Vuelta de tuerca: insurgencia política y epistémica de los movimientos sociales en Bolivia (Tema Central)

El artículo tiene el propósito de reflexionar sobre el (re)surgimiento de la acción colectiva en forma de (nuevos) movimientos sociales en Bolivia, más allá de su posición contestaria a los modelos hegemónicos en boga. Estos movimientos no solo se convirtieron en sujetos políticos-ideológicos con capacidad de generar propuestas alternativas a los modelos hegemónicos, sino con la capacidad epistémica de cuestionar los supuestos básicos del orden hegemónico.

Historia marxista latinoamericana: nacimiento, caída y resurrección (Traducción)

Este ensayo analiza el nacimiento y la caída de la historia marxista latinoamericana a lo largo del siglo XX. Se examinan dos casos representativos durante el resurgimiento de la misma en los últimos diez años: uno de ellos en Argentina y el otro en México. Casos similares se han dado en otros países de la región, pero el argentino y mexicano ilustran dos maneras opuestas de abordar el renacer de la historia marxista

Carbohydrate-based therapeutics

In recent years there has been a resurgence of interest in the biological roles of carbohydrates and as a result it is now known that carbohydrates are involved in a vast array of disease processes. This review summarises progress in the development of carbohydrate-based therapeutics that involve: inhibition of carbohydrate-lectin interactions; immunisation, using monoclonal antibodies for carbohydrate antigens; inhibition of enzymes that synthesise disease-associated carbohydrates; replacement of carbohydrate-processing enzymes; targeting of drugs to specific disease cells via carbohydrate-lectin interactions; carbohydrate based anti-thrombotic agents.

The Kurdish conflict: international humanitarian law and post-conflict mechanisms

This book is highly topical considering the recent resurgence of violence by the PKK, the incursions into Northern Iraq by the Turkish army and security forces and Turkey’s EU accession negotiations. Turkey has become an increasingly important player in Middle Eastern geopolitics. More than two decades of serious conflict in Turkey are proving to be a barrier to improved relations between Turkey and the EU. This book is the first study to address fully the legal and political dimensions of the conflict, and their impact on mechanisms for conflict resolution in the region, offering a scholarly exploration of a debate that is often politically and emotionally highly charged. Kerim Yildiz and Susan Breau look at the practical application of the law of armed conflicts to the ongoing situation in Turkey and Northern Iraq. The application of the law in this region also means addressing larger questions in international law, global politics and conflict resolution. Examples include belligerency in international law, whether the ‘war on terror’ has resulted in changes to the law of armed conflict and terrorism and conflict resolution. The Kurdish Conflict explores the practical possibilities of conflict resolution in the region, examining the political dynamics of the region, and suggesting where lessons can be drawn from other peace processes, such as in Northern Ireland. This book will be of great value to policy-makers, regional experts, and others interested in international humanitarian law and conflict resolution.

Soft money : private foundations of party politics

In the area of campaign financing in federal elections, one of the most controversial issues is that of soft money. Soft money refers to those funds raised by the national party organizations for use on various grassroots and party-building activities. but which are not subject to the restraints of federal campaign finance law. Critics contend that these party-building activitie, such as generic television advertising, voter registration and get-out-the vote drives, provide ancillary benefits to federal candidates and should, therefore, be subject to federal contribution and expenditure limits. Critics further argue that because these funds are not subject to federal law and do benefit federal candidates, the national parties raise monies in amounts and from sources, such as corporations and unions, that are prohibited under federal law. Efforts to gain a better understanding of soft money have been hampered by a lack of data, as the national parties were not required to disclose their soft money receipts and transactions until 1991. The purpose of this study is to analyze data recently made available in an attempt to add the import of empirical evidence to the debate over soft money. The nature, size and timing of soft money contributions are investigated and national party soft money disbursements are examined. The findings suggest that any attempts to reform the soft money system must first consider its compensatory benefits. Most prominently, this includes the extent to which soft money has promoted the resurgence of the national party organizations in the context of election politics.

