Cancer knowledge and skills of interns in Australia and New Zealand in 2001: comparison with 1990, and between course types

Objective: To compare the cancer knowledge and skills of interns in 2001 who graduated from graduate medical program (GMP) courses with those from non-GMP courses, and to compare the cancer knowledge and skills of interns in 2001 with those who completed a similar survey in 1990. Design: Questionnaire survey of recently graduated interns in a random sample of Australian and New Zealand hospitals. The questionnaire was designed to allow direct comparison with the 1990 survey, and was guided by the Australian Cancer Society's Ideal Oncology Curriculum for Medical Schools. Results: 443 interns completed the survey (response rate, 62%; 42 were excluded, leaving 401 surveys for analysis: 118 from GMP courses and 283 from non-GMP courses). Interns from GMP courses felt more competent than those from non-GMP courses at discussing death (P= 0.02), breaking bad news (P= 0.04) and advising on smoking cessation (P= 0.02), but less competent at preparing a patient for a hazardous procedure (P= 0.02). Mote GMP interns would refer a breast cancer patient to a multidisciplinary clinic (83% versus 70%; P= 0.03). Knowledge about cancer risks and prognosis was significantly less in GMP interns, but GMP interns rated their clinical skills, such as taking a Pap smear, higher than non-GMP interns. The GMP and non-GMP groups did not differ in their exposure to cancer patients, but compared with 1990 interns recent graduates had less exposure to patients with cancer. Conclusions: GMP curricula appear to have successfully introduced new course material and new methods of teaching, but have not always succeeded in producing doctors with better knowledge about cancer. Recent graduates have less exposure to cancer patients than those who trained 10 years ago.

Programa de formação pós-graduada em fisioterapia respiratória

RESUMO: A fisioterapia caminha inevitavelmente para a especialização em determinadas áreas de intervenção (WCPT, 2007), nomeadamente na da fisioterapia respiratória. Este facto ocorre, por um lado, por se tratar de uma área de intervenção da fisioterapia com um papel específico e de carácter especializado e, por outro lado, devido à enorme procura deste tipo de serviços, causada também pelo aumento da prevalência de doenças respiratórias crónicas, que se tem vindo a verificar e que se prevê que se continue a verificar (OMS, 2005), e ainda à enorme transversalidade deste tipo de intervenção. A formação pós-graduada em fisioterapia respiratória, com o objectivo de fornecer aos formandos competências teórico-práticas que os apetreche para uma prática baseada na evidência, parece ser fundamental, mas a formação de adultos acarreta um compromisso com os princípios da aprendizagem específicos desta população. Os modelos de formação nesta área específica deverão incluir metodologias e conteúdos que cumpram objectivos reais, baseados não totalmente em curricula pré-estabelecidos, mas nas necessidades e expectativas de quem vive esta realidade, para além de se sustentarem nos referenciais teóricos. Assim, este estudo pretende avaliar a eficácia de um programa de formação pósgraduada em fisioterapia respiratória, baseado nas necessidades e expectativas dos sujeitos que estão envolvidos neste processo, e sustentado nos referenciais teóricos que se conhecem sob a forma de “standards”, “guidelines” ou recomendações. Os nossos objectivos específicos foram: a) Aferir quais as características que são importantes para garantir a eficácia de metodologia de um programa de formação pós-graduada na área da fisioterapia respiratória, ou seja, a “dinâmica” do processo. b) Aferir quais os conteúdos base que deverão fazer parte dessa formação e, c) Aferir se há vantagens distintas para formandos que já detenham experiência clínica e para recém-licenciados, e que frequentem o referido curso, ou seja, aferir o público-alvo. O desenho metodológico considerado para atingir os objectivos a que se propõe este estudo teve como base uma abordagem essencialmente qualitativa, mas recorreu a preciosas ferramentas quantitativas. Trata-se assim de uma abordagem de carácter misto. A nossa amostra, de conveniência, foi constituída pelos 22 formandos que se matricularam no único curso de pós-graduação em fisioterapia respiratória, que neste momento existe no nosso país. A recolha de dados obedeceu a uma estratégia comum nas abordagens qualitativas e que incluiu a “triangulação” de várias fontes e de vários métodos de recolha, a fim de permitir articular diferentes pontos de vista sobre um mesmo objecto. Assim, após a análise de referenciais teóricos considerados relevantes, recorreu-se à opinião de diferentes sujeitos, através de painéis, e de questionários, (questionários de opinião, questionários de caracterização, questionários de avaliação de conhecimentos e atitudes, à entrada e no final) bem como à avaliação de comportamentos, competências e atitudes, observados em ambiente simulado e real. A filosofia de formação que esteve subjacente ao nosso programa foi um constante compromisso entre a teoria, a prática e a clínica, em que o fenómeno de “transfert” foi potencializado por algumas características como o “fio condutor” entre os conteúdos, a presença de utentes reais nas aulas, os workshops temáticos e os estágios profissionais, a apresentação e discussão de estudos de caso com profissionais de referência, e os períodos de pausa entre seminários, em que estão facilitadas a reflexão, aplicação e experimentação de novas competências. Estas características estiveram na base dessa estreita relação entre a teoria, a prática e a clínica. Os critérios de selecção do corpo docente, capazes de funcionar como fontes de informação credível e actual e, sobretudo, capazes de funcionar como modelos profissionais, foram cruciais. Também o conhecimento das expectativas iniciais dos formandos e a monitorização facilitaram o processo de aprendizagem e o ajuste do programa ao longo do período de formação, assim como as avaliações formativas frequentes. Acreditamos que estas características do nosso programa foram fundamentais para a eficácia do mesmo, e que através delas obtivemos resultados positivos, em que se destacam a obtenção dos melhores resultados situados, sobretudo, nos níveis de complexidade relativos à resolução de problemas, e a valorização das competências ao do domínio afectivo. Corroborámos a teoria de que pessoas com formações e /ou experiências diferentes agem de maneiras diferentes, e aprendem de maneiras diferentes, e concluímos que os resultados nos estadios de aprendizagem e nas expectativas e necessidades colmatadas são generalizadamente positivos, o que torna qualquer dos grupos estudados, um público-alvo deste tipo de formação, embora possam ser apontadas algumas vantagens distintas conforme a experiência profissional de cada um, sendo os formandos com mais experiência, aqueles que mais evoluem em todos os domínios de aprendizagem. O aumento da empregabilidade dos formandos, directa ou indirectamente relacionado com a frequência do curso, parece ter sido um resultado positivo e inesperado. A possível caducidade do programa, o acompanhamento do grupo após o término do curso, o peso que os métodos de avaliação podem ter tido nos resultados, são algumas questões que ficam por esclarecer, e que merecem estudos futuros. Apesar disto, julgamos poder afirmar que este modelo de formação foi eficaz.

