275 resultados para Gods.
Resumo:
Considering that endemic hunger is a consequence of poverty, and that food is arguably the most basic of all human needs, this book chapter shows one of the more prominent examples of rules and policy fragmentation but also one of the most blatant global governance problems. The three monotheistic religions Judaism, Christians and Islam are surprisingly unanimous about God’s prescriptions on hunger or, put theologically, on what can be said, or should be said, about the interpretations and traditions which, taken together, form the respective and differentiated traditions, identities and views of these beliefs on how to deal with poverty and hunger. A clear social ethos, in the form of global needs satisfaction, runs through both Jewish and Christian texts, and the Qur’an (Zakat). It confirms the value inversion between the world of the mighty and that of the hungry. The message is clear: because salvation is available only through the grace of God, those who have must give to those who have not. This is not charity: it is an inversion of values which can not be addressed by spending 0.7% of your GDP on ODA, and the implication of this sense of redistributive justice is that social offenders will be subject to the Last Judgement. Interestingly, these religious scriptures found their way directly into the human rights treaties adopted by the United Nations and ratified by the parliaments, as a legal base for the duty to protect, to respect and to remedy. On the other side the contradiction with international trade law is all the more flagrant, and it has a direct bearing on poverty: systematic surplus food dumping is still allowed under WTO rules, despite the declared objective ‘to establish a fair and market-oriented agricultural trading system’. A way forward would be a kind of ‘bottom up’ approach by focusing on extreme cases of food insecurity caused by food dumping, or by export restrictions where a direct effect of food insecurity in other countries can be established. Also, international financing institutions need to review their policies and lending priorities. The same goes for the bilateral investment treaties and a possible ‘public interest’ clause, at least in respect of agricultural land acquisitions in vulnerable countries. The bottom line is this: WTO rules cannot entail a right to violate other, equally binding treaty obligations when its membership as a whole claims to contribute to the Millennium Development Goals and pledges to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
Resumo:
The presentation will start by unfolding the various layers of chariot imagery in early Indian sources, namely, chariots as vehicles of gods such as the sun (sūrya), i.e. as symbol of cosmic stability; chariots as symbols of royal power and social prestige e.g. of Brahmins; and, finally, chariots as metaphors for the “person”, the “mind” and the “way to liberation” (e.g., Kaṭ.-Up. III.3; Maitr.-Up. II. 6). In Buddhist and non-Buddhist sources, chariots are in certain aspects used as a metaphor for the (old) human body (e.g., Caraka-S., Vi.3.37-38; D II.100; D II.107); apart from that, there is, of course, mention of the “real” use of chariots in sports, cults, journey, and combat. The most prominent example of the Buddhist use of chariot imagery is its application as a model for the person (S I.134 f.; Milindapañha, ed. Trenckner, 26), i.e., for highlighting the “non-substantial self”. There are, however, other significant examples of the usage of chariot imagery in early Buddhist texts. Of special interest are those cases in which chariot metaphors were applied in order to explain how the ‘self’ may proceed on the way to salvation – with ‘mindfulness’ or the ‘self’ as charioteer, with ‘wisdom’ and ‘confidence’ as horses etc. (e.g. S I. 33; S V.7; Dhp 94; or the Nārada-Jātaka, No. 545, verses 181-190). One might be tempted to say that these instances reaffirm the traditional soteriology of a substantial “progressing soul”. Taking conceptual metaphor analysis as a tool, I will, in contrast, argue that there is a special Buddhist use of this metaphor. Indeed, at first sight, it seems to presuppose a non-Buddhist understanding (the “self” as charioteer; the chariot as vehicle to liberation, etc.). Yet, it will be argued that in these cases the chariot imagery is no longer fully “functional”. The Buddhist usage may, therefore, best be described as a final allegorical phase of the chariot-imagery, which results in a thorough deconstruction of the “chariot” itself.
Resumo:
R. G. Collingwood’s philosophical analysis of religious atonement as a dialectical process of mortal repentance and divine forgiveness is explained and criticized. Collingwood’s Christian concept of atonement, in which Christ TeX the Atonement (and also TeX the Incarnation), is subject in turn to another kind of dialectic, in which some of Collingwood’s leading ideas are first surveyed, and then tested against objections in a philosophical evaluation of their virtues and defects, strengths and weaknesses. Collingwood’s efforts to synthesize objective and subjective aspects of atonement, and his proposal to solve the soteriological problem as to why God becomes flesh, as a dogma of some Christian belief systems, is finally exposed in adversarial exposition as inadequately supported by one of his main arguments, designated here as Collingwood’s Dilemma. The dilemma is that sin is either forgiven or unforgiven by God. If God forgives sin, then God’s justice is lax, whereas if God does not forgive sin, then, also contrary to divine nature, God lacks perfect loving compassion. The dilemma is supposed to drive philosophy toward a concept of atonement in which the sacrifice of Christ is required in order to absolve God of the lax judgment objection. God forgives sin only when the price of sin is paid, in this case, by the suffering and crucifixion of God’s avatar. The dilemma can be resolved in another way than Collingwood considers, undermining his motivation for synthesizing objective and subjective facets of the concept of atonement for the sake of avoiding inconsistency. Collingwood is philosophically important because he asks all the right questions about religious atonement, and points toward reasonable answers, even if he does not always deliver original philosophically satisfactory solutions.
