980 resultados para Especies de arañas de interés médico-sanitario
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La infección vírica causada por el virus gripal o influenza representa una importante carga de enfermedad a nivel mundial y es responsable de una elevada morbilidad y mortalidad especialmente en ciertos grupos de riesgo. La vacunación constituye un elemento fundamental y es la principal medida preventiva para hacer frente a la gripe y sus complicaciones. El personal sanitario puede actuar como agente transmisor de la infección nosocomial, por este motivo se encuentra incluido en los grupos de riesgo en los que la vacunación frente a la gripe está indicada anualmente siempre y cuando no presente contraindicaciones. Dada su relevancia, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, en las principales bases de datos electrónicas, para conocer la cobertura de vacunación antigripal (estacional y pandémica) del personal sanitario de España así como analizar las estrategias adoptadas con el fin de aumentar la cobertura de vacunación. La cobertura de vacunación de los profesionales sanitarios de España es baja, siendo menor para la gripe A (H1N1) que para la gripe estacional. Entre el colectivo de profesionales, los médicos tienen mayor cobertura seguido del personal de enfermería. El principal motivo para vacunarse es la autoprotección así como evitar el contagio de sus pacientes, y para no vacunarse dudar sobre la seguridad de la vacuna. La falta de información acerca de estrategias para aumentar la cobertura antigripal y la baja cobertura de este colectivo hacen necesario el desarrollo de más estudios para poder determinar el diseño e intervenciones de las campañas de vacunación antigripal.
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El objetivo principal de este proyecto es la detección automática de objetos de interés en imágenes aéreas de zonas urbanas mediante el uso de descriptores característicos. Los descriptores considerados para esta tarea han sido los histogramas color y los descriptores LBP (Local Binary Pattern), así como la concatenación de ambos dando lugar a descriptores híbridos
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ENGLISH: The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission operates under the authority of a Convention, originally negotiated between the Governments of the Republic of Costa Rica and the United States of America, which entered into force in 1950. The Republic of Panama adhered to the Convention in 1953. The Convention is open to adherence of other nations having an interest in the tuna and tuna-bait resources of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean. SPANISH: La Comisión Interamericana del Atún Tropical funciona bajo la autoridad de una Convención que originalmente fue negociada entre los Gobiernos de la Republica de Costa Rica y de los Estados Unidos de America y entro en vigencia en 1950; la Republica de Panamá se adhirió a la Convención en 1953. Esta Convención esta abierta para otras naciones que tengan interés en los recursos de atún y de las especies de carnada en el Océano Pacifico Oriental Tropical (PDF contains 183 pages.)
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Este trabalho parte da constatação da crise da racionalidade moderna e, mais especificamente, da crise da saúde como um todo e, particularmente, nos serviços públicos. Encontramos um panorama onde os valores predominantes são o individualismo, o consumismo, a busca de poder sobre o outro e do prazer imediato a qualquer preço; onde percebemos mudanças bruscas de valores sócio-culturais, que norteavam as pessoas. Diante deste quadro, foi constatado na população um sentimento de desânimo, de ausência de cuidados, de insegurança e incerteza. O indivíduo que encontrava apoio numa rede de solidariedade composta pela família, pelos amigos; calcada em valores culturais mais estáveis ve-se isolado. Esta situação vivida, principalmente, nos grandes centros urbanos acarreta uma série de transtornos biopsíquicos, que não são resolvidos pelo sistema de saúde. Ao que tudo indica, essa crise generalizada faz com que a população se volte para formas alternativas de solucionar seus problemas de saúde; buscando, sobretudo, alguém que esteja interessado em ouvir suas queixas, que esteja preocupado em cuidar de seu sofrimento, de tratar sua dor. A partir dessa constatação, a autora realizou a análise qualitativa