A Communication Intervention for Training Southern European Oncologists to Recognize Psychosocial Morbidity in Cancer. I - Development of the Model and Preliminary Results on Physicians' Satisfaction

BACKGROUND: The detection of psychosocial distress is a significant communication problem in Southern Europe and other countries. Work in this area is hampered by a lack of data. Because not much is known about training aimed at improving the recognition of psychosocial disorders in cancer patients, we developed a basic course model for medical oncology professionals. METHODS: A specific educational and experiential model (12 hours divided into 2 modules) involving formal teaching (ie, journal articles, large-group presentations), practice in small groups (ie, small-group exercises and role playing), and discussion in large groups was developed with the aim of improving the ability of oncologists to detect emotional disturbances in cancer patients (ie, depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorders). RESULTS: A total of 30 oncologists from 3 Southern European countries (Italy, Portugal, and Spain) participated in the workshop. The training course was well accepted by most participants who expressed general satisfaction and a positive subjective perception of the utility of the course for clinical practice. Of the total participants, 28 physicians (93.3%) thought that had they been exposed to this material sooner, they would have incorporated the techniques received in the workshop into their practices; 2 participants stated they would likely have done so. Half of the doctors (n = 15) believed that their clinical communication techniques were improved by participating in the workshop, and the remaining half thought that their abilities to communicate with cancer patients had improved. CONCLUSIONS: This model is a feasible approach for oncologists and is easily applicable to various oncology settings. Further studies will demonstrate the effectiveness of this method for improving oncologists skills in recognizing emotional disorders in their patients with cancer.

Advanced trauma life support, 8th edition, the evidence for change.

The American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma's Advanced Trauma Life Support Course is currently taught in 50 countries. The 8th edition has been revised following broad input by the International ATLS subcommittee. Graded levels of evidence were used to evaluate and approve changes to the course content. New materials related to principles of disaster management have been added. ATLS is a common language teaching one safe way of initial trauma assessment and management.

La visite médicale en pratique hospitalière: entre soins et apprentissage [Conducting ward rounds: a balance between care and teaching].

Every day, hospital doctors spend time at conducting ward rounds. Rounds are a core clinical activity during which doctors interact with patients, synthetise a whole set of informations and make many decisions. In addition, rounds can become a crucial teaching moment, when a trainee gets supervised by an attending physician. However, litterature on the topic of rounds is scarce. This paper summarizes the results of the few key studies focusing on ward rounds. The results are presented in four sections, each one being dedicated to one of the round stakeholders: the trainee or resident, the trainer, the patient and the nurse. An emphasis is put on ward rounds involving both a trainee and a trainer, since such rounds always mean striking a balance between care and teaching.

Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study.

