Thermal characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoates and poly(lactic acid) blends obtained by injection molding

In this work we present the thermal characterization of the full scope of polyhydroxyalcanoate and poly(lactic acid) blends obtain by injection molding. Blends of polyhydroxyalcanoate and poly(lactic acid) (PHA/PLA) were prepared in different compositions ranging from 0–100% in steps of 10%. The blends were injection molded and then characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The increment of PHA fraction increased the degree of crystallinity of the blend and the miscibility of the base polymers as verified by the Fox model. The WAXD analysis indicates that the presence of PHA hindered the PLA crystallization. The crystallization evolution trough PHA weight fraction (wf) shows a phase inversion around 50-60%. SEM analyses confirmed that the miscibility of PHA/PLA blends increased with the incorporation of PHA and became total for values of PHA higher that 50%.

Desbaste seletivo em povoamentos de Tectona grandis com diferentes idades

O efeito da intensidade do primeiro desbaste seletivo, após um ano, foi avaliado em dois povoamentos de teca sob espaçamento 3,0 x 3,0 m, e em duas diferentes idades. No povoamento com quatro anos de idade, o desbaste foi de 20%, 30% e 40%, em número de indivíduos, e no de cinco anos, de 30%, 40% e 50%, e as respectivas testemunhas (0%). Cada tratamento foi aplicado ao acaso, com oito repetições, contendo cada parcela 35 árvores, além da bordadura. Um ano após o desbaste aplicado no povoamento com quatro anos, as variáveis DAP, altura total (H) e as médias por árvore de área transversal (der=0 src="/img/revistas/aa/v38n2/a05G.gif" align=absmiddle>) e de volume (der=0 src="/img/revistas/aa/v38n2/a05V.gif" align=absmiddle>) não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos; o incremento corrente anual (ICA V) não foi afetado pelas intensidades. No povoamento desbastado aos cinco anos, o ICA V e H foram semelhantes em todos tratamentos. As intensidade de desbaste testadas não afetaram o crescimento em DAP, der=0 src="/img/revistas/aa/v38n2/a05G.gif" align=absmiddle>e der=0 src="/img/revistas/aa/v38n2/a05V.gif" align=absmiddle>, mas apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação à testemunha. O primeiro desbaste seletivo pode ser aplicado aos cinco anos de idade, em povoamentos de Tectona grandis com condições semelhantes, com qualquer das intensidades testadas.

Assessment of distinctive road runoff quality in coastal areas, based on a monitoring case study

High levels of marine salt deposition present in coastal areas have a relevant effect on road runoff characteristics. This study assesses this effect with the purpose of identifying the relationships between monitored water quality parameters and intrinsic site variables. To achieve this objective, an extensive monitoring program was conducted on a Portuguese coastal highway. The study included 30 rainfall events, in different weather, traffic, and salt deposition conditions. The evaluations of various water quality parameters were carried out in over 200 samples. In addition, the meteorological, hydrological, and traffic parameters were continuously measured. The salt deposition rates were determined by means of a wet candle device, which is an innovative feature of the monitoring program. The relation between road runoff pollutants and independent variables associated with weather, traffic, and salt deposition conditions was assessed. Significant correlations among pollutants were observed. A high salinity concentration and its influence on the road runoff were confirmed. Furthermore, the concentrations of the most relevant pollutants seemed to be very dependent on some meteorological variables, particularly the duration of the antecedent dry period prior to each rainfall event and the average wind speed.

Manejo de enfermedades y mejora de la salud de las plantas mediante la utilización de microorganismos. Caso 2:Relevamiento de las especies de hongos micorrícicos presentes en el suelo y asociadas a raíces de cebollas en diferentes rotaciones de cultivos y su efecto como agentes de bioprotección frente a enfermedades

La diversidad de los microorganismos del suelo es esencial para la sustentabilidad de los sistemas productivos además de ser un indicador integral de la condición de los ecosistemas. Entre estos microorganismos los hongos micorrícicos (HMA) cumplen un papel fundamental, al incrementar la tolerancia de las plantas a estreses bióticos y abióticos. Los sistemas de labranza tradicionales y el monocultivo tienden a disminuir su diversidad y su población, mientras que las rotaciones de cultivos y el establecimiento de praderas hacen incrementar esta diversidad. Phoma terrestris es un hongo patógeno de suelo, agente causal de la “raíz rosada de la cebolla”, enfermedad limitante para dicho cultivo. Su control es muy dificultoso dado que el patógeno sobrevive en el suelo varias campañas agrícolas, tiene un amplio rango de hospedantes y no existen variedades con buen comportamiento frente a los aislamientos argentinos. El presente proyecto propone la determinación biomolecular de los HMA presentes en el suelo y en asociación a las raíces de la cebolla, el estudio de la variaciones producidas en la flora micorríca bajo diferentes rotaciones, la determinación en la sanidad de la cebolla en las diferentes secuencias de cultivo y la evaluación de la capacidad de los mismos para atenuar los efectos deletéreos de P. terrestris.