Contratos relacionais na indústria aeronáutica brasileira : um estudo empírico do modelo de parcerias de risco da Embraer

O presente trabalho é um estudo empírico das práticas contratuais adotadas pela EMBRAER posteriormente ao seu processo de privatização em 1994, e do arranjo contratual empregado para viabilizar a realização dos projetos de aeronaves responsáveis pelo ressurgimento da empresa ao final da década 1990. Aspecto fundamental da engenharia contratual empreendida foi a formação das chamadas Parcerias de Risco entre a Embraer e um grupo selecionado de fornecedores-chave visando o co-desenvolvimento das aeronaves. A análise das informações obtidas na pesquisa aponta a importância epistemológica de se utilizar novos instrumentos de análise que permitam compreender melhor as práticas contratuais empregadas e seu papel no desenvolvimento. Assim, utilizamos a teoria relacional dos contratos como lente teórica para analisar o modelo de parcerias de risco e, por meio dela, investigar qual o papel exercido pelos elementos relacionais no sucesso dos programas ERJ 145 e EMBRAER 170/190. A hipótese central que norteia o trabalho é a de que, no inovador arranjo contratual que envolveu a Embraer, fornecedores estrangeiros e o BNDES, a relação contratual foi construída por meio de mecanismos promissórios e não-promissórios de projeção de trocas, e os padrões de normatividade estabelecidos entre as partes transcenderam o contrato escrito. A contribuição da teoria relacional dos contratos para a análise de tais práticas possui duplo caráter. A primeiro contribuição é eminentemente descritiva, ao fornecer um instrumental teórico mais abrangente e poderoso para compreender a real dinâmica das práticas contratuais em análise. A segunda contribuição, de natureza normativa, consiste em explicitar aspectos relacionais que compõem, juntamente com os elementos promissórios, uma certa normatividade interna ao contrato que informa a conduta dos agentes ao longo da relação. Nos programas ERJ 145 e EMBRAER 170/90, procuramos demonstrar como a formulação de um arranjo contratual mais relacional em substituição ao tradicional conjunto de relações contratuais de fornecimento descontínuas, foi fundamental para o sucesso dos projetos e até mesmo para a sua própria viabilização. Nesse sentido, a teoria relacional dos contratos fornece categorias de análise que não apenas oferecem um ferramental teórico mais adequado para descrever relações como a do caso em estudo, mas também fornece, por meio de uma descrição mais rica e abrangente, lições sobre como desenhar contratos. Isto é importante para demonstrar como a problemática das dimensões implícitas do contratos transcende o campo da teoria contratual e da justiça contratual e apresenta-se de grande relevância para a agenda de pesquisa em Direito e Desenvolvimento.

Oil price shocks and policy implications the emergence of U.S. tight oil production: a case study

How have shocks to supply and demand affected global oil prices; and what are key policy implications following the resurgence of oil production in the United States? Highlights: − The recent collapse in global oil prices was dominated by oversupply. − The future of tight oil in the United States is vulnerable to obstacles beyond oil prices. − Opinions on tight oil from the Top 25 think tank organizations are considered. Global oil prices have fallen more than fifty percent since mid-2014. While price corrections in the global oil markets resulted from multiple factors over the past twelve months, surging tight oil production from the United States was a key driver. Tight oil is considered an unconventional or transitional oil source due to its location in oil-bearing shale instead of conventional oil reservoirs. These qualities make tight oil production fundamentally different from regular crude, posing unique challenges. This case study examines these challenges and explores how shocks to supply and demand affect global oil prices while identifying important policy considerations. Analysis of existing evidence is supported by expert opinions from more than one hundred scholars from top-tier think tank organizations. Finally, implications for United States tight oil production as well as global ramifications of a new low price environment are explored.