de entrevistas semi-estruturadas de médicos homeopatas e pacientes da homeopatia de três unidades públicas de saúde: um centro municipal de saúde, um hospital estadual e uma instituição filantrópica. Além disso, realizou algumas observações de condutas. Este material foi extraído do projeto Racionalidades Médicas, coordenado pela professora Madel T. Luz, do qual a autora participou, desde 1995 - na elaboração e execução das referidas entrevistas. No presente trabalho, a autora enfoca a peculiaridade da relação médico-paciente da homeopatia, percebida como situação privilegiada, que sintetiza algumas características da racionalidade médica homeopática. Nessa relação o médico se mostra atencioso e interessado. Ele adota esta postura pelas necessidades da própria racionalidade, para que diagnose e terapêutica ocorram. Esta forma de atendimento mais humanizada é um dos principais motivos de satisfação com o tratamento homeopático. No tocante as categorias saúde, doença, adoecimento, corpo - indivíduo, tratamento e cura, constata-se uma progressiva convergência das representações sociais dos pacientes e das concepções dos homeopatas acerca destas categorias. Apesar de se observar uma prévia identificação da clientela com estas categorias, é percebido um processo gradual, que vai estreitando essa identificação, e que se dá ao longo do tratamento. Três fatores concorrem neste sentido: as características da clientela, quanto ao tipo de afecção (que se desenvolve ao longo do tempo); os resultados terapêuticos (que acarretam mudanças em vários aspectos - físicos, emocionais) e a relação médico-paciente (através da qual o paciente redimensiona aspectos relativos ao seu processo de adoecimento e de recuperação da saúde). Esta interlocução homeopata-cliente também adquire um caráter pedagógico, a partir do qual ocorre urna re-interpretação, uma decodificação do discurso do médico, de acordo com o universo cultural dos pacientes. Por fim, observa-se que os pacientes da homeopatia readquirem a esperança de cura, através das características de seu tratamento individualizado. E mais, readquirem um tempo de vida, em que os aspectos subjetivos de sua vida são levados em conta; isto poderia ser chamado de re-subjetivação, por oposição a objetivação que ocorre com os pacientes da Biomedicina.
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Esta dissertação discute a relação entre a medicina, a psiquiatria, a psicologia, o poder punitivo e o Direito Penal, bem como a influência que o discurso de uma produziu no outro, e vice versa. Defende a idéia de que a medicina é um espetáculo de poder que, acasalado com o poder punitivo, e interagindo com, e sobre, o indivíduo, invade e se apropria do seu corpo para, usando-o como instrumento de dominação política, discipliná-lo de acordo com a conveniência, sobretudo, da higiene e, naquela sua relação espúria com o poder punitivo, diferenciá-lo e controlá-lo social e penalmente. Sustenta, ainda, que, malgrado o acasalamento não tenha sido intencional, o Estado via na medicina o instrumento para reforçar o seu poder, enquanto essa via naquele o apoio para o seu espraiamento, embora Medicina e Estado tenham convergido, mas também divergido, por vezes tática e estrategicamente, porquanto nem sempre os dois poderes reconheceram o valor da aliança que haviam estabelecido. Então, defende a tese de que o Estado acatou a medicalização das suas ações políticas e admitiu o valor político das ações da medicina, e com vantagens para ambos que, dividindo o poder, conquistaram. É que, a medicina, mais rápida e mais adequada aos problemas salutares apresentados, ajudava-o a se imiscuir no corpo para a permanência parasitária daquela. E, para manter seu direito ao discurso, sustenta que a medicina reinventou constantemente uma necessidade para, diante dela, apresentar-se como única solução, tendo conseguido isso mediante a apresentação de uma retórica dominial eloquente, mas, sobretudo, tecnificada, é dizer, inacessível ao dominado. Com isso, a disciplina, o controle e a repressão do indivíduo, penal e medicamente, estavam prontas, pois, Direito e Medicina, aquele com a lei, esta com o remédio, juntos, dominaram e dominam os destinos do indivíduo, e da coletividade. Demonstrou, ainda, que os higienistas nunca se desocuparam de suas funções. E, por fim, que os princípios penais devem, independente da qualificação que se os dê, sempre refrear o poder punitivo.