Objective To compute the burden of cancer attributable to current and former alcohol consumption in eight European countries based on direct relative risk estimates from a cohort study. Design Combination of prospective cohort study with representative population based data on alcohol exposure. Setting Eight countries (France, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Greece, Germany, Denmark) participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Participants 109 118 men and 254 870 women, mainly aged 37-70. Main outcome measures Hazard rate ratios expressing the relative risk of cancer incidence for former and current alcohol consumption among EPIC participants. Hazard rate ratios combined with representative information on alcohol consumption to calculate alcohol attributable fractions of causally related cancers by country and sex. Partial alcohol attributable fractions for consumption higher than the recommended upper limit (two drinks a day for men with about 24 g alcohol, one for women with about 12 g alcohol) and the estimated total annual number of cases of alcohol attributable cancer. Results If we assume causality, among men and women, 10% (95% confidence interval 7 to 13%) and 3% (1 to 5%) of the incidence of total cancer was attributable to former and current alcohol consumption in the selected European countries. For selected cancers the figures were 44% (31 to 56%) and 25% (5 to 46%) for upper aerodigestive tract, 33% (11 to 54%) and 18% (−3 to 38%) for liver, 17% (10 to 25%) and 4% (−1 to 10%) for colorectal cancer for men and women, respectively, and 5.0% (2 to 8%) for female breast cancer. A substantial part of the alcohol attributable fraction in 2008 was associated with alcohol consumption higher than the recommended upper limit: 33 037 of 178 578 alcohol related cancer cases in men and 17 470 of 397 043 alcohol related cases in women. Conclusions In western Europe, an important proportion of cases of cancer can be attributable to alcohol consumption, especially consumption higher than the recommended upper limits. These data support current political efforts to reduce or to abstain from alcohol consumption to reduce the incidence of cancer.

Influencia de sobrepeso y obesidad sobre la infertilidad: Plan de cuidados y programa educacional

The scientific evidence, demonstrates that the obesity reduces the possibility that a woman, conceive naturally and diminishes the success of the treatment for the fertility. Nurses of the Unit of Attended Reproduction and of the Units of Nutrition and Dietary, they consider necessary to design an educational program of Formation and Information, to change attitudes related with the overweight and the obesity, in even not fertile. The strategy of this Program is based in the control and reduction of the weight, assuring the adhesion to the treatment of fertility, with interactive works shops for the change of alimentary habits, giving emotional support and indications to practice adapted physical exercise. This Nursing Intervention is applied like one tool that develops abilities for the learning and training; never using diets or products of the denominated miracle. The narrow collaboration and investigating participation among the nurses of these Units, bear the design of a methodology channeled to the obtaining of some prospective results that can be evaluated regarding the obtained results.

Tabla de equivalencias entre la Organización Diagnóstica de Atención Temprana (ODAT) y la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE) [Recurso electrónico]

Publicado en la página web de la Consejería de Salud y Bienestar Social: www.juntadeandalucia.es/salud (Consejería de Salud y Bienestar Social/ Profesionales / Salud Pública /Prevención / Atención Temprana /)

Evaluation of email alerts in practice: Part 2. Validation of the information assessment method.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE:. The information assessment method (IAM) permits health professionals to systematically document the relevance, cognitive impact, use and health outcomes of information objects delivered by or retrieved from electronic knowledge resources. The companion review paper (Part 1) critically examined the literature, and proposed a 'Push-Pull-Acquisition-Cognition-Application' evaluation framework, which is operationalized by IAM. The purpose of the present paper (Part 2) is to examine the content validity of the IAM cognitive checklist when linked to email alerts. METHODS: A qualitative component of a mixed methods study was conducted with 46 doctors reading and rating research-based synopses sent on email. The unit of analysis was a doctor's explanation of a rating of one item regarding one synopsis. Interviews with participants provided 253 units that were analysed to assess concordance with item definitions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The content relevance of seven items was supported. For three items, revisions were needed. Interviews suggested one new item. This study has yielded a 2008 version of IAM.

Evaluar los menús escolares desde la protección y la promoción de la salud

Boletín semanal para profesionales sanitarios de la Secretaría General de Salud Pública y Participación Social de la Consejería de Salud

Guía de implantación del aprendizaje a través de la simulación y las TICs en los centros sanitarios

Este documento forma parte del proyecto Fomento de las TIC para mejorar el aprendizaje a través de simulación en centros de salud (SIMBASE). Implementation Handbook for Simulation and ICT-Based Learning in Training nad Healthcare Centres (Versión en inglés disponible en http://www.simbase.co/results/)

Hoja de ruta para la implantación y difusión del aprendizaje a través de la simulación para responsables y gestores de las políticas de salud y educación

Este documento forma parte del proyecto Fomento de las TIC para mejorar el aprendizaje a través de simulación en centros de salud (SIMBASE). Roadmap for the implementation and dissemination of simulation-based learning for health and education directors and public officer holders (Versión en inglés disponible en http://www.simbase.co/results/)

Modelo de gestión del entrenamiento basado en simulación orientado a la evaluación de impacto

Este documento forma parte del proyecto Fomento de las TIC para mejorar el aprendizaje a través de simulación en centros de salud (SIMBASE). Management model for simulation based-training oriented towards impact evaluation Versión en inglés disponible en http://www.simbase.co/results/)