A Hora e o Nevoeiro: discurso épico, vontade de potência e mal-estar da modernidade no poema Mensagem de Fernando Pessoa

Considering articles written for Fernando Pessoa in 1912 about The new Portuguese poetry , where he already proclaimed the appearance of the Super-Camões, poet that would be able to revolutionize Portuguese literature e, concomitantly, to make resurging from rubble the Portuguese nation; we understand that, decades before the writing of Message, the poet was already armed with a Will of Power , expression of Friedrich Nietzsche that incorporate the idea of resurgence to the man like creator of news values. Fernando Pessoa believed to make his poetical word, the epic, restoring word of the ideas of Messianism and Fifth Empire as the pushing force of the new Portuguese largeness. However, we look for to investigate the conditions of Malaise that surround the universe of the poem and that restrict its capacity of action on the reality in its return, a time that the space destined in modernity to the poet and to his poetry hindered him of a devoted and positive action, We select therefore theorist like Sigmund Freud e Walter Benjamin

Culicídeos vetores em uma unidade de conservação da caatinga na região do seridó no Rio Grande do Norte aspectos da transmissão de doenças

The scarcity of occurrence records of culicid species, transmitting insects of etiologic agents for arboviruses, protozoan diseases and philarioses, and lack of information about their interactions with the forest environment make the Caatinga one of the most unknown biomes in Brazil. The aim of this study was to identify culicid species in a conservation unit located in a preserved area of the Caatinga and the possible associations with local abiotic factors, as well as characterize the natural and artificial ecotopes present in the Caatinga of Rio Grande do Norte state. The Ecological Station of Serido (ESEC-Seridó) is a Caatinga Conservation Unit located in a rural area of Rio Grande do Norte. The hot and dry climate of the Caatinga, along with a short rainy season, favor the adaptation and resistance of plants, resulting in completely distinct landscapes over the course of the year. The study took place over the course of one year, with monthly collections between 10h-12h, 14h-16h and 18h-20h. Adult mosquitoes were collected in a forest area using a manual suction trap with human bait as attractant at the three times and a Shannon trap for night collections. During the rainy season ovitraps were randomly distributed at different sites. The different capture sites were observed and photographed. Immature and adult insects captured were taken to the laboratory for identification. Of the 5081 insects collected in human-bait and Shannon traps, 75% were Mansonia wilsoni. In addition, Aedeomyia, Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Culex, Haemagogus, Mansonia and Psorophora were identified. Of the 92 Haemagogus eggs found, 71 were collected on the banks of a reservoir. Mosquito larvae were found and photographed in an artificial breeding site of a neighboring rural area. Humidity had the greatest influence on culicid density in the Caatinga. Rain was important in the appearance of Haemagogus, Anopheles, Aedes and Psorophora. Temperature had a negative influence on Anopheles triannulatus. The occurence of important vector species of diseases in a little known preserved area of the Caatinga as well as environmental and sociocultural questions are factors that favor the emergence of transmitting insects, making these areas potential subject to the resurgence of diseases

Structure of shikimate kinase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals the binding of shikimic acid

Tuberculosis made a resurgence in the mid-1980s and now kills approximately 3 million people a year. The re-emergence of tuberculosis as a public health threat, the high susceptibility of HIV-infected persons and the proliferation of multi-drug-resistant strains have created a need to develop new drugs. Shikimate kinase and other enzymes in the shikimate pathway are attractive targets for development of non-toxic antimicrobial agents, herbicides and anti-parasitic drugs, because the pathway is essential in these species whereas it is absent from mammals. The crystal structure of shikimate kinase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtSK) complexed with MgADP and shikimic acid ( shikimate) has been determined at 2.3 Angstrom resolution, clearly revealing the amino-acid residues involved in shikimate binding. This is the first three-dimensional structure of shikimate kinase complexed with shikimate. In MtSK, the Glu61 residue that is strictly conserved in shikimate kinases forms a hydrogen bond and salt bridge with Arg58 and assists in positioning the guanidinium group of Arg58 for shikimate binding. The carboxyl group of shikimate interacts with Arg58, Gly81 and Arg136 and the hydroxyl groups interact with Asp34 and Gly80. The crystal structure of MtSK-MgADP-shikimate will provide crucial information for the elucidation of the mechanism of the shikimate kinase-catalyzed reaction and for the development of a new generation of drugs against tuberculosis.

