贵州岩溶地区土地石漠化形成的自然背景及其空间地域分异

贵州位于世界上连片分布面积最大的中国西南岩溶区的中心，近年来石漠化问题突出，且有不断恶化的趋势，给当地经济发展和人类生存带来了极大障碍。对石漠化的成因机理进行研究，是石漠化治理的前提和理论依据。但目前对石漠化的研究基本以定性分析为主，定量化和空间性明显不足。贵州地貌类型复杂多样，不同地区石漠化的程度和影响因素也不相同，如果不考虑区域之间的差异，对石漠化的治理也会产生误导。本文用地理信息系统（GIS）作为研究手段，以贵州岩溶区作为研究区域，将石漠化形成中的岩性、地貌类型、坡度、降水以及土壤等影响因素图作为要素层与石漠化图进行空间叠加分析，对影响石漠化的各种自然背景进行了深入分析；并较为系统地研究了石漠化各种影响因子的空间地域分异规律以及不同区域石漠化形成中的主导驱动因素，取得了以下几点认识：第一，岩溶地区土地石漠化与岩性存在明显的相关性，石漠化分布区域岩性主要以灰岩为主，灰岩地区石漠化程度比白云岩地区更严重。连续性灰岩是所有岩类中最易发生石漠化的，中、强度石漠化都比较严重；其次是连续性白云岩地区，这种规律也非常明显。可以说较纯的碳酸盐岩是石漠化发生的主要岩石基底。第二，从各种地貌类型与石漠化的关系来看，地形切割深度对石漠化的形成有很大影响。无论在哪种地貌类型分布区，深切割的地貌区比浅切割的地貌区更容易发生石漠化。相对高度越大，切割深度对石漠化的影响越明显。各种地貌类型的峰丛洼地组合区是石漠化发生率极高的地区。在不同级别的坡地分布区，大于25°的坡地对石漠化的影响最明显。大于25°的坡地区轻、中、强度石漠化的发生率都很高。小于18°的坡地区石漠化程度主要以轻度和中度为主。降水量对石漠化的影响以大于1200mm的降水量区最明显。在降水量大于1200mm的地区，降水量越大，石漠化越严重。降水量小于1100mm的地区石模化程度以轻度和中度为主。不同的土壤类型中，石质土和石灰土分布区是最容易发生石漠化的地区。两种土壤类型分布区轻、中、强度石漠化都是所有土壤类型中最高的；黄壤和粗骨土中石漠化程度以轻、中度石漠化为主；黄棕壤区则中、强度石漠化发生率在所有土壤类型中都居前列；山地草甸土分布区中度石漠化的发生率比较高。第三，通过对不同地貌类型区石漠化形成的主导因素分析可以得出，石漠化是在岩溶地区脆弱的生态地质环境基础上，受人类活动的强烈干扰而形成的。脆弱的环境地质背景，尤其是岩溶地区大面积广泛分布的连续性碳酸盐岩是石漠化形成的主要控制因素，决定了土层的厚度及土壤类型的分布：由地貌类型决定的重力势能和降水提供的水动力条件是石漠化形成的主要原动力，人类活动在其中起了加剧和扩大这种动力条件的作用。第四，从各区石漠化形成的主导因素来看，岩性和人类活动是影响石漠化最重要的因素。岩性中主要是连续性碳酸盐岩的影响，尤其是其中连续性灰岩的分布。一般连续性灰岩分布面积大，陡坡垦殖也比较严重的地区，石漠化的比例和程度都很高如省内的黔西南、黔南和大方、盘县区。若连续性灰岩分布很大，但人类影响较弱，则石漠化的程度相对较弱，但也比较严重，如威宁高原区；如果连续性灰岩分布比较小，即使人类活动强度较大，石漠化的程度一般也以轻度和中度为主，如黔北中山区。连续性白云岩比例高的地区，石漠化形成受岩性影响也很大，‘但程度以轻度和中度为主，如东部低山丘陵区和黔中区；在岩石类型以碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩互层为主的地区，石漠化的形成主要受人为因素影响，但一般无强度石漠化，如黔北区。第五，轻度石漠化受多种因素综合影响比较明显，而强度石漠化的影响因素一般都集中于少数几个因素。从石漠化影响因素的空间地域分异来看，省内第一梯级面上的威宁高原区和大方、盘县区是连续性灰岩比例最大的两区，各种程度石漠化基本都受岩性控制，人为因素的作用比较小；第二梯级面上的黔南区、黔西南区强度石漠化受人类活动和岩性共同作用明显，但以人类活动的影响更大；黔北区强度石漠化基本以人类活动影响为主。黔中区和第三梯级面的东部低山丘陵区连续性白云岩分布广，岩性对石漠化的影响也很大，但强度石漠化很少。