Manejo de enfermedades y mejora de la salud de las plantas mediante la utilización de microorganismos. Caso 2: relevamiento de las especies de hongos micorrícicos presentes en el suelo y asociadas a raíces de cebollas en diferentes rotaciones de cultivos y su efecto como agentes de bioprotección frente a enfermedades.

La diversidad de los microorganismos del suelo es esencial para la sustentabilidad de los sistemas productivos además de ser un indicador integral de la condición de los ecosistemas.Entre estos microorganismos los hongos micorrícicos(HMA)cumplen un papel fundamental, al incrementar la tolerancia de las plantas a estrés bióticos y abióticos. Los sistemas de labranza tradicionales y el monocultivo tienden a disminuir su diversidad y su población, mientras que las rotaciones de cultivos y el establecimiento de praderas hacen incrementar esta diversidad. Phoma terrestris es un hongo patógeno de suelo, agente causal de la “raíz rosada de la cebolla”, enfermedad limitante para dicho cultivo. Su control es muy difícil, dado que el patógeno sobrevive en el suelo varias campañas agrícolas, tiene un amplio rango de hospedantes y no existen variedades con buen comportamiento frente a los aislamientos argentinos. El presente proyecto propone la determinación biomolecular de los HMA presentes en el suelo y en asociación a las raíces de la cebolla, el estudio de la variaciones producidas en la flora micorríca bajo diferentes rotaciones, la determinación en la sanidad de la cebolla en las diferentes secuencias de cultivo y la evaluación de la capacidad de los mismos para atenuar los efectos deletéreos de P. terrestris

Labor productivity in Spain: 1977-2002

This study examines the evolution of labor productivity across Spanish regions during the period from 1977 to 2002. By applying the kernel technique, we estimate the effects of the Transition process on labor productivity and its main sources. We find that Spanish regions experienced a major convergence process in labor productivity and in human capital in the 1977-1993 period. We also pinpoint the existence of a transition co-movement between labor productivity and human capital. Conversely, the dynamics of investment in physical capital seem unrelated to the transition dynamics of labor productivity. The lack of co-evolution can be addressed as one of the causes of the current slowdown in productivity. Classification-JEL: J24, N34, N940, O18, O52, R10

Improving the risk concept: a revision of Arrow-Pratt theory in the context of controlled dynamic stochastic environments

In the literature on risk, one generally assume that uncertainty is uniformly distributed over the entire working horizon, when the absolute risk-aversion index is negative and constant. From this perspective, the risk is totally exogenous, and thus independent of endogenous risks. The classic procedure is "myopic" with regard to potential changes in the future behavior of the agent due to inherent random fluctuations of the system. The agent's attitude to risk is rigid. Although often criticized, the most widely used hypothesis for the analysis of economic behavior is risk-neutrality. This borderline case must be envisaged with prudence in a dynamic stochastic context. The traditional measures of risk-aversion are generally too weak for making comparisons between risky situations, given the dynamic �complexity of the environment. This can be highlighted in concrete problems in finance and insurance, context for which the Arrow-Pratt measures (in the small) give ambiguous.

Generalized factor models: a bayesian approach

There is recent interest in the generalization of classical factor models in which the idiosyncratic factors are assumed to be orthogonal and there are identification restrictions on cross-sectional and time dimensions. In this study, we describe and implement a Bayesian approach to generalized factor models. A flexible framework is developed to determine the variations attributed to common and idiosyncratic factors. We also propose a unique methodology to select the (generalized) factor model that best fits a given set of data. Applying the proposed methodology to the simulated data and the foreign exchange rate data, we provide a comparative analysis between the classical and generalized factor models. We find that when there is a shift from classical to generalized, there are significant changes in the estimates of the structures of the covariance and correlation matrices while there are less dramatic changes in the estimates of the factor loadings and the variation attributed to common factors.