Controle de oídio em seringueira e sua interferência na população do ácaro Calacarus heveae Feres

A cultura da seringueira, Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex. Adr. de Juss.) Müell. Arg., pode ser atacada pelo fungo Oidium heveae Steinm e pelo ácaro Calacarus heveae Feres, causadores de desfolha em seringais paulistas. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do fungicida sistêmico fenarimol no controle do fungo e a sua interferência na população de C. heveae. Comparou-se a sua aplicação em quatro momentos: 1- uma aplicação no reenfolhamento das plantas (agosto); 2- uma aplicação em janeiro; 3- duas aplicações, uma no reenfolhamento e uma em março; 4 - quatro aplicações durante o ciclo da cultura. Nas quatro situações, o fungicida reduziu os sintomas da doença, entretanto houve ressurgência dos ácaros. Considerando-se o manejo conjunto de O. heveae e C. heveae o melhor resultado foi obtido com duas aplicações do fungicida.

Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in the milk of naturally infected ewes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Latin America and the Caribbean in the World Economy 2010-2011: The region in the decade of the emerging economies

Incluye Bibliografía

Caracterização geofísica em aterro de resíduos sólidos para avaliação de condicionantes de instabilidade geotécnica

The disposal of solid waste can create environmental problems, in addition to the potential risk of instability even in planned geotechnical works, such as provisions in stacks or high ends of the landfill, because they represent mere adjustments in civil engineering works. The Leme city, SP, generates about 35 t/day of municipal waste, that are deposited in a landfill located in the Barro Preto neighborhood. This work conducted a geophysical survey, based on geotechnical instability evidence in area, for analysis of the conditioners that cause on the sides leachate resurgence landfill and its relationship to mass movements and ravines installation in cover soil, with consequent waste exposure. The results indicate horizons of low resistivity connected with resurgence points generated by the organic matter decomposition contained in the waste. Such horizons result in leachate concentration in some places, which, in turn, may lead to loss of cohesion of the materials constituting the residues mass. The results are areas with mass flow by rotational movements, which, together with the surface flow of rainwater, evolves into ravines and exposed residues, preferably at the resurgence point. The leachate flow on the surface affects areas beyond the limits at landfill with direct impact on local agriculture and risk to pedestrians using the highway bordered by the landfill beyond the soil and the local aquifer.

The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit L protein interacts with Flavivirus NS5 and may modulate yellow fever virus replication

Background: Yellow fever virus (YFV) belongs to the Flavivirus genus and causes an important disease. An alarming resurgence of viral circulation and the expansion of YFV-endemic zones have been detected in Africa and South America in recent years. NS5 is a viral protein that contains methyltransferase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains, which are essential for viral replication, and the interactions between NS5 and cellular proteins have been studied to better understand viral replication. The aim of this study was to characterize the interaction of the NS5 protein with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit L (eIF3L) and to evaluate the role of eIF3L in yellow fever replication. Methods. To identify interactions of YFV NS5 with cellular proteins, we performed a two-hybrid screen using the YFV NS5 RdRp domain as bait with a human cDNA library, and RNApol deletion mutants were generated and analyzed using the two-hybrid system for mapping the interactions. The RNApol region involved was segmented into three fragments and analyzed using an eIF3L-expressing yeast strain. To map the NS5 residues that are critical for the interactions, we performed site-direct mutagenesis in segment 3 of the interaction domain (ID) and confirmed the interaction using in vitro assays and in vivo coimmunoprecipitation. The significance of eIF3L for YFV replication was investigated using eIF3L overexpression and RNA interference. Results: In this work, we describe and characterize the interaction of NS5 with the translation factor eIF3L. The interaction between NS5 and eIF3L was confirmed using in vitro binding and in vivo coimmunoprecipitation assays. This interaction occurs at a region (the interaction domain of the RNApol domain) that is conserved in several flaviviruses and that is, therefore, likely to be relevant to the genus. eIF3L overexpression and plaque reduction assays showed a slight effect on YFV replication, indicating that the interaction of eIF3L with YFV NS5 may play a role in YFV replication. Conclusions: Although the precise function of eIF3L on interactions with viral proteins is not entirely understood, these results indicate an interaction of eIF3L with YF NS5 and that eIF3L overexpression facilitates translation, which has potential implications for virus replication. © 2013 Morais et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.