磷矿的形成与Rodinia超大陆裂解、生物爆发的关系-以贵州瓮安、开阳、织金磷矿床为例

贵州省分布有两期大型磷矿：震旦纪陡山沱期和早寒武纪梅树村时期。在这两期磷矿中分别发育有瓮安生物群和小壳动物梅树村生物群，这两个生物群代表了生命早期演化过程中的两次爆发事件。由此推测磷矿的形成可能与生物的爆发存在某种联系。另外，已有研究表明，磷矿层下伏的南沱冰碳岩和上覆的灯影帽碳酸盐的形成都与晚元古代末的Rodini。超大陆裂解相关，那么沉积于它们之间的磷矿也可能与Rodinia超大陆裂解相关联。研究磷矿形成、Rodinia超大陆裂解及生物爆发三者之间的关系对揭示磷矿的物质来源、成矿环境、构造条件、成因机制等有重要的理论意义；对解决全球范围晚元古代地层、几次生物爆发事件和．冰川事件的对比问题等有极其重要的理论和实际意义。本文以晚元古代陡山沱期（瓮安、开阳）和早寒武纪（织金）磷矿床为研究对象，借鉴岩相学、古生物学、元素地球化学、同位素地球化学、有机地球化学及Sm-Nd、Rb-Sr同位素定年等方法，讨论磷矿的形成与Rodini。超大陆裂解、生物爆发之间的关系。论文主要获得了以下几个方面的认识：研究了三个矿床的主要地质特征，表明寒武纪织金磷矿床的磷品位低于陡山沱期磷矿床。瓮安、织金磷矿床形成于氧化带环境，而开阳磷矿床形成于亚氧化带环境。确定了三个矿床的成矿时代。同位素年代学得出陡山沱组磷矿床形成年龄为583±19Ma（Sm-Nd法）、588±8.6Ma和582±7.7Ma（Rb-Sr法），寒武纪磷矿床的形成年龄为542±23Ma（Sm-Nd法）和541±12Ma（Rb-Sr法）。震旦纪陡山沱期和寒武纪梅树村期磷矿床的形成时代与华南地块从Rodinia超大陆中裂解漂移出来的时间（600Ma～550Ma、540Ma）相耦合，为Rodinia超大陆裂解事件与磷矿床的形成存在密切成因联系提供了年代学方面的证据。对三个磷矿床进行的大量地质地球化学研究表明：Rodinia超大陆裂解为磷矿的形成提供了热液源和慢源成矿物质，并造成了大规模的低温热液成矿作用。研究了发育于陡山沱组和寒武纪含磷地层中的瓮安生物群和梅树村小壳生物群爆发的原因，表明Rodini。超大陆裂解造成了两次生物大爆发。超大陆裂解引发地球化学异常，导致了生物的大发展。讨论了地层中生物与磷的关系。地质证据、伴生微量元素证据、磷灰石矿物地球化学证据及有机地球化学证据表明，生物有机质直接或间接地参与了成磷作用。其中生物直接参与成磷作用主要发生在成矿过程的磷质吸取阶段，同时也见于地球化学富集阶段还原型细菌活跃的成岩带中；有机质间接成磷作用主要发生在磷块岩成矿过程的地球化学富集阶段和物理富集阶段。总结了磷矿的形成与Rodinia超大陆裂解、生物爆发之间的关系，Rodinia超大陆裂解为磷矿的形成提供了热液源和慢源的成矿物质；同时引发了生物的大爆发，而生物大爆发则促进了成矿物质的超常聚集和大规模成矿。