O ensino-aprendizagem da relação médico-paciente no terceiro ano médico : o relato de uma observação
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Este trabalho pretende discutir o ensino-aprendizagem da relação médico-paciente no momento em que esta é apresentada ao estudante de Medicina, no terceiro ano do curso, evidenciando o pensamento e a ação desses estudantes. Pretendeu-se abordar, a partir daí, alguns aspectos educacionais e comportamentais do encontro do estudante com o paciente, utilizando como metodologia de trabalho a observação participante nas aulas das disciplinas de Psicologia Médica e Propedêutica Médica (ou Semiologia), da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM) da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), durante o primeiro semestre de 2000. Procedeu-se também a aplicação, análise e discussão de um questionário que, com questões fechadas e abertas, foi respondido por 100% dos estudantes do terceiro ano médico, a partir do que pensavam sobre sua relação com o paciente, com o professor e com o aprendizado da Semiologia.
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La coexistencia de las especies R. philippinarum y R. decussatus en la costa atlántica, empleando los mismos recursos y con tasas de crecimiento diferenciadas, parece indicio de estrategias fisiológicas diferentes. Dichas estrategias pueden identificarse mediante la cuantificación de parámetros fisiológicos que intervienen en el crecimiento, el cual es resultante del balance energético. En el presente estudio, se ha hecho una aproximación a ello, eligiendo como parámetros a analizar, la tasa de aclaramiento (componente de ganancia energética) y la tasa metabólica (componente de pérdida energética). El crecimiento diferencial viene determinado por diferentes combinaciones de comportamientos fisiológicos, recogidos en modelos fisiológicos de crecimiento (modelo de adquisición de energía, de limitación de costes basales y de eficiencia metabólica). Con el objetivo de realizar una comparación inter-específica entre ambas especies, se ha estudiado además la relación alométrica de estos parámetros con el tamaño, ya que la distribución de tamaños es una característica de la población y constituye la base sobre la que se construyen curvas de crecimiento. De acuerdo a informes emitidos por la FAO, R. philippinarum presenta mayores tasas de crecimiento por lo que cabría esperar mayor tasa de aclaramiento y menor tasa metabólica en esta especie. Sin embargo los resultados no se corresponden con ello, siendo la tasa de aclaramiento mayor para R. decussatus y no encontrándose diferencias en la tasa metabólica. Las relaciones alométricas tampoco difieren entre especies. No se puede asociar la mayor tasa de crecimiento de R. philippinarum a ninguno de los modelos de crecimiento, ya que las diferencias inter-específicas en los parámetros estudiados son nulas o contrarias a lo esperado. La falta de disponibilidad de semillas de la especie R. decussatus para este estudio limita en parte estas conclusiones, ya que los patrones de crecimiento diferencial pueden diferir profundamente entre estadíos juvenil y adulto. Alternativamente las anomalías comentadas podrían explicarse por la presencia de híbridos de ambas especies entre los ejemplares estudiados y donde la heterosis del crecimiento podría disipar las diferencias entre especies.
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CASTELLANO. La introducción de especies exóticas invasoras es una de las causas más importantes de pérdida de biodiversidad. Baccharis halimifolia es una de las 20 especies exóticas invasoras mas perjudiciales en España e invade gran parte de la marisma de Urdaibai. En dicha marisma se aplicaron tratamientos de control mediante la corta y aplicación de herbicida (glifosato) tras los cuales se observó un variable porcentaje de rebrote en función de la salinidad edáfica. Se realizó un experimento en el que las plantas recolectadas en las parcelas tratadas fueron sometidas en el invernadero a un tratamiento de salinidad y a otro de glifosato con el fin de estudiar la interacción entre ambos tratamientos en individuos originados por germinación y por rebrote y las posibles diferencias entre sexos. Se estudiaron los parámetros de biomasa y acumulación de iones sodio. No se han observado diferencias significativas entre los sexos para ninguno de los parámetros. Sin embargo, los rebrotes acumulan más Na+ que los individuos procedentes de germinación y su biomasa disminuye significativamente tras la aplicación de glifosato, únicamente en medio no salino. Nuestros resultados sugieren que los rebrotes de B. halimifolia reaccionan en mayor medida a la salinidad y al glifosato, lo que proporciona información de interés para la gestión.