Understanding sources of the change in international business cycles

Macroeconomic activity has become less volatile over the past three decades in most G7 economies. Current literature focuses on the characterization of the volatility reduction and explanations for this so called "moderation" in each G7 economy separately. In opposed to individual country analysis and individual variable analysis, this paper focuses on common characteristics of the reduction and common explanations for the moderation in G7 countries. In particular, we study three explanations: structural changes in the economy, changes in common international shocks and changes in domestic shocks. We study these explanations in a unified model structure. To this end, we propose a Bayesian factor structural vector autoregressive model. Using the proposed model, we investigate whether we can find common explanations for all G7 economies when information is pooled from multiple domestic and international sources. Our empirical analysis suggests that volatility reductions can largely be attributed to the decline in the magnitudes of the shocks in most G7 countries while only for the U.K., the U.S. and Italy they can partially be attributed to structural changes in the economy. Analyzing the components of the volatility, we also find that domestic shocks rather than common international shocks can account for a large part of the volatility reduction in most of the G7 countries. Finally, we find that after mid-1980s the structure of the economy changes substantially in five of the G7 countries: Germany, Italy, Japan, the U.K. and the U.S..

The Measurement of social polarization in a multi-group context

Polarization indices presented up to now have only focused their attention on the distribution of income/wealth. However, in many circumstances income is not the only relevant dimension that might be the cause of social conflict, so it is very important to have a social polarization index able to cope with alternative dimensions. In this paper we present an axiomatic characterization of one of such indices: it has been obtained as an extension of the (income) polarization measure introduced in Duclos, Esteban and Ray (2004) to a wider domain. It turns out that the axiomatic structure introduced in that paper alone is not appropriate to obtain a fully satisfactory characterization of our measure, so additional axioms are proposed. As a byproduct, we present an alternative axiomatization of the aforementioned income polarization measure.

Improving the effort concept: a revision of the traditional approach in the context of controlled Dynamic Stochastic Environments

The objective of this paper is to re-evaluate the attitude to effort of a risk-averse decision-maker in an evolving environment. In the classic analysis, the space of efforts is generally discretized. More realistic, this new approach emploies a continuum of effort levels. The presence of multiple possible efforts and performance levels provides a better basis for explaining real economic phenomena. The traditional approach (see, Laffont, J. J. & Tirole, J., 1993, Salanie, B., 1997, Laffont, J.J. and Martimort, D, 2002, among others) does not take into account the potential effect of the system dynamics on the agent's behavior to effort over time. In the context of a Principal-agent relationship, not only the incentives of the Principal can determine the private agent to allocate a good effort, but also the evolution of the dynamic system. The incentives can be ineffective when the environment does not incite the agent to invest a good effort. This explains why, some effici

Inequality and a repeated joint project

Agents voluntarily contribute to an infinitely repeated joint project. We investigate the conditions for cooperation to be a renegotiation-proof and coalition-proof equilibrium before examining the influence of output share inequality on the sustainability of cooperation. When shares are not equally distributed, cooperation requires agents to be more patient than under perfect equality. Beyond a certain degree of share inequality, full efficiency cannot be reached without redistribution. This model also explains the coexistence of one cooperating and one free-riding coalition. In this case, increasing inequality can have a positive or negative impact on the aggregate level of effort.

Social polarization: introducing distances between and within groups

The measurement of social polarization has received little attention from the literature. The only social polarization index that has been used to measure religious or ethnic polarization (the RQ index) has several shortcomings that are critically discussed in the paper. In particular, that index is not taking into account the existing distance between and within different groups. A couple of axiomatically characterized social polarization indices that overcome these limitations are presented. In the empirical section we show that the rankings of countries according to the levels of polarization change to a great extent when we replace the RQ index by the indices presented in this paper.

Optimal feedback control rules sensitive to controlled endogenous risk-aversion

The objective of this paper is to correct and improve the results obtained by Van der Ploeg (1984a, 1984b) and utilized in the theoretical literature related to feedback stochastic optimal control sensitive to constant exogenous risk-aversion (see, Jacobson, 1973, Karp, 1987 and Whittle, 1981, 1989, 1990, among others) or to the classic context of risk-neutral decision-makers (see, Chow, 1973, 1976a, 1976b, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1993). More realistic and attractive, this new approach is placed in the context of a time-varying endogenous risk-aversion which is under the control of the decision-maker. It has strong qualitative implications on the agent's optimal policy during the entire planning horizon.

Labor supply response to international migration and remittances in the Republic of Haiti

The Republic of Haiti is the prime international remittances recipient country in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region relative to its gross domestic product (GDP). The downside of this observation may be that this country is also the first exporter of skilled workers in the world by population size. The present research uses a zero-altered negative binomial (with logit inflation) to model households' international migration decision process, and endogenous regressors' Amemiya Generalized Least Squares method (instrumental variable Tobit, IV-Tobit) to account for selectivity and endogeneity issues in assessing the impact of remittances on labor market outcomes. Results are in line with what has been found so far in this literature in terms of a decline of labor supply in the presence of remittances. However, the impact of international remittances does not seem to be important in determining recipient households' labor participation behavior, particularly for women.