贵州贞丰县水银洞金矿床成矿特征和金的超常富集机制研究

黔西南地区是我国最重要的卡林型金矿床集中区，在该区卡林型金矿床具有断裂型和层控型两大类。断裂型金矿床产于高角度压扭性断裂中，赋矿层位一般为中、下三叠统地层，容矿岩石主要是泥质粉砂岩和粉砂质泥岩。层控型金矿床主要产于上二叠统地层中，容矿岩石主要是不纯的生物碎屑灰岩，背斜控矿明显。由于目前断裂型金矿一研究程度高，而层控型金矿研究程度低．近年来在层控型金矿床中一些大型和特大型矿床以及富矿体和高拮位矿石的新发现，使层控型金矿床成为黔西南卡林型金矿床的重要和具有特征的类型。因此，作者选择了水银洞金矿床这个大型较富的一卜林型金矿床进行系统研究，对其成矿特征和金的超常富集机制获得以下认识：1．金矿床受构造与有利岩性组合的双重控制。金矿床位于灰家堡背斜核部，矿体产在粘土岩叶灰岩一粘土岩组合之灰岩中，以层状·似层状为主。一些低角度的断层控制了少量的断裂型金矿体。2．金矿床具有低温成矿特征，主成矿期流体包裹体的均一温度2约℃士，出现硅化、白云右化、黄铁矿化和粘土化等围岩蚀变，特征的Au-As-11g-Tl元素组合。矿石中Au主要不均匀分布在富砷环带中。纳米金可能是水银洞金矿床金的主要存在形式，并且快速沉淀在几个微米宽的细小黄铁矿中的砷黄铁矿环带和几一卜微米小的热液毒砂中。成矿条件的骤变和黄铁矿的吸附是重要因素。3．成矿流体具有低温低盐度和较高压力和富挥发份的特点，均一温度在220 ℃士，盐度在6士W七％NoCI、，压力为1．6士0．4Kbal＂s，在Vc，I4＋限川j』包裹体中Cll。含量高达63mole％、N：为18nlole％、C0；为19mole％。高压和富挥发份促使成矿流体从深部迁移至控矿背斜核部，并由于断层的作用挥发份的快速逃逸，压力骤降，促使流体快速卸载，一形成金的快速沉淀，形成微细浸染壮的原生金矿石：4．成矿物质主要来自深部。系卿勺岩矿地球化学研究和同位素示踪显示断，成矿一物质可能是燕山期构造岩浆活动形成的成矿流体（慢源铅）上升溶解地壳铅和混入地壳淋滤错大而形成的壳物质的混合；容矿地层均为正常沉积作用形成，． 没有发现具有特殊意义的沉积层（矿源层）；成矿特征元素Au、As、51。、Tl和伴生的其他热液活动元素来自热液的带入，没有证据显示出地层岩石中有大规模的成矿元素迁出。5．区域＿日也壳的活动性，长时期的热状态，有利于大范围内形成超压成矿流体。而地壳的伸展拉张促使了基底早己有的断裂再度复活，并与成矿期断裂一起切穿地壳，为深部超压成矿流体涌入成矿体系提供了必要的通道和热动力条件，使断裂系统就象抽水泵一样，汇聚成矿流体进入地壳上部成矿体系。由于本地区浅层构造的复杂性，导致成矿现象复杂多样，常形成而状矿化，大区域上呈“金三角”。不象羊国西部地区卡林型金矿产出区，金矿在区域上呈线形分布,众多超大型金矿被发现。

黔滇地区富（含）铊矿床的低温地球化学及其环境效应研究

铊是一种低温元素，可形成富铊矿床。主要呈独立矿物红铊矿、斜硫砷系铊矿、Imhofite等形式存在。在卡林型金矿中Aa-Tl关系密切。流体包裹体、稳定同位素稀土元素地球化学，成矿模拟实验研究表明：富铊矿床的成矿流体主要来自大气降水和地层中的热卤水，成矿物质主要来源于地层，部分可能来自深部。从而建立了富（含）铊矿床形成的三阶段成矿模式。铊的环境地球化学研究表明，富铊矿床的开发利用是导致环境铊污染和地方性锭中毒的原因。

农村留守儿童心理行为现状及其影响因素研究

To investigate the psychological and behavioral status and their influencing factors of children left behind in rural areas in China, 604 students were chosen from primary fifth grade, junior second grade and senior first grade in high schools in local villages and towns of Chongqing and Guizhou to complete some investegations. The results showed that children left behind actually had some internalizing problems including depression, state-trait anxiety, social anxiety, low self-esteem and some social problems in campus; however, they had no delinquency or aggression behaviors. Low parents’ educational level, low life standards, no-good parent-child relationship, the long years parent spent outside, the long time parent spent outside every year, the young age of child when his parent left him, the low contact frequency between parent and child when parent went out for work, all can be the influencing factors made child behave some psychological or behavioral problems. Children left behind need some appropriate psychological intervention, to improve parent-child relationship, to help release internalizing problems and amend interpersonal relationship at school. Several advices may be useful to improve psychological and behavioral problems of children left behind, which are for parents who work outside home not to work long to 10 years, or stay out for work more than 10 months per year, or left child to work when he is younger than two years old, or contact child more than one month after the last contact when work outside home, and you’d better contact child once a day. All of these could be helpful for children left behind to overcome some psychological or behavioral problems.