„Der Ewige“ als „Synthese“ des Stern. Der Gebrauch des Gottesnamens „der Ewige“ bei Franz Rosenzweig
Resumo:
In his famous final essay Franz Rosenzweig neglects to mention that he had referred to the expression “the Eternal” already in The Star of Redemption. Through a comprehensive analysis of his writings, and in particular of his masterpiece, the article seeks to research thoroughly Rosenzweig’s use of this expression. The revelation of God’s name is a core issue in The Star of Redemption. While elaborating on the structure of the Star, Rosenzweig seeks to capture the crucial meaning of God’s name by translating it as “the Eternal,” thereby enabling us to consider the thought of eternity as presenting the “synthesis” within the system of The Star of Redemption. Commonly perceived to convey an infinite progression of time, Rosenzweig’s understanding of the concept of eternity in The Star proves to be richer, including the idea of the everlasting as well as the notion of a constantly renewing presence. The article furthermore shows that the concept of the meaning of God’s name oriented at the present, as devised by Rosenzweig together with Martin Buber in their joint work of translation, had already been articulated in The Star.
Resumo:
The death of a mother in childbirth leaving a newborn deserted is a sort of a desecration. This was a frequent event for early physicians. It was felt to be caused by miasmas or punishment from the gods. DaVinci felt the cause was milk stasis, Hippocrates - lochia, Virchow - weather. Then came Semmelweis, Pasteur and Lister. They started a battle with ignorance, hospital administration, budget and academic politics. Ending with the murder of Semmelweis!
Resumo:
Plutarco tiene gran interés por numerosos datos religiosos y míticos. Concretamente, Zeus está registrado 542 veces en su obra. Zeus se nos muestra como dios del cielo y de los fenómenos atmosféricos, dios supremo, sabio y protector de la justicia; se analizan sus relaciones con otros dioses y seres asimilados. Es interesante examinar los apelativos atribuidos al gran dios. Asimismo, sobresale la relación del dios con los mortales. Plutarco se ocupa, asimismo, del llamado Zeus de los filósofos y del Zeus egipcio. El escritor se muestra crítico en ocasiones con respecto a ciertas creencias o tradiciones referentes al gran dios.
Resumo:
A fines de los años 40’, el filósofo norteamericano Arthur Lovejoy y el en ese momento Presidente del Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Anton Pegis, sostuvieron una interesante discusión sobre la existencia de libertad o necesidad eficiente en el acto divino de crear conforme a la filosofía de Tomás de Aquino. Lovejoy denunciaba una supuesta incoherencia fundamental en las enseñanzas de Tomás al respecto. Según él, en el concepto tomásico de creación se encuentran implicados al mismo tiempo los conceptos de necesidad agente y libre albedrío aplicados al Creador. Esta supuesta contradicción era para Pegis no sólo falsa sino imposible. Aquí repensaremos dos puntos centrales de dicha discusión: en primer lugar, si, como piensa Lovejoy, para Santo Tomás efectivamente existe una contraposición entre la autosuficiencia de Dios y su capacidad para amar otras cosas distintas de Él. Luego, el significado de la frase: “condice a la bondad divina que también otras cosas participen de la misma". (S.th., I, q.19, a.2).
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En el siglo XIII, ningún autor negaba la absoluta simplicidad de Dios. Sin embargo, se utilizaban múltiples nombres para hablar de lo divino. ¿Se pueden considerar verdaderos todos esos predicados, sin que ello implique concebir una multiplicidad real en la esencia divina? Este trabajo intenta mostrar, bajo la guía de Tomás de Aquino, que la pluralidad de atributos divinos no contradice la simplicidad divina y que, sin entenderlos como sinónimos, dichos nombres constituyen predicaciones verdaderas in divinis.
Resumo:
In this paper the author analyses the concept of the mind in the Alcuin’s treatise De ratione animae. Following the teaching of the Fathers, specially Augustine and Isidore of Sevilla, Alcuin of York comprehends the mind as a nominal part of the soul and as its highest peak, the way in which the man is a God’s image. Finally is presented an sketch of the Alcuin’s knowledge theory as exposed in this treatise.
