frågor och socialpolitik i en numerus currens-samling. Publikationer från vissa inhemska organisationer fogas fortlöpande till en separat småtryckssamling, som har signum HB VIc2 småtr.

Statskunskap och politik

Samlingen med signum HB VIc1 finns vid huvudbiblioteket och innehåller litteratur om statskunskap och politik till och med år 1999. Liknande litteratur finns i anslutning till ämnet Statskunskap. Litteratur om statskunskap och politik har ingått i bokdonationer såväl från hemlandet som från Sverige. Några donatorer av speciellt stora samlingar statsvetenskaplig litteratur kan nämnas, J.V. Brummer, J.A. Nordman, Rafael Erich, Ernst Estlander, Erik Ehrström och Tor von Wright. Politisk litteratur har donerats av Edvard Öhrnberg, Märta Björkenheim, Rafael Erich, Ernst Estlander, Hjalmar Crohn, Erik Ehrström, Carl von Bonsdorff, Jon Hartman, Allan Wallenius, Nils Källström och Hjalmar J. Procopé. Friexemplar som erhållits från och med år 1919 samt inköp har kompletterat samlingen. Litteraturen i samlingen söks med sökfunktionen Signum och söktermen HB VIc1. Litteratur tryckt före 1980 söks manuellt i den systematiska kortkatalogen. Retroaktiv inmatning i databasen Alma gör att litteratur tryckt mellan 1830 och 1979 med tiden blir sökbar i Alma. Från och med år 2000 ingår litteratur om statskunskap och politik i en numerus currens-samling.

Bergquara gods i Småland

Invocatio: I.G.N.