Perfiles de mercado de las 22 provincias de China

El presente trabajo investigativo constituye una herramienta de consulta para las personas y organizaciones interesadas en conocer el panorama actual de la situación comercial entre China y Colombia en busca de toma de decisiones acertadas en materia de negocios entre ambas naciones. En él se analizan en detalle cada una de las veintidós provincias de la República Popular China; en cuanto a panorama general; logística aérea, terrestre y marítima; partidas arancelarias y Top 10 de los productos importados por cada una de ellas desde Colombia. Este trabajo está enfocado en el estudio del comercio desde Colombia hacia China, actualizado al año 2012 y busca enseñar los productos líderes de importación, al igual que aquellos productos potenciales; de acuerdo a la información de su valor en dólares, su porcentaje de participación en el total importado y su comportamiento histórico en los últimos tres años. Así mismo se analizan los principales países proveedores de cada provincia y las diferentes partidas arancelarias a profundidad. Finalmente, se espera que el presente trabajo abra las puertas a un nuevo panorama acerca de oportunidades de negocio y alternativas comerciales a productos colombianos en China.

Seasonal variation and sources of low molecular weight organic acids in precipitation in the rural area of Anshun

Low mol. wt. (LMW) org. acids are important and ubiquitous chem. constituents in the atm. A comprehensive study of the chem. compn. of pptn. was carried out from June 2007 to June 2008 at a rural site in Anshun, in the west of Guizhou Province, China. During this period, 118 rainwater samples were collected and the main LMW carboxylic acids were detd. using ion chromatog. The av. pH of rainwater was 4.89 which is a typical acidic value. The most abundant carboxylic acids were formic acid (vol. wt. mean concn.: 8.77 μmol L-1) and acetic acid (6.90 μmol L-1), followed by oxalic acid (2.05 μmol L-1). The seasonal variation of concns. and wet deposition fluxes of org. acids indicated that direct vegetation emissions were the main sources of the org. acids. Highest concns. were obsd. in winter and were ascribed to the low winter rainfall and the contribution of other air pollution sources northeast of the study area. The ratio of formic and acetic acids in the pptn. ([F/A]T) was proposed as an indicator of pollution source. This suggested that the pollution resulted from direct emissions from natural or anthropogenic sources. Comparison with acid pptn. in other urban and rural areas in Guizhou showed that there was a decreasing contribution of LMW org. acids to free acidity and all anions in rainwater from urban to remote rural areas. Consequently, it is necessary to control emissions of org. acids to reduce the frequency of acid rain, esp. in rural and remote areas. [on SciFinder(R)]

The distributions, C- and O-isotopic compositions, and frequency of giant-ooids

Early Triassic oceans were characterized by deposition of a number of "anachronistic facies", including microbialites, seafloor carbonate cement fans, and giant ooids. Giant ooids were particularly prevalent in Lower Triassic sections across South China and exhibit unusual features that may provide insights into marine environmental conditions following the end-Permian mass extinction. The section at Moyang (Guizhou Province) contains abundant giant ooids ranging in size between 2 and 6 mm (maximum 12 mm) and exhibiting various cortical structures, including regular, deformed, compound, regenerated and "domed". Preservation of ooid cortical structure is generally good as indicated by petrographic observations, and trace element and carbon isotope analyses suggest that diagenesis occurred in a closed diagenetic system. All ooids exhibit fine concentric laminae, frequently alternating between light-colored coarsely crystalline and dark-colored finely crystalline layers probably reflecting variation in organic content or original mineralogy. Under scanning electron microscope, biomineralized filaments or biofilms and tiny carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) crystals are commonly found in the finely crystalline layers. We infer that the precipitation of CFA was related to adsorption of P via microbial activity on the surfaces of ooids following episodic incursions of deep waters rich in carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and phosphate into shallow-marine environments. Giant ooid precipitation may have been promoted in shallow ramp settings during these events by increased watermass agitation and supersaturation with respect to calcium carbonate, as well as reduced carbonate removal rates through biotic skeletal formation. Spatio-temporal distribution data reveal that giant ooids were widespread in the Tethyan region during the Early Triassic, and that they were most abundant immediately after the end-Permian crisis and disappeared gradually as metazoans repopulated marine environments.