Resumo:
En el presente trabajo llevaremos a cabo el análisis de la figura de Orestes como "Semilla de la Salvación" a lo largo de toda la obra desde la perspectiva suministrada por la mirada de Electra y por las palabras del coro. Ya que el personaje de Orestes brinda nombre a la trilogía nos proponemos demostrar que es en la tragedia intermedia, Coéforas, en donde es presentado como un "salvador impulsado por la divinidad". Para tal fin, analizaremos especialmente cómo esta figura resulta comparada con distintos personajes míticos como Altea y Escila (vv. 605), Hermes (vv. 811) y Perseo (vv. 831)
Resumo:
En el presente trabajo se trabaja principalmente en la noción de clinamen, el cual debe entenderse como una desviación azarosa que ocurre en el átomo. Lucrecio argumenta, siguiendo la tradición atomista que lo precede, que el fundamento ontológico de la realidad, es que toda la naturaleza está compuesta de átomos y vacío. El filósofo adhiere a una concepción esencialmente mecanicista del cosmos: el hecho de que el mundo no es una creación de los dioses, hace que la naturaleza sea una constante repetición de los hechos. El concepto de clinamen lleva a Lucrecio plantear, además, el problema del determinismo y la libertad: si todo movimiento es siempre una relación causal con un antes, ¿de dónde viene este poder independiente del destino, a través del cual nos movemos hacia donde la voluntad de cada uno conduce? En segundo lugar, si todos los movimientos de los átomos son inflexiblemente determinados, la capacidad humana para decidir y asumir la responsabilidad de su accionar no podrían explicarse
Resumo:
Los mitos de Savitri (Mahabharata 3.293-299) y Orfeo (Ovidio. Metamorfosis 10.1-85), pertenecientes al ámbito cultural indoeur opeo, presentan algunos puntos en común: narran la historia del amante que rescata a su ser amado de la muerte, y combinan el encuentro con los dioses de la muerte y el discurso mediante el poder de la palabra. En esta propuesta, se analizan los discursos de los protagonistas a partir de las convenciones propias de cada contexto de enunciación. Para el caso indio, se sigue el modelo lógico de la escuela Nyaya; para el greco-latino, el de la retórica clásica. De este modo, sobre la base de la estructura argumentativa del silogismo aristotélico, se plantean dos variaciones, respectivamente, el silogismo hindú y el silogismo retórico. Se trata de dos aproximaciones argumentativas con métodos distintos pero con un mismo fin: (con)vencer al oponente
Resumo:
Hor., en Carm., 1, 2 y 4, 15 recoge una serie de referencias a dioses importantes para la familia adoptiva de Octaviano y para el propio gobernante, que han sido tradicionalmente analizadas e interpretadas desde un punto de vista interno: su presencia se explicaría en función de su relación con la gens Iulia. El punto de vista que quiero ofrecer en mi trabajo es complementario a éste: a partir de un análisis externo de las referencias a estos dioses, creo que su presencia se puede explicar en función de los templos en los que "habitaban" en Roma, del lugar donde estos templos se encontraban y de las representaciones icónicas que servían a su culto. Al mismo tiempo, la nueva relación que establezco entre 1,2 y 4, 15 aporta evidencias para una comprensión distinta de la segunda edición de la poesía lírica de Horacio, la que se presentó con el libro 4
Resumo:
The Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel (Syr Apoc Dan), a Christian apocalypse from the seventh century of Common Era, is clearly tributary to the canonical book of Daniel (Dn). In its turn, Dn provided the figure of an eschatological opponent who was re-signified in Christianity: the Antichrist. The cosmic dimensions of the malevolent character of oppressive tyrant of Dn - his arrogance against the gods, the abomination of desolation, military conquests and persecutions of the saints, the change of the cosmic order, the time of the reign and death of the tyrant - are considered in this work compared with the Antichrist of the Syr Apoc Dan
Resumo:
Los problemas y soluciones de las cuestiones homéricas generaron disquisiciones filológicas y gramaticales en los primeros siglos del imperio romano, pero fundamentalmente se buscó siempre el sentido profundo y la razón filosófica de cada figura de los poemas épicos. Heráclito, el alegorista, pretende alcanzar esa verdad que subyace en los relatos mitológicos siguiendo los pasos de un discurso epidíctico en el estilo de la oratoria clásica. Sus Alegorías de Homero son, en esta oportunidad, la fuente principal para acercarnos a la construcción textual de Apolo, Atenea, Hera y Zeus en el primer siglo de nuestra era, así como la Theologia de Cornutus y Sobre la vida y poesía de Homero atribuida a Plutarco