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Duración (en horas): Más de 50 horas Destinatario: Estudiante y Docente
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Esta tese analisa o ensino médico brasileiro, nos 200 anos de existência, identificando os marcos e o contexto político, econômico, social e mundial. A metodologia escolhida foi a grounded teory (teoria fundamentada). A análise dos dados foi feita sob a luz do referencial teórico. Do levantamento quantitativo e qualitativo das escolas médicas brasileiras destacam-se distintos momentos de expansão das escolas médicas no Brasil. Registram-se, também, a evolução da criação das escolas médicas, a distribuição regional e os processos de avaliação governamental (Provão/SINAES) e da sociedade (CINAEM). Discute o papel indutor dos mecanismos de incentivos conduzidos pelo Estado, na interface da saúde e da educação. Foi detalhada a distribuição atual das 167 escolas médicas, que ofertaram 16.228 vagas no processo vestibular de 2007.
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[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.
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The present paper is concerned with studies on the larval development of two species of crustacean Decapoda: Pachyceles haigae Rodrigues Da Costa, 1960 family Porcellanidae and Chasmagnathus granulata Dana, 1851, family Grapsidae. One preazoea, two zoeae with a total of five sub-stages, a and b, and the second zoea had sub-stages a, b and c. The greatest changes are observed in the transition from the first to the second zoea and from this to the megalopa. During the sub-stages, there occured minor changes, and a net moulting of the cuticle is not observed. The differences in these sub-stages are marked by changes in the number and shape of the appendages.
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The description of the embryonic and early larval stages of three species of marine fishes: the anhovy, Anchoa marinii, the menhaden Brevoortia aurea and the gurnard, Prionotus nudigula is given. The time required from the fertilization to the hatching for each species was calculated. The eggs of these three species are found in the plankton collected in the zone situated in the vicinity of Mar del Plata. The eggs are only found in the plancton which was close to the shore. The anchoa marinii eggs are found in the sea from the middle of December at a water temperature of approximately 16,0°C to the end of April. Their greatest concentration takes place in January at 20,0-21,0°C. The eggs of Brevoortia aurea are found in the plakton from the beginning of October at a water temperature of approximately 10,0°C to the middle of December. Their greatest concentration takes place in November at 13,0-15,0°C. Only once were the menhaden's eggs can be found in the sea from the middle of November at the water temperature of aproximately 13,0° to the end of April. Their greatest concentration takes place in January and February at 20,0-21,0°C.
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O presente estudo sobre a responsabilidade civil do médico busca dissociar as noções de erro e culpa no exercício da medicina, promovendo a valorização da culpa como requisito para a verificação do dever de indenizar do médico, no paradigma das profissões liberais. Analisar-se-ão, primeiramente, as categorias tradicionais da responsabilidade civil do médico (tais como responsabilidade subjetiva, responsabilidade contratual e aquiliana, obrigações de meio e de resultado etc.), bem como os instrumentos de direito do consumidor que têm sido aplicados à disciplina jurídica da atividade médica. Em seguida, serão abordados os riscos envolvidos na prática da medicina, bem como alguns instrumentos de tutela da dignidade do paciente, para que se possa afirmar a necessidade de uma análise procedimental da conduta médica, baseada no conceito de culpa normativa, no que concerne à responsabilidade desse profissional. Finalmente, indicar-se-ão alguns parâmetros para essa análise, baseada, sobretudo, no cumprimento de standards de conduta adequados ao estágio atual do desenvolvimento científico, bem como na construção de uma relação dialética entre médico e paciente, baseada na confiança. Ao final, buscar-se-á identificar se o erro médico pode ser considerado (e em que medida pode ser considerado) legítimo, não ensejando reparação civil.