An integrated biostratigraphy (conodonts and foraminifers) and chronostratigraphy (paleomagnetic reversals, magnetic susceptibility, elemental chemistry, carbon isotopes and geochronology) for the Permian-Triassic strata of Guandao section

The chronostratigraphy of Guandao section has served as the foundation for numerous studies of the end-Permian extinction and biotic recovery in south China. Guandao section is continuous from the Permian-Triassic boundary to the Upper Triassic.Conodonts enable broad delineation of stage and substage boundaries and calibration of foraminifer biostratigraphy as follows. Changhsingian- Griesbachian: first Hindeodus parvus, and first appearance of foraminifers Postcladella kalhori and Earlandia sp. Griesbachian-Dienerian: first Neospathodus dieneri, and last appearance of foraminifer P. grandis. Dienerian-Smithian: first Novispathodus waageni and late Dienerian first appearance of foraminifer Hoyenella ex gr. sinensis. Smithian-Spathian: first Nv? crassatus and last appearance of foraminifers Arenovidalina n. sp. and Glomospirella cf. vulgaris. Spathian-Aegean: first Chiosella timorensis and first appearance of foraminifer Meandrospira dinarica. Aegean-Bithynian: first Nicoraella germanica and first appearance of foraminifer Pilammina densa. Bithynian-Pelsonian: after last Neogondolella regalis, prior to first Paragondolella bulgarica and first appearance of foraminifer Aulotortus eotriasicus. Pelsonian-Illyrian: first Pg. excelsa and last appearance of foraminifers Meandrospira ? deformata and Pilamminella grandis. Illyrian-Fassanian: first Budurovignathus truempyi, and first appearance of foraminifers Abriolina mediterranea and Paleolituonella meridionalis. Fassanian-Longobardian: first Bv. mungoensis and last appearance of foraminifer A. mediterranea. Longobardian-Cordevolian: first Quadralella polygnathiformis and last appearance of foraminifers Turriglomina mesotriasica and Endotriadella wirzi. The section contains primary magnetic signature with frequent reversals occurring around the Permian-Triassic, Olenekian-Anisian, and Anisian-Ladinian boundaries. Predominantly normal polarity occurs in the lower Smithian, Bithynian, and Longobardian-Cordevolian. Predominantly reversed polarity occurs in the upper Griesbachian, Induan-Olenekian, Pelsonian and lower Illyrian. Reversals match well with the GPTS. Large amplitude carbon isotope excursions, attaining values as low as -2.9 per mil d13C and high as +5.7 per mil d13C, characterize the Lower Triassic and basal Anisian. Values stabilize around +2 per mil d13C through the Anisian to Carnian. Similar signatures have been reported globally. Magnetic susceptibility and synthetic gamma ray logs show large fluctuations in the Lower Triassic and an overall decline in magnitude of fluctuation through the Middle and Upper Triassic. The largest spikes in magnetic susceptibility and gamma ray, indicating greater terrestrial lithogenic flux, correspond to positive d13C excursions. Several volcanic ash horizons occur in the Lower Triassic and Olenekian-Anisian boundary. High resolution U-Pb analysis of zircons provide a robust age of 247.2 Ma for the Olenekian-Anisian boundary.

Health impacts of domestic coal use in China

Domestic coal combustion has had profound adverse effects on the health of millions of people worldwide. In China alone several hundred million people commonly burn raw coal in unvented stoves that permeate their homes with high levels of toxic metals and organic compounds. At least 3,000 people in Guizhou Province in southwest China are suffering from severe arsenic poisoning. The primary source of the arsenic appears to be consumption of chili peppers dried over fires fueled with high-arsenic coal. Coal samples in the region were found to contain up to 35,000 ppm arsenic. Chili peppers dried over high-arsenic coal fires adsorb 500 ppm arsenic on average. More than 10 million people in Guizhou Province and surrounding areas suffer from dental and skeletal fluorosis. The excess fluorine is caused by eating corn dried over burning briquettes made from high-fluorine coals and high-fluorine clay binders. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formed during coal combustion are believed to cause or contribute to the high incidence of esophageal and lung cancers in parts of China. Domestic coal combustion also has caused selenium poisoning and possibly mercury poisoning. Better knowledge of coal quality parameters may help to reduce some of these health problems. For example, information on concentrations and distributions of potentially toxic elements in coal may help delineate areas of a coal deposit to be avoided. Information on the modes of occurrence of these elements and the textural relations of the minerals and macerals in coal may help predict the behavior of the potentially toxic components during coal combustion.

Detrital zircon geochronology data, petrographic point count data and paleocurrent indicator data of Triassic turbidites in the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China

Triassic turbidites of the Nanpanjiang basin of south China represent the most expansive and voluminous siliciclastic turbidite accumulation in south China. The Nanpanjiang basin occurs at a critical junction between the southern margin of the south China plate and the Indochina, Siamo and Sibumasu plates to the south and southwest. The Triassic Yangtze carbonate shelf and isolated carbonated platforms in the basin have been extensively studied, but silicilastic turbidites in the basin have received relatively little attention. Deciphering the facies, paleocurrent indicators and provenance of the Triassic turbidites is important for several reasons: it promises to help resolve the timing of plate collisions along suture zones bordering the basin to the south and southwest, it will enable evaluation of which suture zones and Precambrian massifs were source areas, and it will allow an evaluation of the impact of the siliciclastic flux on carbonate platform evolution within the basin. Turbidites in the basin include the Early Triassic Shipao Formation and the Middle-Late Triassic Baifeng, Xinyuan, Lanmu Bianyang and Laishike formations. Each ranges upward of 700 m and the thickest is nearly 3 km. The turbidites contain very-fine sand in the northern part of the basin whereas the central and southern parts of the basin also commonly contain fine and rarely medium sand size. Coarser sand sizes occur where paleocurrents are from the south, and in this area some turbidites exhibit complete bouma sequences with graded A divisions. Successions contain numerous alternations between mud-rich and sand-rich intervals with thickness trends corresponding to proximal/ distal fan components. Spectacularly preserved sedimentary structures enable robust evaluation of turbidite systems and paleocurrent analyses. Analysis of paleocurrent measurements indicates two major directions of sediment fill. The northern part of the basin was sourced primarily by the Jiangnan massif in the northeast, and the central and southern parts of the basin were sourced primarily from suture zones and the Yunkai massif to the south and southeast respectively. Sandstones of the Lower Triassic Shipao Fm. have volcaniclastic composition including embayed quartz and glass shards. Middle Triassic sandstones are moderately mature, matrix-rich, lithic wackes. The average QFL ratio from all point count samples is 54.1/18.1/27.8% and the QmFLt ratio is 37.8/ 18.1/ 44.1%. Lithic fragments are dominantly claystone and siltstone clasts and metasedimentary clasts such as quartz mica tectonite. Volcanic lithics are rare. Most samples fall in the recycled orogen field of QmFLt plots, indicating a relatively quartz and lithic rich composition consistent with derivation from Precambrian massifs such as the Jiangnan, and Yunkai. A few samples from the southwest part of the basin fall into the dissected arc field, indicating a somewhat more lithic and feldspar-rich composition consistent with derivation from a suture zone Analysis of detrial zircon populations from 17 samples collected across the basin indicate: (1) Several samples contain zircons with concordant ages greater than 3000 Ma, (2) there are widespread peaks across the basin at 1800 Ma and 2500, (3) a widespread 900 Ma population, (3) a widespread population of zircons at 440 Ma, and (5) a larger population of younger zircons about 250 Ma in the southwestern part which is replaced to the north and northwest by a somewhat older population around 260-290 Ma. The 900 Ma provenance fits derivation from the Jiangnan Massif, the 2500, 1800, and 440 Ma provenance fits the Yunkai massif, and the 250 Ma is consistent with convergence and arc development in suture zones bordering the basin on the south or southwest. Early siliciclastic turbidite flux, proximal to source areas impacted carbonate platform evolution by infilling the basin, reducing accommodation space, stabilizing carbonate platform margins and promoting margin progradation. Late arrival, in areas far from source areas caused margin aggradation over a starved basin, development of high relief aggradational escarpments and unstable scalloped margins.

First Triassic tetrapod (Sauropterygia, Nothosauridae) from Castilla y León: evidence of an unknown taxon for the Spanish record

Several vertebrae of a sauropterygian specimen have been recovered in Fuencaliente de Medinaceli (Soria Province, Castilla y León, Spain). The remains come from Middle–Upper Triassic Muschelkalk Facies. This finding represents the first documented evidence of a Triassic tetrapod in Castilla y León. The vertebrae belong to Nothosaurus, a sauropterygian genus found in Europe, Middle East, North of Africa and China. This genus is poorly-known in the Iberian record. The new remains constitute the first evidence of the species Nothosaurus giganteus, or a related taxon, in the Iberian Peninsula. This study reveals the occurrence of at least two species of the sauropterygian Nothosaurus in the Spanish record.